question stringlengths 41 13.5k | reasoning stringlengths 916 4.92k | source stringclasses 1
value | metadata stringlengths 1.24k 16.6k | response stringlengths 1 12.9k | text stringlengths 1.38k 16.7k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urogenital Diaphragm is made up of the following, except:
Answer Choices:
A. Deep transverse Perineus
B. Perinial membrane
C. Colle's fascia
D. Sphincter Urethrae
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Urogenital diaphragm -> Pelvic anatomy -> Muscles and fascia -> Deep perineal pouch
2. Urogenital diaphragm -> Components of the perineum -> Muscles and connective tissue
3. Urogenital diaphragm -> Anatomical structures -> Superficial vs. deep fascia
Reasoning Process:
1. The urogenital dia... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7131, 'question': 'Urogenital Diaphragm is made up of the following, except:', 'answer': "Colle's fascia. Explanation: Colle's fascia does not contribute to the Urogenital Diaphragm. It is attached posteriorly to the posterior border of the urogenital diaphragm but does not ... | Colle's fascia. Explanation: Colle's fascia does not contribute to the Urogenital Diaphragm. It is attached posteriorly to the posterior border of the urogenital diaphragm but does not form pa of this diaphragm. Ref: BDC, Volume 2, 4th Edition, Page 332; Grants Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition, Page 244; Gray's Anatomy,... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Urogenital Diaphragm is made up of the following, except:
Answer Choices:
A. Deep transverse Perineus
B. Perinial membrane
C. Colle's fascia
D. ... |
Child with Type I Diabetes. What is the advised time for fundus examinations from the time of diagnosis?
Answer Choices:
A. After 5 years
B. After 2 years
C. After 10 years
D. At the time of diagnosis
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -> Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy -> Timing of Fundus Examination
2. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -> Duration of Diabetes -> Risk of Retinopathy -> Fundus Examination Guidelines
3. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -> Pediatric Guidelines -> Fundus Examination Timing
**Reason... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7133, 'question': 'Child with Type I Diabetes. What is the advised time for fundus examinations from the time of diagnosis?', 'answer': 'After 5 years. Explanation: Screening for diabetic retinopathy To prevent visual loss occurring from diabetic retinopathy a periodic follo... | After 5 years. Explanation: Screening for diabetic retinopathy To prevent visual loss occurring from diabetic retinopathy a periodic follow-up is very impoant for a timely intervention. The recommendations for periodic fundus examination are as follows : First examination, 5 years after diagnosis of type 1 DM and at th... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Child with Type I Diabetes. What is the advised time for fundus examinations from the time of diagnosis?
Answer Choices:
A. After 5 years
B. Aft... |
Most sensitive test for H pylori is-
Answer Choices:
A. Fecal antigen test
B. Biopsy urease test
C. Serological test
D. Urea breath test
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Consider the various diagnostic tests available for Helicobacter pylori infection, such as the urea breath test, stool antigen test, serology, and biopsy-based methods.
2. Evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of each test.
3. Consider the invasiveness and practicality of each test i... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7134, 'question': 'Most sensitive test for H pylori is-', 'answer': 'Biopsy urease test. Explanation: <P>Davidson&;s principles and practice of medicine 22nd edition. *biopsbiopsy unease test is cheap,quick ,specific(95%) and sensitivity (85%)</p>', 'reasoning': '**Finding r... | Biopsy urease test. Explanation: <P>Davidson&;s principles and practice of medicine 22nd edition. *biopsbiopsy unease test is cheap,quick ,specific(95%) and sensitivity (85%)</p> | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Most sensitive test for H pylori is-
Answer Choices:
A. Fecal antigen test
B. Biopsy urease test
C. Serological test
D. Urea breath test<|eot_id... |
Ligation of the common hepatic aery will compromise blood flow in
Answer Choices:
A. Right and Left gastric aery
B. Right gastric and sho gastric aeries
C. Right gastroepiploic and sho gastric aeries
D. Right gastric and right gastroepiploic aery
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Common hepatic artery -> Gastroduodenal artery -> Right gastroepiploic artery
2. Common hepatic artery -> Gastroduodenal artery -> Right gastric artery
3. Common hepatic artery -> Celiac trunk -> Left gastric artery
4. Common hepatic artery -> Splenic artery -> Short gastric arteries
*... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7137, 'question': 'Ligation of the common hepatic aery will compromise blood flow in', 'answer': 'Right gastric and right gastroepiploic aery. Explanation: Rt. Gastric aeryarises from common hepatic aery andRt. Gastroepiploic aeryarises fromgastroduodenal aerywhich is a bran... | Right gastric and right gastroepiploic aery. Explanation: Rt. Gastric aeryarises from common hepatic aery andRt. Gastroepiploic aeryarises fromgastroduodenal aerywhich is a branch of common hepatic aery. Therefore,ligation of common hepatic aerywill lead to impaired blood supply inRt. Gastric aeryandRt. Gastroepiploic ... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Ligation of the common hepatic aery will compromise blood flow in
Answer Choices:
A. Right and Left gastric aery
B. Right gastric and sho gastri... |
Typhoid investigation of choice in 1st week
Answer Choices:
A. Blood culture
B. Widal test
C. Stool culture
D. Urine culture
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider the pathophysiology of typhoid fever and how it affects the body in the first week.
