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---
license: other
task_categories:
- text-generation
- translation
- text-classification
- feature-extraction
language:
- ba
- ru
tags:
- bashkir
- russian
- parallel-corpus
- machine-translation
- low-resource
- turkic-languages
- opus
- nllb
- til-mt
pretty_name: Bashkir-Russian Parallel Corpus
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
dataset_info:
features:
- name: rus
dtype: string
- name: bak
dtype: string
- name: static_sim
dtype: float64
- name: length_rus
dtype: int64
- name: length_bak
dtype: int64
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 0
num_examples: 3040085
configs:
- config_name: default
data_files:
- split: train
path: data/train-*
---
# Dataset Card for Bashkir-Russian Parallel Corpus
## Dataset Details
### Dataset Description
**Bashkir-Russian Parallel Corpus** is a large-scale sentence-aligned parallel corpus for the Bashkir–Russian language pair, assembled from **authentic human-created translations**. It contains **3,040,085 unique parallel sentence pairs**, where each Bashkir sentence is aligned with its Russian counterpart.
The corpus combines data from three open parallel corpora: **TIL-MT Corpus** (Turkic Interlingua), **NLLB (OPUS)**, and **Wikimedia (OPUS)**. All pairs were filtered by semantic similarity to remove misaligned and noisy entries, keeping only high-confidence translation pairs. Full duplicates were removed during compilation.
It is designed to support NLP research and applications for Bashkir, a low-resource Turkic language.
- **Curated by:** BashkirNLPWorld
- **Language(s) (NLP):** Bashkir (`ba`), Russian (`ru`), Cyrillic script
- **License:** `other` – see **Licensing** below.
### What BashkirNLPWorld contributed
The BashkirNLPWorld team built this dataset end-to-end on top of open sources:
- **Aggregation** of three independent parallel corpora into a single unified dataset.
- **Field normalization** to a minimal two-column schema (`rus`, `bak`).
- **Semantic filtering** using multilingual sentence embeddings (cosine similarity).
- **Deduplication** by the key `(rus, bak)` — full duplicates removed, 0 duplicates in the final release.
- **Noise filtering** — removal of identical strings and pairs with anomalous length ratios.
- **Machine-readable packaging** as UTF-8 JSONL, ready for `datasets.load_dataset`.
- **Documentation** of sources, filtering criteria, statistics, and dataset limitations.
### Dataset Sources
- **Repository:** [https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-russian-parallel](https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-russian-parallel)
- **Original sources:**
- **TIL-MT Corpus** — Turkic Interlingua parallel corpus (ba–ru)
- **NLLB (OPUS)** — NLLB ba–ru parallel corpus from opus.nlpl.eu
- **Wikimedia (OPUS)** — Wikimedia ba–ru parallel corpus from opus.nlpl.eu
- **Related datasets:**
- [Bashkir Lexicon (Machine Fund)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-lexicon)
- [Bashkir News Binary Classification](https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-news-binary)
- [Bashkir News Multiclass Classification](https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-news-multiclass)
- [Bashkir News Multilabel Classification](https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-news-multilabel)
- [Bashkir Web Corpus](https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-web-corpus)
## Licensing
- **Original sentence pairs** belong to their respective source corpora (**TIL-MT**, **NLLB/OPUS**, **Wikimedia/OPUS**) and their contributors. BashkirNLPWorld does not claim ownership of this content.
- **The structured compilation, metadata, unified schema, deduplication, filtering, and documentation** created by BashkirNLPWorld are released under **CC BY-SA 4.0**.
- Users are responsible for complying with applicable law and the licenses of the original sources when reusing the data.
- Rights holders can request removal of specific entries by contacting the maintainers — we respond within 14 business days and remove disputed content in the next release.
## Uses
### Direct Use
- Training and fine-tuning machine translation systems (Bashkir ↔ Russian)
- Cross-lingual representation learning and multilingual model training
- Linguistic research on Bashkir–Russian translation patterns
- Evaluation of translation quality and semantic alignment
- Data augmentation for low-resource Turkic NLP
- Instruction tuning of generative LLMs for Bashkir
### Out-of-Scope Use
- Re-licensing the original sentence pairs under a different license
- Treating the dataset as a gold-standard translation reference without verification against the original sources
- Any use that violates the rights of the original content creators
## Dataset Structure
### Data Fields
| Field | Type | Description | Missing |
|-------|------|-------------|---------|
| `rus` | string | Russian sentence | 0% |
| `bak` | string | Bashkir sentence | 0% |
### Data Splits
The dataset contains a single split (`train`) with all **3,040,085** examples. Users are encouraged to create their own train/validation/test splits.
### Example Record
```json
{
"rus": "Будто надсмехаясь над ним, повстанцы оглядываются назад.",
"bak": "Көлгән һымаҡ, артҡа әйләнеп ҡарайҙар."
