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H: Transparent Screen Selection We are as a team with four members intending to design an augmented reality oriented smart glass which shall contain a CMOS camera, wireless communication and transparent screen. The algorithm below as flow diagram. simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab The main pr...
H: Lock-in amplifiers, signal averaging and signal post-processing I would like to know about what are the benefits of using a lock-in amplifier. I have read that they basically consist on multiplying a signal by a reference which switches the frequency to DC. Then the signal is integrated to remove the noise thanks t...
H: Identify components on computer motherboard - cylindrical and cube shapes I'd like to know what components are the ones with blue numbers and the big ones behind them: The latter components I'm talking about: AI: As Jakob Halskov mentioned, those are 820 uF 25V aluminum electrolytical capacitors. Those black "tall...
H: LTspice darlington model TL;DR : I want to use a darlington transistor model(BD679&BD680) within LTspice. Can I do that by using default symbols npn or pnp from component selector menu? I have done it with TIP41C & TIP42C, the downloaded file for them were like this: ****** * Spice Model * Item: TIP41C * Date: 8/11...
H: Optocoupler/isolater circuit for 24VDC sense that transfers switch status to 3.3VDC microcontroller hope everyone is having a good couple weeks before Christmas, I was given this question for an assignment How would you use an opto-isolator to sense a switch status in a 24VDC machine control circuit and transfer th...
H: Why do power supplies fail? I want to buy this power supply Here It says that it can last from 5-8 years. It can last 5-8 years by using it constantly? Also why do they fail? What component inside them causes them to fail? Sorry for my bad english AI: There is no mention under what conditions (ambient temperature, ...
H: Can \$I_E = I_B\$ in a BJT? So I have been trying to solve this BJT problem for the last 20 min with no luck so far. My question is, in this circuit, is \$I_B = I_E\$? I have tried solving the problem with this consideration and without, but still can't do it. Btw, the hint basically gives us \$V_{BE} = 0.8 \$ and...
H: BJT 'Hard Saturation' Equivalent for MOSFET? For a BJT, we usually want to hard saturate it by assuming Beta value is very low. This way we can maximize the current at the collector. However, I am not sure what is the equivalent for a MOSFET transistor. Is there anything similar to Hard Saturation for a MOSFET tran...
H: Can capacitors be damaged by a DMM in continuity mode? Some multimeters have a pretty high open circuit voltage in continuity test mode and resistance mode (possibly to improve SNR?), but they are current limited. For example, the Fluke 87V behave like an 1mA constant current source with a maximum output voltage of...
H: Are charge and voltage in a capacitor always directly proportional, regardless of structure? Capacitance is said to be a constant, and is defined as \$C := \frac{q}{V}\$. I have been unable, however, to find an implementation-independent way to show that charge and voltage are directly proportional to confirm this....
H: Placing multiple inductors (buck) close to each other on PCB I have three buck converters on my PCB. 12V to 0.82V @ 25A -FP1308-R21-R, Fsw = 650 kHz, TPS548D21 12V to 1V @ 8A - IHLP2525CZERR47M01, Fsw = 1 MHz, TPS548A20 12V to 5V @ 3A - Inductor is XAL5030-332ME, 400 kHz (can be increased), TPS568215 Due to therm...
H: Does DisplayPort support scaling natively? In the DisplayPort Wikipedia page, in advantages section it is stated that "Can drive display panels directly, eliminating scaling and control circuits and allowing for cheaper and slimmer displays". In the DisplayPort 1.2 specification, it is stated in external connection...
H: OC-voltage-gain for cascaded amplifier I have the following problem. "An amplifier stage with \$A_{voc}=100\frac{V}{V}\$, \$R_i=100k\Omega\$, \$R_o=10k\Omega\$ is connected to another amplifier with \$A_{voc}=10\frac{V}{V}\$, \$R_i=10k\Omega\$, \$R_o=100\Omega\$. They are in cascade, so to speak. What is the open-c...
