Datasets:

DTLR
/

concepticon-wiktionary-synthesis

SYNTHESIS_ID int64 1 5.31k	CONCEPTICON_ID float64 1 4.18k ⌀	CONCEPTICON_GLOSS stringlengths 1 48 ⌀	SEMANTICFIELD stringclasses 24 values	DEFINITION stringlengths 10 833 ⌀	ONTOLOGICAL_CATEGORY stringclasses 6 values	SWADESH_NUMBER float64 1 207 ⌀	VULIC_ID float64 1 2.24k ⌀	VULIC_POS stringclasses 4 values	TJUKA_ID float64 1 28 ⌀	EN stringlengths 1 51 ⌀	FR stringlengths 2 44 ⌀	ZH_HANS stringlengths 1 12 ⌀	VI stringclasses 219 values
1	1,209	I	Kinship	The speaker or writer referring to himself or herself alone.	Other	1	null	null	null	I	null	null	tôi
2	1,215	THOU	Kinship	The person addressed.	Other	2	null	null	null	you (singular)	null	null	bạn
3	1,211	HE	Kinship	A male other; the male previously mentioned; himself. 3rd person singular masculine subject pronoun.	Other	3	null	null	null	he	null	null	anh ấy, ông ấy *
4	1,212	WE	Kinship	The speaker or writer and at least one other person.	Other	4	null	null	null	we	null	null	chúng ta (inclusive), chúng tôi (exclusive)
5	1,213	YOU	Kinship	The group of persons addressed.	Other	5	null	null	null	you (plural)	null	null	các bạn, bây (informal)
6	817	THEY	Kinship	The third person plural of the personal pronoun that designates more than one person or animal, thing or idea which have already been mentioned previously.	Other	6	null	null	null	they	null	null	họ
7	1,214	THIS	Miscellaneous function words	The indicated object, item, etc. close to the speaker.	Other	7	null	null	null	this	null	null	này, đây
8	78	THAT	Miscellaneous function words	The indicated object, item, etc. distant from the speaker.	Other	8	null	null	null	that	null	null	đó
9	136	HERE	Miscellaneous function words	At this place.	Other	9	148	adverbs	null	here	ici	这里	đây
10	1,937	THERE	Miscellaneous function words	In a not completely determined place which is not here.	Other	10	null	null	null	there	null	null	ở đó, đấy
11	1,235	WHO	Cognition	What person or people; which person or people.	Other	11	null	null	null	who	null	null	ai (interrogative)
12	1,236	WHAT	Cognition	Which thing.	Other	12	null	null	null	what	null	null	gì, cái gì (interrogative)
13	1,237	WHERE	Cognition	At what place?	Other	13	null	null	null	where	null	null	ở đâu (no movement, interrogative)
14	1,238	WHEN	Cognition	At what time?	Other	14	null	null	null	when	null	null	khi nào (interrogative)
15	1,239	HOW	Cognition	In what way?	Other	15	null	null	null	how	null	null	sao (interrogative)
16	1,240	NOT	Miscellaneous function words	Negates the meaning of the modified verb or adjective.	Other	16	null	null	null	not	null	null	không, chẳng, chả
17	98	ALL	Quantity	The totality of.	Other	17	null	null	null	all	null	null	tất cả, mọi, hết
18	1,198	MANY	Quantity	An indefinite large number of.	Other	18	null	null	null	many	null	null	nhiều, lắm
19	1,241	SOME	Quantity	An unspecified quantity or number of.	Other	19	null	null	null	some	null	null	mấy, vài
20	1,242	FEW	Quantity	More than one, but not as many as usual or as expected.	Other	20	null	null	null	few	null	null	ít
21	197	OTHER	Miscellaneous function words	The rest of a group of.	Other	21	404	adjectives	null	other	autre	其他	khác
22	1,493	ONE	Quantity	The natural number one (1).	Number	22	null	null	null	one	null	null	một
23	1,498	TWO	Quantity	The natural number two (2).	Number	23	null	null	null	two	null	null	hai
24	492	THREE	Quantity	The natural number three (3).	Number	24	null	null	null	three	null	null	ba
25	1,500	FOUR	Quantity	The natural number four (4).	Number	25	null	null	null	four	null	null	bốn
26	493	FIVE	Quantity	The natural number five (5).	Number	26	null	null	null	five	null	null	năm
27	1,202	BIG	Spatial relations	Of a great size.	Property	27	59	adjectives	null	big	gros	大	lớn, to, bự
28	1,203	LONG	Spatial relations	Having much distance from one terminating point on an object or an area to another terminating point.	Property	28	61	adjectives	null	long	long	长	dài
29	1,243	WIDE	Spatial relations	Having a long distance or area between two points, especially horizontally.	Property	29	83	adjectives	null	wide	large	宽 (宽大)	rộng
30	1,244	THICK	Spatial relations	Relatively large distance from one surface to the opposite in its smallest solid dimension.	Property	30	null	null	null	thick	null	null	dày