}
```
## Dataset Statistics
### Overview
| Metric | Records | % |
|--------|--------:|---:|
| Total records | 3,040,085 | 100.00% |
| Unique `(rus, bak)` pairs | 3,040,085 | 100.00% |
| Full duplicates | 0 | 0.00% |
### Semantic Similarity (`static_sim`)
| Statistic | Value |
|-----------|------:|
| Count | 3,040,085 |
| Min | 0.2500 |
| Max | 1.0000 |
| Mean | 0.6270 |
| Median | 0.6393 |
| Std Dev | 0.1923 |
| p1 | 0.2614 |
| p5 | 0.3031 |
| p25 | 0.4708 |
| p50 | 0.6393 |
| p75 | 0.7887 |
| p95 | 0.9130 |
| p99 | 0.9708 |
### Russian Sentence Length (`length_rus`, characters)
| Statistic | Value |
|-----------|------:|
| Count | 3,040,085 |
| Min | 1 |
| Max | 511 |
| Mean | 84.65 |
| Median | 66 |
| Std Dev | 65.25 |
| p1 | 12 |
| p5 | 19 |
| p25 | 39 |
| p50 | 66 |
| p75 | 109 |
| p95 | 213 |
| p99 | 329 |
### Bashkir Sentence Length (`length_bak`, characters)
| Statistic | Value |
|-----------|------:|
| Count | 3,040,085 |
| Min | 1 |
| Max | 511 |
| Mean | 84.79 |
| Median | 68 |
| Std Dev | 62.56 |
| p1 | 12 |
| p5 | 21 |
| p25 | 43 |
| p50 | 68 |
| p75 | 107 |
| p95 | 208 |
| p99 | 320 |
### Russian Length Distribution (bins)
| Range (chars) | Records | % |
|---------------|--------:|---:|
| 0–20 | 153,605 | 5.05% |
| 20–40 | 612,774 | 20.16% |
| 40–60 | 580,963 | 19.11% |
| 60–80 | 459,889 | 15.13% |
| 80–100 | 342,592 | 11.27% |
| 100–150 | 489,456 | 16.10% |
| 150–200 | 215,316 | 7.08% |
| 200–300 | 140,162 | 4.61% |
| 300–512 | 45,328 | 1.49% |
### Pairs by Semantic Similarity Threshold
| Threshold | Remaining Pairs | % of total |
|-----------|----------------:|-----------:|
| `sim >= 0.25` | 3,040,085 | 100.00% |
| `sim >= 0.5` | 2,162,120 | 71.12% |
| `sim >= 0.6` | 1,713,096 | 56.35% |
| `sim >= 0.7` | 1,219,305 | 40.11% |
| `sim >= 0.8` | 698,411 | 22.97% |
| `sim >= 0.9` | 198,125 | 6.52% |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
Bashkir is a low-resource Turkic language with limited parallel data. The goal was to consolidate the most reliable openly available Bashkir–Russian parallel corpora into a single clean, deduplicated, and filtered resource suitable for machine translation and linguistic research.
### Data Collection and Processing
1. Collected parallel data from three sources:
- **TIL-MT Corpus** (Turkic Interlingua, ba–ru)
- **NLLB (OPUS)** (ba–ru)
- **Wikimedia (OPUS)** (ba–ru)
2. Normalized the schema to two fields: `rus`, `bak`.
3. Filtered by **semantic similarity** using multilingual sentence embeddings.
4. Removed pairs where `rus == bak` (non-translations, duplicated strings).
5. Removed pairs shorter than 5 characters.
6. Removed pairs with length ratio greater than 3 (anomalous alignment).
7. Deduplicated by `(rus, bak)`.
8. Saved as UTF-8 JSONL.
**Tools:** Python 3, Hugging Face `datasets`, `sentence-transformers`.
### Source Data Producers
The original sentence pairs were produced by the authors, compilers, and contributors of the **TIL-MT Corpus**, **NLLB**, and **Wikimedia** projects. BashkirNLPWorld is responsible for aggregation, filtering, deduplication, unified schema, metadata, and packaging.
### Annotations
No manual annotations were added. All sentence pairs come from the original parallel corpora.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
The dataset contains publicly available sentence pairs and does not intentionally include personally identifiable information.
## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
- **Source imbalance:** the three sources contribute different volumes and domains; the corpus is not domain-balanced.
- **Domain skew:** Wikimedia and NLLB data are skewed toward encyclopedic, religious, and technical texts.
- **Length skew:** 44.3% of Russian sentences are shorter than 60 characters; long sentences (>300 chars) account for only 1.49%.
- **Semantic similarity skew:** 28.9% of pairs have `static_sim < 0.5`, which may indicate loose or noisy translations.
- **Residual noise:** despite semantic filtering, a small fraction of pairs may be imperfect translations (e.g., non-translated proper nouns such as "Любомир!" — "Любомир!").
- **No document context:** sentences are aligned out of their original document context.
- **Source snapshot:** reflects the state of the upstream corpora at collection time.
### Recommendations
- Account for semantic similarity distribution when training models — consider a higher threshold (`static_sim >= 0.6` or `>= 0.7`) for higher precision.
- Balance domains or sources if training a domain-specific MT system.
- Filter out pairs with identical Russian and Bashkir strings before training.
- For commercial use, verify the license status of specific source components.
- Report issues via the Hugging Face repository.
## Citation
**BibTeX:**
```bibtex
@dataset{bashkirnlpworld2026bashkirrussianparallel,
author = {BashkirNLPWorld},
title = {Bashkir-Russian Parallel Corpus},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Hugging Face},
url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-russian-parallel}
}
```
**APA:**
BashkirNLPWorld. (2026). *Bashkir-Russian Parallel Corpus* [Data set]. Hugging Face. https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-russian-parallel
## Glossary
- **Parallel corpus** – a collection of texts aligned across two or more languages at the sentence level.
- **Sentence alignment** – the task of matching sentences across languages that are translations of each other.
- **Semantic similarity (`static_sim`)** – cosine similarity between multilingual sentence embeddings, ranging from 0 to 1.
- **OPUS** – an open collection of parallel corpora (opus.nlpl.eu).
- **NLLB** – No Language Left Behind, a multilingual translation project by Meta AI.
- **TIL-MT** – Turkic Interlingua Machine Translation, a project focused on Turkic languages.
- **Low-resource language** – a language with limited digital resources and tools.
## Dataset Card Authors
- BashkirNLPWorld
## Dataset Card Contact
For questions, takedown requests, or collaboration, please open an issue:
[https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-russian-parallel/discussions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/BashkirNLPWorld/bashkir-russian-parallel/discussions)