H: What is the purpose of this NPN transistor in a battery protection circuit? I found a circuit using a HY2120 2-cell battery protection IC. The application notes differ from how it has been used in the circuit below and I don't understand why the author has not just directly connected the VSS pin to ground. What pu...
H: Why would this cause a latch? I'm reading ZipCPU's tutorial and got confused. Specifically, I'm referring to this page. To transcribe the Verilog code: input wire i_S; input wire [7:0] i_V; output reg [7:0] o_R; always @(*) if (i_S) o_R = i_V; I can understand that if o_R is de...
H: Measuring Power to Load Using Oscilloscope I have a small three-phase motor being mechanically driven to act as a generator. My goal is to measure power delivered to a load, which in my case would simply be a 4 ohm resistor, using an oscilloscope. I've seen others with the same goal have measured the voltage drop o...
H: A question about controlling pm DC motor with long signal wires I have a PWM driver board for a 12V pm DC motor(like toy motors) to control its speed. To create a shake effect the motor will be mounted 50 meters far away from the PWM driver board, for such long wiring is there any extra practice for such applicatio...
H: What's the simplest (smallest) way to dim a DC LED strip with a switch? I apologize for asking about what is probably the most simple problem to you folks but it seems I am ignorant of all the basics of electronics and Google did not help me here. This is a 12v DC system. When I say 'switch' I mean I want 'high b...
H: Is there something as common frequency? Let's say I have following three sinusoidal waves. 1. x1(t) = A*sin(2*pi*1000*t) i.e, f = 1 kHz 2. x2(t) = B*sin(2*pi*1500*t) i.e, f = 1.5 kHz 3. x3(t) = C*sin(2*pi*2000*t) i.e, f = 2 kHz So when I get the signal y(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) + x3(t), Is there any way to de...
H: DAC controlled LDO as current source Currently I use a LT3083 as a constant current source more or less according to the datasheet as given in the first image. Instead of a single set resistor however is use a fixed resistor in series with a variable resistor connected via a cable to the case of my device which is ...
H: Capacitor selection - effect of reducing size of the MLCC capacitor in an audio application We are developing an audio application using the TI TLV320AIC3111 codec and we are referring to the EVM document for the same. On this document, they've used a couple of 47uF 1210 capacitors (pg 23). However, we have a space...
H: Type of capacitor to bridge X10 signals in household power X10 is a protocol for communication among electronic devices used for home automation where the signals involve brief radio frequency (RF) bursts over a home's A/C power lines. Household wiring often has two different power circuits; each of the two 220V of...
H: 3mm LED reverse breakdown voltage What is the usual breakdown voltage for these cheap and common LEDs? For example are they able to operate between -9V and +9V states(on and off) for a long duration? Or does having -9V across these LEDs destroy them? The current limiting resistor will be used by the way. edit: wh...
H: Generating bit stream in hardware. Glitches with Arduino Background I have a bit sequence that I want to transmit through a digital output. My first attempt was to use direct port assignment on an Arduino. I set the duration of each level with noops. For example, if I wanted to transmit the sequence [1, 0] with 3 c...
H: Does my laptop need powerbank with output voltage the same like my charger's or my battery's? I have laptop (Acer Aspire 7745G) which has charger 19V-4.74A and battery 11.1V - 6,6Ah (73Wh). I'm planning to buy powerbank for it but I don't know what voltage would be okay. I'm looking to this powerbank I see that it ...
H: How to know how much energy storage has powerbank? I just looked to this question and I don't understand how to know how much Wh this powerbank has (click "Specifications" tab), because it has different output voltages and I don't know how to calculate if it's 18Ah * 12V = 216Wh or 18Ah * 19V = 342Wh? AI: The infor...
H: P Channel MOSFET is not behaving with another MOSFET This is a very simple (or so I thought) power switching circuit I made for an extremely low, power consumptive device. The device normally runs on a 3.6v lithium, but occasionally a user will plug it into a computer to grab/program data. When plugging into compu...