2. Evaluate the diagnostic methods available for typhoid fever and their effectiveness in the early stages of the disease.
3. Analyze the sensitivity and specificity of blood cultures in detecting S... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7138, 'question': 'Typhoid investigation of choice in 1st week', 'answer': "Blood culture. Explanation: (A) Blood culture # Typhoid investigation of choice code 'BASU'> 'B' i.e. Blood culture in the first week (Better is Bone Marrow culture)> 'A' i.e. Antibodies (Widal) in t... | Blood culture. Explanation: (A) Blood culture # Typhoid investigation of choice code 'BASU'> 'B' i.e. Blood culture in the first week (Better is Bone Marrow culture)> 'A' i.e. Antibodies (Widal) in the second week> 'S' i.e. Stool culture in the third week> 'U' i.e. Urine culture in the 4th week> Widal test shows diagno... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Typhoid investigation of choice in 1st week
Answer Choices:
A. Blood culture
B. Widal test
C. Stool culture
D. Urine culture<|eot_id|><|start_he... |
Perforation of stomach is more common due to ingestion of -
Answer Choices:
A. Nitric acid
B. Sulphuric acid
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Carbolic acid
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Stomach -> Chemical ingestion -> Acidic substances -> Stomach perforation
2. Stomach -> Chemical ingestion -> Corrosive agents -> Stomach perforation
3. Stomach -> Chemical ingestion -> Sulfuric acid -> Stomach perforation
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding Stomach Perforation:... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7141, 'question': 'Perforation of stomach is more common due to ingestion of -', 'answer': 'Sulphuric acid. Explanation: Stomach perforation is more common with H2SO4.', 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Stomach -> Chemical ingestion -> Acidic substances -> St... | Sulphuric acid. Explanation: Stomach perforation is more common with H2SO4. | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Perforation of stomach is more common due to ingestion of -
Answer Choices:
A. Nitric acid
B. Sulphuric acid
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Carbolic ac... |
Brown tumour is seen in
Answer Choices:
A. Hyperparathyroidism
B. Hypoparathyroidism
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Hypehyroidism
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Brown tumour -> bone lesion -> osteoclast activity -> hyperparathyroidism
2. Brown tumour -> maxilla/mandible involvement -> bone resorption -> hyperparathyroidism
3. Brown tumour -> skeletal system -> metabolic bone disease -> hyperparathyroidism
Reasoning Process:
1. **Brown Tumour Charac... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7143, 'question': 'Brown tumour is seen in', 'answer': "Hyperparathyroidism. Explanation: Brown's tumour: This is an expansile bone lesion, a collection of osteoclasts. It commonly affects the maxilla or mandible, though any bone may be affected. Commonly seen in Hyperpathyr... | Hyperparathyroidism. Explanation: Brown's tumour: This is an expansile bone lesion, a collection of osteoclasts. It commonly affects the maxilla or mandible, though any bone may be affected. Commonly seen in Hyperpathyroidism Ref: Maheshwari 6e pg 313. | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Brown tumour is seen in
Answer Choices:
A. Hyperparathyroidism
B. Hypoparathyroidism
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Hypehyroidism<|eot_id|><|start_header_... |
The technique for accurate quantification of gene expression is
Answer Choices:
A. Nohern blot
B. PCR
C. Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR
D. Reverse Transcriptase PCR
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Consider the methods commonly used for quantifying gene expression.
