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values | metadata stringlengths 251 4.24k | prompt stringlengths 45 2.07k | answer_letter stringclasses 5
values | answer_string stringlengths 1 187 | reasoning stringlengths 1.04k 28.5k | distilled_answer_string stringlengths 178 2.73k | domain_code stringclasses 76
values | domain_name stringclasses 76
values | text stringlengths 1.87k 30.3k | reasoning_chain stringlengths 689 2.63k | head_guided_reasoning stringlengths 1.16k 28.7k | action_chain stringlengths 81 480 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': '16a999c8-5a0a-4e53-b85f-e4d20b0528e9', 'question': 'Hormone acting on nuclear receptors', 'opa': 'Calcitonin', 'opb': 'Thyroxine', 'opc': 'Glucocoicoids', 'opd': 'Vasopressine', 'cop': 1, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': 'Thyroid Hormones Increase Gene Transcription in the Cell Nucleus The thyroid hormones thyro... | Hormone acting on nuclear receptors
A. Glucocoicoids
B. Vasopressine
C. Thyroxine
D. Calcitonin | C | Thyroxine | Okay, let me try to figure out this question. It's about hormones that act on nuclear receptors. The options are A. Glucocorticoids, B. Vasopressin, C. Thyroxine, D. Calcitonin. Hmm...
First, I need to remember which hormones use nuclear receptors. I recall that hormones like steroids and thyroid hormones typically ac... | Both glucocorticoids (A) and thyroxine (C) act on nuclear receptors. Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that bind to intracellular receptors, which then translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Thyroxine, a thyroid hormone, enters cells and binds to nuclear receptors directly influencing gene transcrip... | 53 | Physiology | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Hormone acting on nuclear receptors
A. Glucocoicoids
B. Vasopressine
C. Thyroxine
D. Calcitonin<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let me try to figure out this question. It's about ho... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the mechanism of action",
"description": "Determine which hormones act through nuclear receptors by recalling that lipid-soluble hormones (e.g., steroids and thyroid hormones) typically interact with nuclear receptors."
},
{... | Action Chain: 1. Identify the mechanism of action → 2. Evaluate each option → 3. Confirm receptor type for each hormone → 4. Resolve ambiguity in question format → 5. Finalize the answer
Okay, let me try to figure out this question. It's about hormones that act on nuclear receptors. The options are A. Glucocorticoids,... | 1. Identify the mechanism of action → 2. Evaluate each option → 3. Confirm receptor type for each hormone → 4. Resolve ambiguity in question format → 5. Finalize the answer |
2 | qiaojin/PubMedQA:pqa_labeled | {'pubid': 7482275, 'question': 'Necrotizing fasciitis: an indication for hyperbaric oxygenation therapy?', 'context': {'contexts': ['The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant t... | The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant therapy for NF, improving patient mortality and outcome. However, the beneficial effect of HBO for NF remains controversial.
A retrosp... | C | no | Okay, so I need to figure out whether hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) therapy is indicated for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) based on the provided study. The options are A. maybe, B. yes, or C. no. Let me go through the information step by step.
First, the background says that the accepted treatment is surgery and antibioti... | The study compared outcomes of 37 patients with necrotizing fasciitis (NF), 25 receiving hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) and 12 treated with surgery and antibiotics alone. Key findings included a **higher mortality rate in the HBO group (36% vs. 25%)** and a **significantly greater number of surgical débridements (3.3 vs.... | 67 | Therapy | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant therapy for NF, imp... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "identify the problem and context",
"description": "Determine the medical question and the context in which it is being asked, focusing on the treatment protocol and the role of adjuvant therapy."