H: How much voltage difference will lead to saturation, LM741? Which parameter should I look for? I want to know what should be ( Vin+ - Vin- ) to get a saturated output. AI: The main one would be the large signal voltage gain. This gives the output in V for a difference in input measured in mV. You also need to look...
H: LTspice output of a bjt amplifier is offsetted If I choose "start external DC supply voltages at 0" from transient simulation settings, the output is centered at 4.55 Volts. The amplification and gain is OK, but the output is not centered at 0. However, If I don't choose that option "start external DC supply volta...
H: "recommended that CLK begin toggling within 150 ms ... to ensure long-term reliability of the device" -- why? In Intel's Pentium Processor Family Developer Manual, regarding the CPU clock, it says that "it is recommended that CLK begin toggling within 150 ms after VCC reaches its proper operating level. This recomm...
H: using ANSI C libraries for STM32 programs In the internet, I often find examples of the source codes for programming STM32 MCUs at register-level. Strangely, some of those source codes include "#include < stdint.h >". In general, is it possible to include ANSI C libraries in the source codes for STM32? Here is an ...
H: For a constant load, how does increasing supply voltage increase speed of the motor? For a given load: Increase in supply voltage results in increase in armature drop. Increase in armature drop results in higher armature current. But we know that speed is inversely proportional to armature current. We also know th...
H: What are the disadvantages of using a Zener diode over a linear voltage regulator? I wonder why a Zener diode is worse than linear voltage regulator. Some of the posts online mentioned that because of the power dissipating problem. Zener diodes keep consuming a large amount of current while the load may just need a...
H: Is there any chip that measures the amplitudes of voice bands simultaneously? Is there any existing chip that can take 20Hz~20KHz signal as input and outputs the amplitude of each frequency band? For example, divide the 20Hz~20KHz range into few bands (20~1K, 1K~2K,...) and outputs all the power/amplitude of each b...
H: Lab power supply screw plug I'm intending to buy a lab power supply, high likely a .. I'm thinking about a Korad KA3005D (see picture below). It does not come with cables for the Red + and Black - terminals, and I (also) would like to have a plug to use power not only via the (4mm) banana plugs, but also by screwi...
H: Simple MOSFET circuit doesn't seem to be fully turning on One of my current home projects is redoing the doorbell by retro-fitting a pushbutton and LED inside an older button housing which I already had and looks nice, but didn't come with a very good switch mechanism or light of any kind. Due to the small size of ...
H: Tests to verify complete functionality of a PCB What tests can be carried out on a power supply PCB to verify its complete functionality? For example:- I have designed a custom board using the JCM3012S3V. It takes 12V input and produces 3.3V. What tests does this particular board need other than basic power on and ...
H: What is this schematic symbol that is a circled capacitor? I am trying to determine what this symbol is that looks like a circled capacitor and is labeled as "Z1" that I circled in blue below. Here is the full schematic with this component being near the top left at the input. In my search I found this question w...
H: Voltage regulation: are the ground diodes necessary? (Picture added) Are the diodes on the ground line necessary? Would the following work to provide the device with 12v and 4A? AI: simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab Figure 1. A Zener dropper circuit. If you really wanted to use a Zener di...
H: Voltage increase with capacitor... what's the "true" voltage? The board on an old battery charger went bad, but the transformer was good. So I've got about a 12.3VDC output when I connect the transformer to a bridge rectifier. However, if I decide to wire in a capacitor, the voltage jumps to over 20v. When I hook u...
H: Nyquist plot disagreeing with the unity step response of the closed loop Let us assume that the open loop transfer function of my system is: \$L(s)=\frac{10(s+1)(s+2)}{(s-3)(s-4)}\$ Also, the system has unity feedback, meaning that the closed loop transfer function is \$T(s)=\frac{L(s)}{1+L(s)}\$ since \$L(s)=G(s)H...
H: LM393 comparator how to use? Update: All I want is, when the signal is higher than reference voltage, LEDs to light up(brightly). For this, I was planning to use an op-amp as comparator (left circuit) but everybody told me to use a comparator instead. However there is some differences between operating of these two...