2. Evaluate the accuracy and reliability of different gene expression quantification techniques.
3. Examine the role of Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) in gene expression analysis.
4. Compare RT-qPCR with ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7144, 'question': 'The technique for accurate quantification of gene expression is', 'answer': 'Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR. Explanation: PCR Real-time PCR Traditional PCR For accurate quantification of the amount of initial DNA in the reaction Detects the DNA by ele... | Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR. Explanation: PCR Real-time PCR Traditional PCR For accurate quantification of the amount of initial DNA in the reaction Detects the DNA by electrophoresis at the end-point of the reaction | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
The technique for accurate quantification of gene expression is
Answer Choices:
A. Nohern blot
B. PCR
C. Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR
D. ... |
A patient presents to the doctor with diplopia when looking towards the right. On examination, he is unable to move his right eye laterally past the midline. Damage to which of these nerves would produce this clinical presentation?
Answer Choices:
A. Abducent nerve
B. Trochlear nerve
C. Optic nerve
D. Oculomotor nerve
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Diplopia when looking to the right suggests an issue with the muscles or nerves controlling eye movement.
2. The inability to move the right eye laterally past the midline indicates a problem with the lateral rectus muscle, which is responsible for abduction of the eye.
3. The lateral rectus... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7145, 'question': 'A patient presents to the doctor with diplopia when looking towards the right. On examination, he is unable to move his right eye laterally past the midline. Damage to which of these nerves would produce this clinical presentation?', 'answer': 'Abducent ne... | Abducent nerve. Explanation: Clinical Presentation is of impaired abduction of one eye (right eye) d/t damage of VI nerve. Lateral rectus is paralysed | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A patient presents to the doctor with diplopia when looking towards the right. On examination, he is unable to move his right eye laterally past... |
The arrow marked structure is which part of corpus callosum:
Answer Choices:
A. Rostrum
B. Genu
C. Body
D. Splenium
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Corpus callosum -> White matter -> Brain white matter -> Splenium of the corpus callosum
2. Corpus callosum -> Forebrain structures -> White matter of telencephalon -> Splenium of the corpus callosum
3. Corpus callosum -> Cerebral hemisphere white matter -> Splenium of the corpus callosum
... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7148, 'question': 'The arrow marked structure is which part of corpus callosum:', 'answer': 'Splenium. Explanation: Ans. D. SpleniumThe arrow marked structure is splenium of corpus callosum.', 'reasoning': 'Finding reasoning paths:\n\n1. Corpus callosum -> White matter -> Br... | Splenium. Explanation: Ans. D. SpleniumThe arrow marked structure is splenium of corpus callosum. | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
The arrow marked structure is which part of corpus callosum:
Answer Choices:
A. Rostrum
B. Genu
C. Body
D. Splenium<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>... |
Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an impoant function in -
Answer Choices:
A. Apoptosis
B. Cell necrosis
C. Electron transpo chain
D. Cell division
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Apoptotic process -> casp9 -> execution phase of apoptosis
2. Apoptotic process -> casp3 -> execution phase of apoptosis
3. Apoptotic process -> casp8 -> execution phase of apoptosis
4. Apoptotic process -> programmed cell death -> cell death
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7149, 'question': 'Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an impoant function in -', 'answer': "Apoptosis. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e. ApoptosisMechanism ofApoptosiso Apoptosis is induced by a cascade of molecular events that may be initiated in distinct ways but culminate in the ac... | Apoptosis. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e. ApoptosisMechanism ofApoptosiso Apoptosis is induced by a cascade of molecular events that may be initiated in distinct ways but culminate in the activation of caspases.o Caspases are central to the pathogenesis of apoptosiso The process of apoptosis is divided into two phasesi)... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an impoant function in -
Answer Choices:
A. Apoptosis
B. Cell necrosis
C. Electron transpo chain
D. Cell division<|... |
Trigeminal nerve has how many nucleus?
Answer Choices:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. The trigeminal nerve has both sensory and motor components. The sensory component is divided into three nuclei: the mesencephalic nucleus, the chief sensory nucleus (principal sensory nucleus), and the spinal nucleus.