},
{
"step": 2,
"action":... | Action Chain: 1. identify the problem and context → 2. analyze the study design and methodology → 3. compare outcomes between groups → 4. assess statistical significance → 5. evaluate baseline characteristics → 6. interpret conflicting evidence → 7. draw conclusions based on evidence → 8. formulate the final answer
Ok... | 1. identify the problem and context → 2. analyze the study design and methodology → 3. compare outcomes between groups → 4. assess statistical significance → 5. evaluate baseline characteristics → 6. interpret conflicting evidence → 7. draw conclusions based on evidence → 8. formulate the final answer |
1 | openlifescienceai/headqa | {'data': {'Correct Answer': 'Initial zone of the distal tubule.', 'Correct Option': 'D', 'Options': {'A': "Bowman's capsule.", 'B': 'Proximal tubule', 'C': 'Medulla area of \u200b\u200bthe loop of Henle.', 'D': 'Initial zone of the distal tubule.', 'E': 'Collecting tubule in the presence of ADH.'}, 'Question': 'Urine i... | Urine is hypoosmolar with respect to plasma in:
A. Bowman's capsule.
B. Initial zone of the distal tubule.
C. Proximal tubule
D. Medulla area of the loop of Henle.
E. Collecting tubule in the presence of ADH. | B | Initial zone of the distal tubule. | Okay, let me tackle this question step by step. The question is asking where the urine is hypoosmolar, meaning it's less concentrated than plasma. The options are different parts of the nephron and related structures.
First, I need to recall how the nephron works in terms of osmolarity. The kidneys process blood to fo... | The correct answer is **B. Initial zone of the distal tubule**.
**Key Reasoning:**
- **Bowman’s capsule (A)** and **proximal tubule (C)** maintain filtrate that is isosmotic to plasma due to balanced solute and water reabsorption.
- The **medullary area of the loop of Henle (D)** includes the descending limb (perm... | 53 | Physiology | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Urine is hypoosmolar with respect to plasma in:
A. Bowman's capsule.
B. Initial zone of the distal tubule.
C. Proximal tubule
D. Medulla area of the loop of Henle.
E. Collecting tubule in the presence of... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the key concept in the question",
"description": "Recognize that the question is asking about the location where urine is hypoosmolar (less concentrated than plasma)."
},
{
"step": 2,
"action": "Recall general pr... | Action Chain: 1. Identify the key concept in the question → 2. Recall general principles of the system involved → 3. Evaluate each option based on general principles → 4. Eliminate incorrect options → 5. Resolve ambiguity in remaining options → 6. Conclude the correct answer
Okay, let me tackle this question step by s... | 1. Identify the key concept in the question → 2. Recall general principles of the system involved → 3. Evaluate each option based on general principles → 4. Eliminate incorrect options → 5. Resolve ambiguity in remaining options → 6. Conclude the correct answer |
0 | openlifescienceai/headqa | {'data': {'Correct Answer': 'L5', 'Correct Option': 'C', 'Options': {'A': 'L3.', 'B': 'L4.', 'C': 'L5', 'D': 'S1', 'E': 'L2.'}, 'Question': 'What root predominantly depends on the sensory innervation of the first toe?'}, 'id': '3c4607e1-4660-4fde-a67a-5b1df642e122', 'topic_name': 'medicine'} | What root predominantly depends on the sensory innervation of the first toe?
A. L5
B. S1
C. L4.
D. L3.
E. L2. | A | L5 | Okay, the question is about which nerve root is primarily responsible for the sensory innervation of the first toe. The options are L5, S1, L4, L3, and L2. Hmm, I need to recall my anatomy here. Let me think.
First, the nerves of the lower limb are supplied by the lumbar and sacral plexuses. The lumbar plexus comes fr... | The sensory innervation of the first toe predominantly depends on the **L5 nerve root**. This root supplies the dorsum of the foot, including the big toe, particularly the web space between the first and second toes. While L4 covers the medial leg and ankle, and S1 the lateral foot and little toe, the primary dermatoma... | 38 | Innervation | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
What root predominantly depends on the sensory innervation of the first toe?
A. L5
B. S1
C. L4.
D. L3.
E. L2.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, the question is about which nerve root ... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the anatomical context",
"description": "Determine the anatomical region and structures involved in the question, focusing on sensory innervation and dermatomes."