H: Common mode noise mitigation in two pin smps How does a 2 pin (no earth ground connection) SMPS offer common mode protection? Is it safe to power appliances over it? AI: There are two things to consider. A power supply that is unearthed won’t usually pass output noise regulations without a filter tying the output (...
H: Obtaining Accurate Measurements from Strain Gauge Background I have a strain gauge that I need to obtain measurements from. The product page indicates that the sensor is a half bridge configuration (one active/one compensating element). The sensor has three wires: White (common), Red (active) and Black (compensati...
H: ESP32: sampling a 1 kHz square wave (10%-90% duty cycle) with analogRead() I need to sample the peak voltage of a 1 kHz square wave. The duty cycle varies between 10% and 90%. I am using an ESP32 and hoped to use analogRead() to sample the data. My first idea was to attach an interrupt to a digital pin being fed th...
H: HX711 : Inductor on supply line and feedback I'm re-implementing the great HX711 breakout board from Sparkfun (schematics : https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/f/5/5/b/c/SparkFun_HX711_Load_Cell.pdf). I'm trying to understand the exact role of the inductor (I think it removes high frequency noises but an explanation wo...
H: How to access GPIO pins on Atmega with memory mapping? I'm programming the Atmega328P in embedded C. I'm going to use 16 pins for turning on LEDs, and I have to use PORTB, PORTD and PORTC for this. I would like to just iterate a pointer so I can turn them on/off instead having to deal with what port each pin relate...
H: Using multiple transistor to increase current handling I need to make circuit that will convert 24v to 5v 4A. I have bought LM7805 mosfets and they are converting 0-40v to 5v 1.5A. Problem is that I need minimal of 4A at the end so connecting 4 transistor in paralel should give me 6A on the output (6 * 1.5A)? I tr...
H: CircuitsClouds: Why is led voltage not dropping? Today I used the website http://circuits-cloud.com/ for the first time. I created the circuit below. I assume N is the forward voltage of the LED. What I would expect: VoltMeter 2 equals the forward voltage of LED2 (which is N = 1.8 V). What I see: VoltMeter shows 0...
H: Capacitor selection - Audio decoupling capacitor for microphone We are developing a custom application based on the TLV320AIC3111. According to the datasheet, the typical configuration has a 1uF cap on the MIC1LP line, which I assume is for AC decoupling the audio input. However, on the EVM for the same caps they'v...
H: Measurement of Isolation in a Directional Coupler I want to measure the isolation of the following directional coupler (for more details of that specific component, go here). Isolation can be evaluated through the scattering parameter S21, but how can I measure it? Obviously I can measure S14, S41, S13, S43, S31, ...
H: How to know if the load is variable one? For example, I have an air conditioner. How to know if such a device has a variable load or not ? NOTE: Air conditioner is just an example. My question is in general how to know ? AI: How to know if the load is variable one? Think about how the device works. Does it have a...
H: VNH5019 motor controller So I want to use the VNH5019 motor Controller shield for the Arduino Uno for a project. My question regarding this is the voltage of the motors. Since they differ from motor to motor I'm not sure which voltage works with the VNH5019. I haven't found any data in the regarding data sheet. Is ...
H: Powering up an ESP32 with IO extender (MCP23017) and two of 8 channel relays from an external 5 V, 10 A power supply I'm working on a project that needs an ESP32 board, IO extender (MCP23017), two of 8 channel relays and some sensors, I've powered up all of the parts from a stable 5 V, 10 A power supply as shown in...
H: LM324 output voltage problem edit: I also found out that with a LM741, that problem does not occur. edit: First of all, this is not a "should I use LM324 as a comparator or not" question. Besides that, I just wonder the reason for this behaviour. I will paste one of my comments also here, since I think it describes...
H: What happens the transistors in a chip as the temperature increases? If the chip stop operating properly, then as it gets hotter the transistors fail, eventually to the point where the silicon in the transistor melts. I'm after the whole process of how a temperature increase affects the chip, until the chip is dest...