2. The motor component of the trigeminal nerve is associated with the mot... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7150, 'question': 'Trigeminal nerve has how many nucleus?', 'answer': '4. Explanation: Ans. C.4Trigeminal nerve has four nuclei - 3 sensory and 1 motor nucleus.The sensory nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal (top to bottom):a. The mesencephalic nucleu... | 4. Explanation: Ans. C.4Trigeminal nerve has four nuclei - 3 sensory and 1 motor nucleus.The sensory nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal (top to bottom):a. The mesencephalic nucleusb. The chief sensory nucleus (or "main sensory nucleus" or "principal nucleus")c. The spinal nucleus | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Trigeminal nerve has how many nucleus?
Answer Choices:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
<think>
Findi... |
The deformity of tibia in triple deformity of the knee is?
Answer Choices:
A. Extension, Posterior subluxation & external rotation
B. Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation
C. Flexion, posterior subluxation & internal rotation
D. Extension, Anterior subluxation & internal rotation
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Tibia involvement in knee deformity -> Flexion contracture
2. Tibia involvement in knee deformity -> Posterior subluxation of the tibia
3. Tibia involvement in knee deformity -> External rotation
4. Causes of knee deformity -> Tuberculosis
5. Causes of knee deformity -> Rheumatoid arthr... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7151, 'question': 'The deformity of tibia in triple deformity of the knee is?', 'answer': "Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation. Explanation: Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation REF: Apley's 8th ed p. 42 Triple deformity of knee consists of flexi... | Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation. Explanation: Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation REF: Apley's 8th ed p. 42 Triple deformity of knee consists of flexion, posterior subluxation of tibia and external rotation of tibia Treatment: ATT, Ahrodesis Causes: TB, Rheumatoid ahritis | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
The deformity of tibia in triple deformity of the knee is?
Answer Choices:
A. Extension, Posterior subluxation & external rotation
B. Flexion, p... |
What is the most common site of origin of thrombotic pulmonary emboli?
Answer Choices:
A. Deep leg veins
B. Lumen of left ventricle
C. Lumen of right ventricle
D. Mesenteric veins
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Pulmonary embolism (disease) -> thrombus formation -> deep veins of the lower extremities -> embolization to the lungs.
2. Pulmonary embolism (disease) -> thrombus formation -> other potential sites (e.g., pelvic veins) -> embolization to the lungs.
Reasoning Process:
1. **Understanding P... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7154, 'question': 'What is the most common site of origin of thrombotic pulmonary emboli?', 'answer': 'Deep leg veins. Explanation: An embolus is a detached intravascular mass that has been carried by the blood to a site other than where it was formed. Emboli basically can b... | Deep leg veins. Explanation: An embolus is a detached intravascular mass that has been carried by the blood to a site other than where it was formed. Emboli basically can be thrombotic or embolic, but most originate from thrombi. These thromboemboli, most of which originate in the deep veins of the lower extremities, m... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
What is the most common site of origin of thrombotic pulmonary emboli?
Answer Choices:
A. Deep leg veins
B. Lumen of left ventricle
C. Lumen of ... |
Which of the following nipple discharge is most probably; physiological:
Answer Choices:
A. B/L spontaneous discharge
B. B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ducts
C. U/L bloody discharge
D. U/L bloody discharge with squeezing from a single duct
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Consider the characteristics of physiological nipple discharge, such as color, consistency, and whether it is unilateral or bilateral.
2. Evaluate the common causes of physiological discharge, including hormonal changes, pregnancy, and lactation.
3. Differentiate between physiological a... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7156, 'question': 'Which of the following nipple discharge is most probably; physiological:', 'answer': 'B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ducts. Explanation: Ans. (b) B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ductsRef: Bailey and Love 27th edition page... | B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ducts. Explanation: Ans. (b) B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ductsRef: Bailey and Love 27th edition page 864* Bilateral milky discharge is from physiological lactation All other secretions may be pathological. | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Which of the following nipple discharge is most probably; physiological:
Answer Choices:
A. B/L spontaneous discharge
B. B/L milky discharge wit... |
Hallmark of breast malignancy on mammography?