},
{
"step": 2,
"action": "Recall relevant anatom... | Action Chain: 1. Identify the anatomical context → 2. Recall relevant anatomical patterns → 3. Compare and contrast options → 4. Verify and confirm → 5. Conclude the reasoning
Okay, the question is about which nerve root is primarily responsible for the sensory innervation of the first toe. The options are L5, S1, L4,... | 1. Identify the anatomical context → 2. Recall relevant anatomical patterns → 3. Compare and contrast options → 4. Verify and confirm → 5. Conclude the reasoning |
1 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': 'b4150677-2bdd-4cf6-a2e5-36a8619380ba', 'question': 'Accidents happening during weekends is', 'opa': 'Cyclic trends', 'opb': 'Seasonal trends', 'opc': 'Secular trends', 'opd': 'Point source epidemic', 'cop': 0, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': None, 'subject_name': 'Social & Preventive Medicine', 'topic_name': No... | Accidents happening during weekends is
A. Seasonal trends
B. Cyclic trends
C. Secular trends
D. Point source epidemic | B | Cyclic trends | Okay, let's tackle this question about accidents during weekends and what kind of trend they represent. The options are seasonal, cyclic, secular, or point source epidemic. Hmm, I need to recall the definitions of each of these terms from epidemiology or statistics.
First, seasonal trends. Seasonal trends are patterns... | To determine the correct classification of accidents happening during weekends, let's analyze each option:
- **Seasonal trends (A)** refer to patterns recurring annually, such as flu outbreaks in winter. Weekends recur weekly, not annually, so this doesn't fit.
- **Cyclic trends (B)** involve fluctuations over perio... | 71 | Trends | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Accidents happening during weekends is
A. Seasonal trends
B. Cyclic trends
C. Secular trends
D. Point source epidemic<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let's tackle this question abou... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "define key terms",
"description": "Identify and clarify the definitions of the terms provided in the options (seasonal, cyclic, secular, point source epidemic) to understand their meanings and distinctions."
},
{
"step": 2,
... | Action Chain: 1. define key terms → 2. analyze the context → 3. eliminate irrelevant options → 4. compare remaining options → 5. conclude with the best fit
Okay, let's tackle this question about accidents during weekends and what kind of trend they represent. The options are seasonal, cyclic, secular, or point source ... | 1. define key terms → 2. analyze the context → 3. eliminate irrelevant options → 4. compare remaining options → 5. conclude with the best fit |
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': '38bf6b5f-6819-49ba-8071-53d5c2fb7f7e', 'question': 'Radiation tolerance of liver is', 'opa': '15 Gy', 'opb': '30 Gy', 'opc': '40 Gy', 'opd': '45 Gy', 'cop': 1, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': 'Liver injury tends to be more common in those patients with radiation doses greater than 30 Gy or when the whole-liver ... | Radiation tolerance of liver is
A. 15 Gy
B. 45 Gy
C. 30 Gy
D. 40 Gy | C | 30 Gy | Okay, let me try to figure out the radiation tolerance of the liver. I need to remember what I studied about radiation therapy and organ tolerance doses. Hmm, radiation tolerance usually refers to the dose at which there's a 5% risk of complications within 5 years, known as TD 5/5. Different organs have different toler... | The radiation tolerance of the liver refers to the dose at which there is a 5% risk of complications (TD 5/5) within 5 years. For whole liver irradiation, the classical tolerance dose is **30 Gy** in standard fractionation (1.8–2 Gy per fraction). This aligns with established guidelines and texts such as Emami et al. (... | 58 | Radiation Effects | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Radiation tolerance of liver is
A. 15 Gy
B. 45 Gy
C. 30 Gy
D. 40 Gy<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let me try to figure out the radiation tolerance of the liver. I need to remember... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the context of the question",
"description": "Determine the specific medical concept being asked about, in this case, the radiation tolerance of the liver."
},
{
"step": 2,
"action": "Recall relevant medical prin... | Action Chain: 1. Identify the context of the question → 2. Recall relevant medical principles → 3. Assess organ sensitivity → 4. Consider partial vs. whole organ irradiation → 5. Compare with provided options → 6. Validate with established guidelines → 7. Conclude the reasoning
Okay, let me try to figure out the radia... | 1. Identify the context of the question → 2. Recall relevant medical principles → 3. Assess organ sensitivity → 4. Consider partial vs. whole organ irradiation → 5. Compare with provided options → 6. Validate with established guidelines → 7. Conclude the reasoning |
1 | openlifescienceai/headqa | {'data': {'Correct Answer': 'Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10.', 'Correct Option': 'A', 'Options': {'A': 'Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10.', 'B': 'Select t... | Among the specific objectives that have been developed in order to make a health education intervention, aimed at providing people 65 years and older with the incorporation of preventive activities for heat stroke in daily self-care, identify the one that is INCORRECTLY formulated:
A. Enunciate the activities that are ... | B | Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10. | Okay, let's tackle this question step by step. The task is to identify which of the given objectives is incorrectly formulated for a health education intervention aimed at seniors (65+) to prevent heat stroke. The options are A through E. I need to analyze each one based on how well they meet the criteria for a properl... | The incorrectly formulated objective is **B. Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10.**
**Explanation**:
- Learning objectives should focus on **learner outcomes** (what participants will **do** or **know**) rather than the instructor's act... | 26 | Education | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Among the specific objectives that have been developed in order to make a health education intervention, aimed at providing people 65 years and older with the incorporation of preventive activities for hea... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the structure of a well-formulated learning objective",
"description": "Recall that a well-structured learning objective includes performance, condition, and criterion components, focusing on what the learner will achieve."