H: How to use this BLDC and know more about it? I have this BLDC I removed from a CD Drive. I want to use it. Just for playful reasons. But I don't know what to make of it. Where to get started with on the Internet. Any help will be appreciated. AI: These are fun to play with and a good introduction to BLDC technology...
H: Why won't this 555 timer flashing circuit work? The circuit which I made shows the following behavior, when power is given to the circuit: Sometimes it lights up, sometimes it doesn't. When it does light up, it flashes properly for a few seconds but then becomes dimmer and dimmer. What is causing this unpredictab...
H: From voltage plot to diode circuit I'm trying to do this electronics exercise, but I can't tell if the question is wrong or I have to add something to the circuit. I have to draw the diode circuit, starting from the input and output voltage graph, and calculate its function: I've drawn this circuit: The Vo volta...
H: Why don't my LED Christmas Lights change color at the same rate I purchased 100 LED C7 - Color Changing, Candelabra Base, Christmas bulbs. They screw into regular 120 Volt string cords that I used to have 25-5 watt incandescent bulbs in. When the lights first come on, they are all the same same color but after that...
H: Cascading inverting op amp for increased gain and low noise on piezo contact microphone My aim: To create an amplifier that amplifies the output a piezo microphone with low noise and very high gain. Much higher than regular piezo amplifiers for musical instruments, I am doing underwater audio recordings. I have the...
H: Design a circuit that takes a 3 bit binary and makes it (x^2 - x), using a decoder of your choice i tried making the circuit for each output on its own then make the final circuit but i have a feeling that wrong any thoughts ? AI: First off, we must determine the sizes of the outputs and inputs. If x is a 3-bi...
H: What’s the correct way to disconnect this circuit board connector? Electronics noob here. What’s the correct way to unplug this cable from the circuit board? Don’t want to break it! Thanks. AI: As MadHatter also suggested, I also think this looks a JST connector, maybe from the SH connector series. I unmount thes...
H: Why do LED headlamp bulbs need active cooling? I decided to install LED headlamp bulbs in my car in the hope that I can avoid replacing bulbs every year. I was quite surprised to find that I can't fit replacement bulbs in my car due to the bulbs having a huge heatsink and, indeed, a fan to keep them cool. I don't h...
H: Basic of a charged piezo : pC/G, mV/G, Signal analysis This is the first time I use a High impedance piezo sensor and the problems went pretty quickly. Here is the piezo I used : Manufacturer part number : PKGS-00GXP1-R Rating : 0.35pC/G (+/- 15%) Range is between 0 to 50 G. I read that we always need to amplif...
H: Reflection Coefficient with Electric Field and Voltage In different situations the input reflection coefficient (of a waveguide, of a transmission line etc) is defined differently. Wikipedia says: The reflection coefficient may also be established using other field or circuit pairs of quantities whose product defi...
H: Size of Decoupling Capacitors in Digital Circuits There are plenty of questions about how to size decoupling capacitors in digital systems, but I have not found the answer to my specific question. They are some capacitances that are usually put externally in circuits with MCUs or other digital circuits between GND ...
H: How to mux 10 sensor units with 4-pin that must communicate with a single unit with 3 programmable input I have 10 sensor units, each unit has 4 pin Vcc, Gnd, Digital out and analog out. The main control unit that must receive the outputs has 2 pin for Vcc and Gnd and the others 3 pins are freely configurable for...
H: Regulated input relay switch simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab The control input may vary. What I want is, the relay will only switched on if the input voltage on R1 is at least 5 V. It works but the relay produce "buzzing sound" (like in the middle of switched OFF to ON but not enough vo...
H: How do fireplace direct ignition control modules work? My gas fireplace has an electric spark ignition that isn't sparking. I'd like to 'test' it, but I'm not sure what a working one would be doing. The spark contact has 120VAC with 4A current when I hook up my multimeter from the 'high voltage' to the 'burner retu...
H: What happens when transistor operates in saturation region for constant current source I am learning about the constant current sources and I found this video What I dont understand is that, when the forward voltage of the LED is increased from 1.7V to 3.3V, and our Emitter voltage is maintained at 2V, the voltage...