Answer Choices:
A. Low density lesion
B. Smooth margins
C. Clusters of microcalcification
D. Popcorn calcification
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Mammography -> Detection of microcalcifications -> Indicator of breast cancer
2. Microcalcifications -> High prevalence in DCIS -> Association with breast malignancy
3. Microcalcifications -> Present in invasive carcinoma -> Potential sign of breast cancer
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7157, 'question': 'Hallmark of breast malignancy on mammography?', 'answer': 'Clusters of microcalcification. Explanation: Ans. c (Clusters of microcalcification) (Ref Graingerys Diagnostic Radiology, 4th ed., 2239)Diagnostic mammography verses screening mammography# Diagnos... | Clusters of microcalcification. Explanation: Ans. c (Clusters of microcalcification) (Ref Graingerys Diagnostic Radiology, 4th ed., 2239)Diagnostic mammography verses screening mammography# Diagnostic mammography should not be confused with screening mammography, which is performed after a palpable abnormality has been... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Hallmark of breast malignancy on mammography?
Answer Choices:
A. Low density lesion
B. Smooth margins
C. Clusters of microcalcification
D. Popco... |
Computed Tomography (CT scan) is least accurate for diagnosts of:
Answer Choices:
A. 1cm size Aneurysm in the Hepatic Aery
B. 1cm size Lymph node inthe para-aoic region
C. 1cm size Mass in the tail of pancreas
D. 1cm size Gall stones
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Gallstones -> Gallbladder disease -> Cholelithiasis -> Ultrasound imaging
2. Gallstones -> Radiolucent cholesterol stones -> Limited visibility on CT scan
3. Gallstones -> Complications (e.g., pancreatitis) -> CT scan evaluation
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding Gallstones and... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7159, 'question': 'Computed Tomography (CT scan) is least accurate for diagnosts of:', 'answer': "1cm size Gall stones. Explanation: D i.e. 1 cm size Gall stones CT scan has a very limited role in diagnosis of gall stone (Cholelithiasis) as only a minority (20-60%) of gall b... | 1cm size Gall stones. Explanation: D i.e. 1 cm size Gall stones CT scan has a very limited role in diagnosis of gall stone (Cholelithiasis) as only a minority (20-60%) of gall bladder stones are visibleQ which show calcification. Most (70%) stones are cholesterol stones and 93% of them are radiolucent). CT scan, howeve... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Computed Tomography (CT scan) is least accurate for diagnosts of:
Answer Choices:
A. 1cm size Aneurysm in the Hepatic Aery
B. 1cm size Lymph nod... |
NO is synthesized by -
Answer Choices:
A. Uracil
B. Aspartate
C. Guanosine
D. Arginine
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Nitric oxide synthesis pathway: Arginine -> Nitric-oxide synthase -> Nitric oxide
2. Role of nitric-oxide synthase: Enzyme catalyzing the conversion of arginine to nitric oxide
3. Location of nitric-oxide synthase activity: Cytosol
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding the Role of... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7161, 'question': 'NO is synthesized by -', 'answer': "Arginine. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Arginine * Nitric oxide, also called endothelium-derived-relaxing factor (EDRF), is formed from amino acid arginine, by the action of the enzyme NO synthase, which is cytosolic.Ar... | Arginine. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Arginine * Nitric oxide, also called endothelium-derived-relaxing factor (EDRF), is formed from amino acid arginine, by the action of the enzyme NO synthase, which is cytosolic.ArginineNO synthase-------Citrulline + NO | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
NO is synthesized by -
Answer Choices:
A. Uracil
B. Aspartate
C. Guanosine
D. Arginine<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
<... |
The serum concentration of which of the following human Ig is maximum:
Answer Choices:
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgD
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Review the different types of human immunoglobulins and their functions.
2. Examine the typical serum concentrations of each immunoglobulin class.
3. Consider the physiological roles and prevalence of each immunoglobulin in the bloodstream.
4. Analyze clinical data or studies that repor... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7162, 'question': 'The serum concentration of which of the following human Ig is maximum:', 'answer': 'IgG. Explanation: IgG', 'reasoning': "**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Review the different types of human immunoglobulins and their functions.\n2. Examine the typical se... | IgG. Explanation: IgG | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
The serum concentration of which of the following human Ig is maximum:
Answer Choices:
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgD<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>a... |
Arlts line is seen in
Answer Choices:
A. Vernal keratoconjunctis
B. Pterygium
C. Ocular pemphigoid
D. Trachoma
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Arlt's line is a linear scarring on the upper palpebral conjunctiva.