31	1,210	HEAVY	Sense perception	Of a physical object, having great weight.	Property	31	65	adjectives	null	heavy	lourd	重 (沉重)	nặng
32	1,246	SMALL	Spatial relations	Not large or big; small in size.	Property	32	null	null	null	small	null	null	nhỏ, bé
33	1,645	SHORT	Spatial relations	Small in length by comparison.	Property	33	292	adjectives	null	short	court	短	ngắn
34	1,267	NARROW	Spatial relations	(Of a path, cave etc.) having a small width.	Property	34	95	adjectives	null	narrow	étroit	狭窄 (窄小)	chật, hẹp
35	2,308	THIN	Spatial relations	Being narrow or carrying a small amount of fat.	Property	35	null	null	null	thin	null	null	mỏng
36	962	WOMAN	Kinship	An adult human member of the sex that produces ova and bears young.	Person/Thing	36	855	nouns	null	woman	femme	女人	đàn bà, phụ nữ
37	1,554	MAN	Kinship	An adult human member of the sex that begets young by fertilizing ova.	Person/Thing	37	248	nouns	null	man (adult male)	homme	男人 (男子/人)	đàn ông, trai
38	683	PERSON	Kinship	A human being.	Person/Thing	38	738	nouns	null	person	personne	人	người
39	1,304	CHILD (YOUNG HUMAN)	Kinship	A person below the age of puberty.	Person/Thing	39	null	null	null	child (a youth)	null	null	con
40	1,199	WIFE	Kinship	The female partner in a marriage.	Person/Thing	40	57	nouns	null	wife	femme (épouse)	妻子	vợ
41	1,200	HUSBAND	Kinship	The male partner in a marriage.	Person/Thing	41	58	nouns	null	husband	mari	丈夫	chồng
42	1,216	MOTHER	Kinship	A woman who has at least one child.	Person/Thing	42	66	nouns	null	mother	mère	母亲	mẹ, má, u, mạ, mệ
43	1,217	FATHER	Kinship	A male parent.	Person/Thing	43	68	nouns	null	father	père	父亲	cha, bố, ba, tía, thầy
44	619	ANIMAL	Animals	Any living organism characterized by voluntary movement, the possession of cells with noncellulose cell walls and specialized sense organs enabling rapid response to stimuli, and the ingestion of complex organic substances such as plants and other animals.	Person/Thing	44	703	nouns	null	animal	animal	动物	muông, thú
45	227	FISH	Animals	A cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water that moves with the help of fins and breathes using gills (Pisces).	Person/Thing	45	null	null	null	fish	null	null	cá
46	937	BIRD	Animals	Any of the bipedal, warm-blooded vertebrates that lay eggs having wings which, for most species, enables them to fly.	Person/Thing	46	843	nouns	null	bird	oiseau	鸟	chim
47	2,009	DOG	Animals	A common four-legged animal, especially kept by people as a pet or to hunt or guard things.	Person/Thing	47	417	nouns	null	dog	chien	狗	chó
48	1,392	LOUSE	Animals	A small wingless parasitic insect of the order Phthiraptera that lives on humans, other mammals and birds.	Person/Thing	48	null	null	null	louse	null	null	rận, chấy
49	730	SNAKE	Animals	Any reptile of the suborder Serpentes, typically having a scaly cylindrical limbless body, fused eyelids, and a jaw modified for swallowing large prey.	Person/Thing	49	769	nouns	null	snake	serpent	蛇	rắn
50	1,219	WORM	Animals	A generally tubular invertebrate of the annelid phylum.	Person/Thing	50	70	nouns	null	worm	virus	蠕虫	giun, trùn
51	906	TREE	Agriculture and vegetation	Any large woody perennial plant with a distinct trunk giving rise to branches or leaves at some distance from the ground.	Person/Thing	51	833	nouns	null	tree	arbre	树 (树木)	cây
52	420	FOREST	The physical world	A vegetation community dominated by trees and other woody shrubs, growing close enough together that the tree tops touch or overlap, creating various degrees of shade on the forest floor.	Person/Thing	52	null	null	null	forest	null	null	rừng
53	1,295	STICK	The physical world	A long, thin piece of wood, mainly left in the shape in which it grew, that does not bend.	Person/Thing	53	null	null	null	stick (of wood)	null	null	gậy, cây
54	1,507	FRUIT	Agriculture and vegetation	A botanical fruit that can be eaten raw used as food.	Person/Thing	54	null	null	null	fruit	null	null	quả, trái
55	714	SEED	Agriculture and vegetation	A mature fertilized plant ovule, consisting of an embryo and its food store surrounded by a protective seed coat (testa).	Person/Thing	55	760	nouns	null	seed	graine (grain)	种子	hạt