},
... | Action Chain: 1. Identify the structure of a well-formulated learning objective → 2. Analyze each option for alignment with the learning objective structure → 3. Identify the incorrectly formulated objective → 4. Confirm the correctness of other options → 5. Conclude the reasoning process
Okay, let's tackle this quest... | 1. Identify the structure of a well-formulated learning objective → 2. Analyze each option for alignment with the learning objective structure → 3. Identify the incorrectly formulated objective → 4. Confirm the correctness of other options → 5. Conclude the reasoning process |
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | "{'id': '7835af8d-0fdb-45d3-9c1f-44f2c1efb006', 'question': 'Which of the following is an ocular sid(...TRUNCATED) | "Which of the following is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy?\nA. Retinitis\nB. Scleritis\nC. U(...TRUNCATED) | C | Uveitis | "Okay, I need to figure out which of the options A to D is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy. L(...TRUNCATED) | "The ocular side-effect of HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) most closely associated with(...TRUNCATED) | 02 | Adverse Effects | "<|im_start|>system\nYou are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\(...TRUNCATED) | "```json\n{\n \"reasoning_chain\": [\n {\n \"step\": 1,\n \"action\": \"Identify the c(...TRUNCATED) | "Action Chain: 1. Identify the context of the question → 2. List and understand the options → 3.(...TRUNCATED) | "1. Identify the context of the question → 2. List and understand the options → 3. Associate eac(...TRUNCATED) |
1 | qiaojin/PubMedQA:pqa_labeled | "{'pubid': 17890090, 'question': 'Can computerised tomography replace bone scintigraphy in detecting(...TRUNCATED) | "The aim of this study was to determine whether bone scans (BS) can be avoided if pelvis was include(...TRUNCATED) | B | yes | "Okay, so let's take a look at this question. The user is asking whether computerized tomography (CT(...TRUNCATED) | "The study compared CT (including thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) and BS for detecting bone metastases (...TRUNCATED) | 21 | Diagnostic Imaging | "<|im_start|>system\nYou are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\(...TRUNCATED) | "```json\n{\n \"reasoning_chain\": [\n {\n \"step\": 1,\n \"action\": \"identify the p(...TRUNCATED) | "Action Chain: 1. identify the problem → 2. review study details → 3. compare detection rates (...TRUNCATED) | "1. identify the problem → 2. review study details → 3. compare detection rates → 4. evaluate (...TRUNCATED) |
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | "{'id': '21ed9239-3c08-4098-8664-616e13d947ae', 'question': 'Golden period of eye donation ?', 'opa'(...TRUNCATED) | Golden period of eye donation ?
A. 18 hours
B. 24 hours
C. 6 hours
D. 12 hours | C | 6 hours | "Okay, let's try to figure out the answer to this question about the golden period for eye donation.(...TRUNCATED) | "The golden period for eye donation refers to the optimal time frame within which the corneas should(...TRUNCATED) | 70 | Transplantation | "<|im_start|>system\nYou are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\(...TRUNCATED) | "```json\n{\n \"reasoning_chain\": [\n {\n \"step\": 1,\n \"action\": \"identify the c(...TRUNCATED) | "Action Chain: 1. identify the context of the question → 2. recall general principles → 3. narro(...TRUNCATED) | "1. identify the context of the question → 2. recall general principles → 3. narrow down the foc(...TRUNCATED) |
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