2. Arlt's line is associated with chronic inflammation or scarring of the conjunctiva.
3. Trachoma is a chronic infectious disease that causes scarring of the conjunctiva.
4. Trachoma is caused by repeated infections with C... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7166, 'question': 'Arlts line is seen in', 'answer': 'Trachoma. Explanation: Arlts line is a linear scarring on the upper palpebral conjunctiva in patients of trachoma REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 69', 'reasoning': "Finding reasoning paths:\n1. Arlt's line is a ... | Trachoma. Explanation: Arlts line is a linear scarring on the upper palpebral conjunctiva in patients of trachoma REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 69 | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Arlts line is seen in
Answer Choices:
A. Vernal keratoconjunctis
B. Pterygium
C. Ocular pemphigoid
D. Trachoma<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assis... |
A young male patient presents with complete rectal prolapse. The surgery of choice is
Answer Choices:
A. Abdominal rectopexy
B. Delerom's procedure
C. Anterior resection
D. Goodsall's procedure
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Rectal prolapse (disease) -> Surgical treatment options -> Perineal approach vs. Abdominal approach
2. Abdominal approach -> Abdominal rectopexy -> Risk of recurrence vs. risk of complications
3. Abdominal rectopexy -> Potential complications -> Pelvic autonomic nerve damage -> Male sexual d... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7168, 'question': 'A young male patient presents with complete rectal prolapse. The surgery of choice is', 'answer': 'Abdominal rectopexy. Explanation: Surgery is required, and the operation can be performed the perineal or the abdominal approaches. An abdominal rectopexy ha... | Abdominal rectopexy. Explanation: Surgery is required, and the operation can be performed the perineal or the abdominal approaches. An abdominal rectopexy has a lower rate of recurrence,As an abdominal procedure risks damage to the pelvic autonomic nerves, resulting in possible sexual dysfunction, a perineal approach i... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A young male patient presents with complete rectal prolapse. The surgery of choice is
Answer Choices:
A. Abdominal rectopexy
B. Delerom's proced... |
The drug that inhibits uterine contractility and cause pulmonary edema is:
Answer Choices:
A. Ritodrine
B. Nifedipine
C. Indomethacin
D. Atosiban
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider the role of beta-adrenergic drugs in inhibiting uterine contractility and their potential side effects, such as pulmonary edema.
2. Evaluate the specific drugs known to inhibit uterine contractility and their association with pulmonary edema, focusing on ritodrine and magnesium sulf... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7169, 'question': 'The drug that inhibits uterine contractility and cause pulmonary edema is:', 'answer': 'Ritodrine. Explanation: Pulmonary edema is a serious complication of beta-adrenergic therapy (ritodrine) and MgSO4.\nThis complication occurs in patients receiving oral... | Ritodrine. Explanation: Pulmonary edema is a serious complication of beta-adrenergic therapy (ritodrine) and MgSO4.
This complication occurs in patients receiving oral or (more common) intravenous treatment.
It occurs more frequently in patients who have excessive plasma volume expansion, such as those with twins or th... | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
The drug that inhibits uterine contractility and cause pulmonary edema is:
Answer Choices:
A. Ritodrine
B. Nifedipine
C. Indomethacin
D. Atosiba... |
Influenzae virus belongs to which family?
Answer Choices:
A. Paramyxovirus
B. Orthomyxovirus
C. Bunyaviridae
D. Togaviridae
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Explore the classification of viruses based on their genetic material and structure.
2. Investigate the characteristics and classification of the influenza virus.
3. Examine the families of viruses known to cause respiratory infections.
4. Review the taxonomy of viruses and identify the... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7170, 'question': 'Influenzae virus belongs to which family?', 'answer': 'Orthomyxovirus. Explanation: Ans. (b) OrthomyxovirusRef: Appendix-141 for viruses classification', 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Explore the classification of viruses based on their ... | Orthomyxovirus. Explanation: Ans. (b) OrthomyxovirusRef: Appendix-141 for viruses classification | <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
Cutting Knowledge Date: December 2023
Today Date: 26 Jul 2024
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Influenzae virus belongs to which family?
Answer Choices:
A. Paramyxovirus
B. Orthomyxovirus
C. Bunyaviridae
D. Togaviridae<|eot_id|><|start_hea... |
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