56	628	LEAF	Agriculture and vegetation	The main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants, usually consisting of a flat green blade attached to the stem directly or by a stalk.	Person/Thing	56	709	nouns	null	leaf	feuille	叶	lá
57	670	ROOT	Agriculture and vegetation	The absorbing and anchoring organ of a vascular plant; it bears neither leaves nor flowers and is usually subterranean.	Person/Thing	57	730	nouns	null	root	racine	根	rễ
58	1,204	BARK	Agriculture and vegetation	The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree.	Person/Thing	58	null	null	null	bark (of a tree)	null	null	vỏ
59	239	FLOWER	Agriculture and vegetation	The reproductive structure of angiosperm plants, consisting of stamens and carpels surrounded by petals and sepals all borne on the receptacle.	Person/Thing	59	461	nouns	null	flower	fleur	花朵 (花)	hoa, bông
60	606	GRASS	Agriculture and vegetation	A very large and widespread family of Monocotyledoneae, with more than 10.000 species, most of which are herbaceous, but a few are woody. The stems are jointed, the long, narrow leaves originating at the nodes. The flowers are inconspicuous, with a much reduced perianth, and are wind-pollinated or cleistogamous.	Person/Thing	60	696	nouns	null	grass	herbe	草	cỏ
61	1,218	ROPE	Basic actions and technology	Thick, strong string made of several strands that have been twisted together.	Person/Thing	61	69	nouns	null	cord (thread)	corde	软线	dây
62	2,613	SKIN (HUMAN)	The body	The outer tissue of human beings.	Person/Thing	62	null	null	22	skin (of a person)	null	皮肤	da
63	634	MEAT	Food and drink	The edible flesh of animals, especially that of mammals.	Person/Thing	63	712	nouns	null	meat (as in flesh)	viande	肉	thịt
64	946	BLOOD	The body	A fluid connective tissue consisting of the plasma and cells that circulate in the blood vessels.	Person/Thing	64	847	nouns	null	blood	sang	血液	máu
65	1,394	BONE	The body	Any of the components of an endoskeleton, consisting mainly of calcium phosphate, collagen and cells.	Person/Thing	65	172	nouns	null	bone	os	骨头 (舌头)	xương
66	323	FAT (ORGANIC SUBSTANCE)	The body	Esters of three fatty acid chains and the alcohol glycerol which form a semi-solid substance in room temperature and occur in animals and plants.	Person/Thing	66	null	null	null	fat (noun)	null	null	mỡ
67	744	EGG	Food and drink	Egg (either fertilized or not) from domesticated birds, most commonly hens, seen as food.	Person/Thing	67	null	null	null	egg	null	null	trứng
68	1,393	HORN (ANATOMY)	The body	A hard growth of keratin that protrudes from the top of the head of certain animals.	Person/Thing	68	null	null	null	horn	null	null	sừng
69	1,220	TAIL	The body	The appendage of an animal that is attached to its posterior and near the anus.	Person/Thing	69	72	nouns	null	tail	queue	尾巴	đuôi
70	1,201	FEATHER	The body	A branching, hair-like structure that grows on the skin of birds and protects them against coldness and water and allows their wings to create lift.	Person/Thing	70	null	null	null	feather (rather not down)	null	null	lông vũ
71	1,040	HAIR	The body	The hair on humans, usually on the head but also including the hair on the body.	Person/Thing	71	null	null	null	hair	null	null	lông, tóc
72	1,256	HEAD	The body	The part of the body of an animal or human which contains the brain, mouth and main sense organs.	Person/Thing	72	89	nouns	11	head	tête	头	đầu
73	1,247	EAR	The body	The organ of hearing, consisting of the pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes and cochlea.	Person/Thing	73	null	null	5	ear	null	耳	tai
74	1,248	EYE	The body	The organ that is sensitive to light, which it converts to electrical signals passed to the brain, by which means animals and humans see.	Person/Thing	74	85	nouns	6	eye	œil	眼睛	mắt
75	1,221	NOSE	The body	The organ of the face used to breath and smell.	Person/Thing	75	73	nouns	19	nose	nez	鼻子	mũi
76	674	MOUTH	The body	Opening in the lower half of a human face which is used for food ingestion and articulation.	Person/Thing	76	733	nouns	17	mouth	bouche	嘴/口	miệng, mồm
77	1,380	TOOTH	The body	A hard, calcareous structure present in the mouth of many vertebrate animals (including humans), generally used for eating.	Person/Thing	77	166	nouns	27	tooth (rather not molar)	dent	牙齿	răng