H: How does a microcontroller provide a frequency higher than its crystal frequency? I have a microcontroller which is connected to an 8MHz crystal. I have a schematic which has a QSPI flash IC connected to it whose clock is provide by the micro and happens to be 48MHz. I want to understand how the 8MHz is increased t...
H: Interfacing LIN bus with CAN On the following figure, LIN is used to build subnetworks from a CAN bus: Is there any standardized way to interface these two buses (e.g. for addressing a LIN node from a CAN node)? I read an article on Hackaday that states that this is the case: There is even an optional transport l...
H: Should you not go above max VGS for a Nmos? I wanted to switch a relay with a raspberry zero, which uses 3.3v, after looking at my 16 years old electronic engineering notes (I'm in IT now), I moderatly re-understood how nmos works (controlled by tension only, once activated is equivalent to a resistor, RDsOn). They...
H: Why did my Atmega328p chips stop working? I am fairly new to embedded programming. I bought some Atmega328P U chips (not Atmega328P-PU). I have two Arduino boards and the chips worked just fine, and were letting me upload sketches. One of those chips stopped working while trying to upload bootloader using one Uno b...
H: Why isn't solder melting at 370 °C? I recently tried to use a soldering iron for the first time, but I don't seem to figure out how to use it properly. In the articles I've read about how to solder properly, it is commonly stated that the process is quite short: you touch the connection you want to solder for a few...
H: Do multimedia speaker systems run on AC power rather than DC? I am talking about the typical multimedia speakers that are generally connected to the computer’s audio line-out point. For example, my power adapter for Altec Lansing multimedia speakers says Input 230 V AC Output 9 V AC. So 9V AC is fed into the devic...
H: Where do flip flops "save" their state? From what I could understand, the state of a flip flop is the current value it is holding on to, i.e., the value that was previously inputted and is now saved for future use. My question is, where does it actually save that state? and how does it know? AI: The state of the fl...
H: How does "imprinting a voltage" work? In products such as KNX there are only two wires used to communicate between a potentially large number of devices, and also provide power at the same time. For example in KNX the normal voltage on the bus is 30V, and to transmit a bit the voltage changes +/- 5V, see page 33-36...
H: Help me find the best PCB design and why that is the one? From the worst to the best design due to impedance parameters that affect the signal i would do it as a) > b) > d) and c) because c) is the one with the lowest lenth and lowest curves, am I right? EDIT: I know that all the designs could work but I want to kn...
H: Calculation of base current and what decides the current through collector-emitter branch I have the below circuit. Its not a homework material. I am understanding how to analyze the transistor circuits. Below are my questions while trying to analyze : If I am given the below circuit, how to determine whether the ...
H: logic gates combined with R-C network often violates absolute max ratings, does that hurt? I know the theory but don't have much practice with this, so while I am experimenting with little success I ran into this question: what are the bad effects by violating the Absolute Maximum Ratings for a multivibrator build ...
H: What does this notation do in multi-meter? What does this red marked area do in this multimeter? UT33B Palm-Size Multimeter Model: TOL-00032 AI: Those three are battery test modes for different voltages. It differs from the DC voltage range by placing a small load on the battery.
H: How to remove/trim MCP4725 DAC offset? I'm using MCP4725 (datasheet) module, VCC is connected to a 4096V reference voltage. there's a steady 23mV offset: 0 - 23mV 50 - 73mV 100 - 123mV ... How can I zero this offset error? From the datasheet: AI: At least two ways come to mind. 1) Put a summing amplifier after you...
H: mATX motherboard JFP1 header: Does not require pull-up or pull-down resistors, right? As per some of the mATX motherboard specifications, the JFP1 (Front-Panel connector #1 jumper), the purpose of the various pins is as per this graphic: As per the description of the pins, I get the impression that the motherboard...
H: What is reason of having 3 phase in the transmission in cities? What is the reason of having 3 transmission lines as three phases ? AI: Electricity is generated as three-phase, for very good reasons that I won't go into here, and if you distributed only one of those phases, then you have what's called an unbalanced...
