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--[ 1. Overview of (C)V2X & its associated technologies
--[ 1.1 V2X & CV2X
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) is a communication system that enables vehicles
to interact with various elements in their environment, including other
vehicles (V2V), infrastructure (V2I), pedestrians (V2P), and networks (V2N).
This interaction aims to enhance road safety, improve traffic efficiency,
and support autonomous driving by facilitating the exchange of real-time
information. Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) is a specific
implementation of V2X that utilizes cellular network technologies, such as
4G LTE and 5G, to provide two complementary communication modes. Often
called Direct Communication & Network Communication respectively. The
main thing to note for this paper and these units is that the CV2X units
(9260) support the same V2X that the V2X units (9160) only support. [2]
V2V, V2I, V2P, V2N cover entire huge varieties of communications such as
Intelligent Traffic Signal Systems (ITSS), Interaction Geometry (MAP),
Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) and much more. [3] This is out of scope of
Phase 1 though.
Although this technology isn't new, it's yet to be implemented on every
corner worldwide. Below is a list of places where the RSUs I tested have
been deployed (some RSUs might be the newest model 7360 [12] which I
haven't found for sale on the 2nd hand market).
- Greeley, CO [4]
- DOT I-70, CO [5]
- Ohio [6]
- Port Bilbao, Spain [7]
- Ipswich, Australia [8]
--[ 1.2 DSRC & ITS-G5
Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is a wireless communication
technology specifically designed for vehicle-to-everything (V2X)
applications. It operates in the 5.9 GHz band and enables low latency,
high-reliability communication between vehicles (V2V), infrastructure
(V2I), and pedestrians (V2P). DSRC is based on IEEE 802.11p (11p) -- a
Wi-Fi variant for which you'll find old Atheros 9 Wireless Cards have a
custom Linux driver that supports sniffing -- and has been widely used for
safety-critical applications like collision avoidance, traffic signal
priority, and road hazard warnings. Compared to Cellular V2X (C-V2X), DSRC
has a shorter range and does not rely on cellular networks but are limited
in scalability and future compatibility with 5G advancements. DSRC,
however, is what is widely used in the USA at least at the time of writing.
At the protocol level, which I'll expand on in a later phase, Wireless
Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) is utilized.
ITS-G5 is the current primary European standard for V2X. For simplicity
of this paper, you can consider ITS-G5 a variant of DSRC as it's based off
DSRC and 11p. The RSU units I tested support both DSRC and ITS-G5. [9]
--[ 1.2 RSU & OBU
A roadside unit (RSU) and onboard unit (OBU) are communication devices that
facilitate V2X communication. They are installed roadside and in-vehicle
(who would've thought) respectively. In Phase 1 I have not covered OBUs,
but I have acquired some and will start to test them soon. There are only a
few large vendors of these devices and since they are used in critical
infrastructure (at least in the case of RSUs) you will find many product
pages with no price, little to no documentation, and certainly no SDKs if
you can't provide a picture of a unit you own or at least a serial number.
--[ 2. Tested Devices
--[ 2.1 Models
I originally planned to only test 1 9160 and 1 9260. However, over the
course of many trials and tribulations, I ended up soft bricking, frying or
otherwise running into situations where having more devices was needed or
ideal (copium). So logically I ended up with 6 units, although 2 are in a
somewhat broken state. If you're interested in what I did, feel free to
reach out, as long as you don't tease me.
Anyway, the model numbers of my units are: RIS-9160-1A0W [10] and
RIS-9260-1AEW (Which seems to be the basic configuration) [11]. In reality,
the main difference between the two units is that the 9260 comes with an LTE
modem (+ bridge board), and a configured wireless stack.
FCC has some useful docs for these units, but they have been approved for a
permanent confidentiality request so even the "technical manual" isn't super
useful. Still worth checking out, but note that the unit shown in the
pictures seems to be a prototype or earlier/revision and the bridge board
has way more functionality than the units I've encountered in the wild. [13]
--[ 2.2 Chipsets & Notable In-Circuit Components
The main difference between the 9160 and 9260 is the addition of an LTE
module via bridge board (even the firmware/OS state of the 9260 is often
the same as that of the 9160). What's nice about this is that I don't
have to list a ton of different components.
Computer-on-Module: COMe-mBTi10 (Here's a datasheet)[14]
CPU: Intel E3825