78	1,205	TONGUE	The body	The flexible muscular organ in the mouth that is used to move food around, for tasting and that is moved into various positions to modify the flow of air from the lungs in order to produce different sounds.	Person/Thing	78	62	nouns	26	tongue (organ)	langue	舌头	lưỡi
79	1,258	FINGERNAIL	The body	The hard, flat, translucent covering near the tip of a human finger, useful for scratching and fine manipulation.	Person/Thing	79	null	null	null	fingernail	null	null	móng
80	1,301	FOOT	The body	The part of a human’s body below the ankle that is used in order to stand and walk.	Person/Thing	80	115	nouns	9	foot	pied	脚 (底部)	bàn chân
81	1,297	LEG	The body	The limb of an animal (including humans) that extends from the groin to the ankle.	Person/Thing	81	112	nouns	16	leg	jambe	腿	chân, giò, cẳng
82	1,371	KNEE	The body	In man, the joint in the middle part of the leg.	Person/Thing	82	157	nouns	15	knee	genou	膝盖	đầu gối, gối
83	1,277	HAND	The body	That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in primates (including humans).	Person/Thing	83	99	nouns	10	hand	main	手	bàn tay
84	1,257	WING	The body	The appendage of an animal's (bird, bat, insect) body that enables it to fly in the air.	Person/Thing	84	null	null	null	wing	null	null	cánh
85	1,251	BELLY	The body	The lower part of the front of the torso (or a comparable part of an animal), confined by the upper side by the midriff and the lowerside by the pelvis. Contains the intestines.	Person/Thing	85	86	nouns	null	belly	ventre	肚皮	bụng
86	1,334	GUTS	The body	The internal organs of an animal or human.	Person/Thing	86	null	null	null	guts	null	null	lòng, ruột
87	1,333	NECK	The body	The part of the body (found in some animals, including humans) that connects the head and the trunk.	Person/Thing	87	134	nouns	18	neck	cou	脖子/颈	cổ
88	1,291	BACK	The body	The rear of body, especially the part between the neck and the end of the spine and opposite the chest and belly.	Person/Thing	88	null	null	2	back	null	后背	lưng
89	1,402	BREAST	The body	The fleshy organ on the chest of a sexually mature human female containing mammary glands.	Person/Thing	89	null	null	null	breast	null	null	vú, ngực
90	1,223	HEART	The body	A muscular organ that pumps blood through the body.	Person/Thing	90	74	nouns	12	heart	coeur	(心)脏	tim
91	1,224	LIVER	The body	A large organ in the body that stores and metabolizes nutrients, destroys toxins and produces bile. Responsible for thousands of biochemical reactions.	Person/Thing	91	75	nouns	null	liver	foie	肝 (肝脏)	gan
92	1,401	DRINK	Food and drink	To consume a liquid through the mouth.	Action/Process	92	174	verbs	null	to drink	boire	喝	uống
93	1,336	EAT	Food and drink	To consume something solid or semi-solid (usually food) by putting it into the mouth and eventually swallowing it.	Action/Process	93	null	null	null	to eat	null	null	ăn
94	1,403	BITE	The body	Clamping the teeth hard on something.	Action/Process	94	175	verbs	null	to bite	mordre	咬	cắn
95	1,421	SUCK	Food and drink	To draw in a substance by creating a practical vacuum in the mouth, and as a result a difference in pressure.	Action/Process	95	null	null	null	to suck	null	null	mút, hút (straw), bú (breast)
96	1,440	SPIT	The body	To forcefully evacuate saliva from the mouth.	Action/Process	96	null	null	null	to spit	null	null	nhổ
97	1,278	VOMIT	The body	To regurgitate the contents of the stomach.	Action/Process	97	100	verbs	null	to vomit	vomir	呕吐	nôn, mửa, ói
98	175	BLOW (OF WIND)	Motion	(Of the wind or a current of air) To move.	Action/Process	98	null	null	null	to blow (as wind)	null	null	thổi
99	1,407	BREATHE	The body	To repeatedly draw air into, and expel it from, the lungs, in order to extract oxygen from it and excrete waste products.	Action/Process	99	177	verbs	null	to breathe	respirer	呼吸	hô hấp, thở
100	1,355	LAUGH	Emotions and values	To express pleasure, mirth or derision by peculiar movement of the muscles of the face, particularly of the mouth, causing a lighting up of the face and eyes, and usually accompanied by the emission of explosive or chuckling sounds from the chest and throat.	Action/Process	100	144	verbs	null	to laugh	rire	大笑	cười