H: Attenuators in Waveguides Let's consider for instance a rectangular waveguide with TE01 mode. As shown here, a possible attenuator may be realized with a metal card placed so that it is tangential to the electric field. Here the explanation of this behaviour. There are some things I do not understand: 1) Why shoul...
H: Frequency response of this circuit Im not sure how to find the frequency response (\$H(jw)=V_o/Vin\$) of this circuit Can anybody help please? AI: Well, we have the following circuit: simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab Now, we know a few things: I will do the analysis in the (complex) s-d...
H: Why is the SR Flip flop edge enabled I'm struggling to understand the diference between a Latch and a SR Flip Flop, I know that a latch is level activated, and the SR Flip Flop is edge activated but if the circuit is the same, why is the behavior diferent? I watched this video from Neso Academy, I really don't know...
H: Do Protected Power MOSFETs need a flyback diodes? There are protected MOSFETs under various marketing names available (e.g. omnifet, hitfet, intellifet, etc). These devices include clamping diodes and overcurrent/temperature protection. They also seem to suggest that inductive loads can be connected directly: Infin...
H: What electrical symbol where it looks like two resistors in parallel and connected on one end I am trying to copy a circuit from a schematic but i stumbled upon a symbol that im not familiar of and the part label does not yield any relevant result from google What is it and what does it do in the circuit? AI: Sche...
H: Need help on a DC motor-PWM-SMPS setup (Does a PWM help overcome a DC motor's initial startup current surge?) I am trying to build a DIY one-way peristaltic pump with a 12V 100W DC motor (possible candidate : https://www.ebay.com/itm/DC-12V-100W-13000-15000rpm-775-motor-High-speed-Large-torque-DC-motor/35255030319...
H: Understanding low current measurement I'm trying to understand a current measurement of a hobby project. This project consists of several ICs and is battery operated. At a certain mode (deep sleep) it should consume a very low current, which I estimated around 100μA or less. To verify low current consumption I'...
H: Buffers output load in unpowered state Lets take under consideration a 3 state buffer, such as this one: Since the datasheet doesnt provide the information about the internal build of the buffer, I was wondering either it is safe to assume that in case the chip is not powered up (0V between VCC and GND), the outpu...
H: LED Blinking On turn on and off I made a circuit for LED Driving (current controlling), based on this circuit. Everything works fine except that the LED is suddenly blinking when the circuit is turning on and off. How can I prevent this blinking? I can't calculate the blinking current but I think it is about 1...
H: How to specify a via should be plugged to prevent solder wicking? I have a 0.167mm diameter via under a BGA component to provide ground connections to two adjacent pads (ENIG-finish PCB). Our PCB fab house recommended that we plug the via to prevent solder from flowing into the via which might leave the pads with i...
H: Powering up several teensy boards I want to use four teensy boards connected via the I2C protocol over a short distance (not more than 0.5m or 20 inches) but only the master one powered by the USB cable. Should that be safe to connect the Vin pins of the slaves to the 3.3V pin of the master? (provided that the tota...
H: TCA9509 level translating I2C bus repeater - can levels be the same? The TCA9509, a nice little I2C bus repeater, has two supplies: \$V_{CCA}\$ and \$V_{CCB}\$, for supplying the two sides, master and slave respectively. I can't tell if it can be used as a normal bus repeater for an all-\$5V\$ bus, or whether the m...
H: Altium: Export/Package Read-Only PCB or Project I'm looking to export an altium PCB or full project but would like it to be "read-only" so that whomever I'm sending it to cannot edit it without my knowledge. They're looking to do a more in-depth analysis than just the gerbers/fab/assy files. Has anyone had experien...
H: Low power circuit that powers an LED but should not shock the human user Need help making a circuit that requires very low current so that in case a human comes in contact he/she should not be shocked. Also a small buzzer or Led needs to powered through this circuit. The aim of this circuit is that when two compon...