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Concepticon-Wiktionary Synthesis: Dataset for Tagging the EFEO-CNRS-SOAS Lexicon

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II. FIELDWORK AND COLLECTION STRATEGY
CHAPTER III. TECHNICAL METHODOLOGY
A. Dataset Synthesis
B. Dataset Structure
REFERENCES

Abstract

A synthesised, multilingual conceptual alignment dataset is presented to facilitate a shared task aimed at the semantic tagging of the EFEO-CNRS-SOAS lexicon with abstract concepts from the CLLD Concepticon 3.4.0 framework. It was developed to support the sentence-level documentation of the Arem language by enabling the generation of contextual prompt sentences for M. Ferlus's Arem vocabulary list, ultimately contributing to a complete Arem Swadesh list.

As standard NLP tokenisation models struggle to lemmatise contextless glosses, a computational bridge is established between isolated entries and tokeniser outputs via abstract concepts. Because Concepticon is restricted to English, multiple resources were amalgamated to provide aligned glosses in English, French, Mandarin Chinese, and Vietnamese. The synthesis incorporated 4,048 Concepticon concepts, 28 entries from Tjuka’s body-part list, 207 Swadesh numbers from Wiktionary, the Wiktionary Vietnamese Swadesh list, and French and Chinese glosses from Vulić's Multi-SimLex benchmark.

The integrated data were subjected to a stringent cross-lingual deduplication pipeline to eliminate artificial synonymy and morphological redundancies (e.g., collapsing English inflections like tooth and teeth), whilst retaining genuinely distinct semantic sub-senses. Targeted manual curation was applied to ensure adherence to NLP conventions and sociolinguistic realities. For Mandarin Chinese, two-character disyllabic compounds were prioritised to establish definitive semantic boundaries. For Vietnamese, owing to pronoun pragmatics, an earlier 2017 Wiktionary revision was sourced to recover concrete literal translations (e.g., restoring bạn for the singular second-person pronoun) rather than modern encyclopaedic notes.

Structured across 14 metadata columns, the dataset is hierarchically sorted by Swadesh and Tjuka numbering to optimise utility for the shared data-entry task.

License

The Concepticon-Wiktionary Synthesis is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Name	Attribution	Content used	License
concepticon_filtered.tsv	CLLD Concepticon 3.4.0	Concepts with an `ID` less than or equal to 4048 and without a `REPLACEMENT_ID`.	CC BY 4.0
Vulic-2020-2244_filtered.tsv	Vulić 2020 334	Concepticon concept mappings, Multi-SimLex concepts, part-of-speech tags, local numbering, English, French and Chinese glosses.	CC BY 4.0
Tjuka-2019-28_filtered.tsv	Tjuka 2019 28	Concepticon concept mappings, local numbering, English, Chinese and Vietnamese glosses.	CC BY 4.0
Wiktionary-2003-207.tsv	Wiktionary 2003 207	Concepticon concept mappings and Swadesh numbers.	CC BY-SA 4.0
Wiktionary-Vietnamese-Swadesh-48236991.tsv	Appendix: Vietnamese Swadesh list (2017-12-09T05:53:07)	Swadesh numbers, English and Vietnamese glosses.	CC BY-SA 4.0
Wiktionary-Vietnamese-Swadesh-90482171.tsv	Appendix: Vietnamese Swadesh list (2026-05-04T13:03:13)	Swadesh numbers, English and Vietnamese glosses.	CC BY-SA 4.0

Cite

@DATASET {han2026concepticon,
    author   = "Han, Jack",
    title    = "Concepticon-Wiktionary Synthesis",
    subtitle = "Dataset for Tagging the EFEO-CNRS-SOAS Lexicon",
    year     = "2026",
    month    = oct,
    url      = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/DTLR/concepticon-wiktionary-synthesis",
    keywords = "linguistic documentation, EFEO, multilingual resources, CNRS, word list, SOAS, Concepticon"
}

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