A vision-language model read each image together with its QA and judged the item. The pass is not a filter that only removes rows — it rewrites answers it finds wrong but salvageable, drops what it cannot salvage, and adds QA where the image supports more than the source provided. Each row carries the judge's own record in clean_meta, including the cleaner identity, the policy it applied, and its per-item scores for legibility, richness and coverage.

A large share of the QA here was written by the cleaning pass, not by the original dataset. Across the pool that share runs from roughly half to over 80% of a family's turns, and it is reported in the table above. Those rows have an empty org_answer because no pre-clean original exists. Treat them as model-generated supervision: they were judged against the image, but they are not human annotation, and model-written QA is where formatting defects are most likely.

The effect on the answers that were carried over is substantive rather than cosmetic. In this pool the pass corrects values, not just wording — a curve's critical point restated from 4.00 to 2.00, a computed ratio from 1 to Approximately 1.33 — and for some families it removed the content entirely, which is why those families are absent here rather than published empty.

`answer` vs `org_answer`

answer — the cleaned answer. Train on this.
org_answer — the pre-cleaning answer from the same (image, question) in the uncleaned pool. It is empty for QA the cleaning pass added, which have no original.

For this family org_answer is empty throughout: recovering it means scanning the whole pre-clean family, which is raw family is 6 GB (> 6 GB cap). The cleaned answer is unaffected.

Where the two differ, the difference is the correction. Keeping both makes every edit auditable instead of asking you to take the cleaning on trust.

Schema

image — HF Image(), renders directly in the dataset viewer
image_sha256 — content hash of the image
n_qa — number of turns attached to this image
qa — list of {question, answer, org_answer}, in source order
family / clean_meta — provenance and the judge's per-row record

A row with more than one entry in qa is a conversation over a single image, not a set of independent questions — the turns depend on each other and the image belongs to all of them. Keep them together and in order when training.

Parquet row groups are written at ~32 MB so the dataset viewer pages without stalling.

What is NOT claimed

No rejection sampling was run against this family: there is no accept/reject verdict per row, and answer is the cleaned reference rather than a model generation that a string verifier confirmed. For that, use the *_RS_think / *_rejected datasets in elliot-mllm.

Examples

10 rows taken straight from this dataset. Images are the original files as stored here - no downscaling, no recompression - and every turn is shown in full.

Example 1 — 4 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	What LaTeX code would generate this mathematical formula?	The mathematical formula in LaTeX is: `latex<br>\lim_{a\to\frac{\pi}{4}}\frac{\frac{d}{da}\left(\sin{a}+-6\sec{a}\right)}{\frac{d}{da}\left(a+-4\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}<br>`
2	What type of mathematical expression is this and what does it represent?	This is a mathematical expression that involves a limit calculation, contains fractions or rational expressions, uses trigonometric functions, and includes subscript notation. The expression appears to be quite complex with multiple nested operations.
3	What mathematical operation is indicated by the notation 'd/da' in the numerator and denominator?	Differentiation with respect to the variable 'a'.
4	What is the physical medium used to present the formula?	Handwritten in black ink on paper.

Example 2 — 3 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	Analyze this formula and explain its mathematical significance.	This is a mathematical expression that involves a limit calculation, contains fractions or rational expressions, uses trigonometric functions, and uses subscripts and superscripts. This is a moderately complex mathematical expression.
2	What is the correct LaTeX syntax for this handwritten formula?	The mathematical formula in LaTeX is: `latex<br>\lim_{u\to\frac{\pi}{7}}\frac{3\cos^{2}{u}+-4\sin^{2}{u}}{5}<br>`
3	What are the visual characteristics of the text and background in the image?	The mathematical formula is handwritten in black ink on a plain, light-colored background (likely paper).

Example 3 — 5 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	What LaTeX code would generate this mathematical formula?	The mathematical formula in LaTeX is: `latex<br>\lim_{u\to7^{-}}\frac{u}{\left\|u+8\right\|}<br>`
2	Analyze this formula and explain its mathematical significance.	This is a mathematical expression that involves a limit calculation, contains fractions or rational expressions, and uses subscripts and superscripts. This represents a relatively simple mathematical expression.
3	What is the visual style of the mathematical expression?	It is handwritten in black ink on a light background.
4	What is the expression in the denominator of the fraction?	\|u + 8\| (the absolute value of u plus 8).
5	What does the superscript minus sign on the 7 indicate?	It indicates a left-hand limit, meaning u approaches 7 from values less than 7.

Example 4 — 4 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	Convert this handwritten math notation to LaTeX.	The mathematical formula in LaTeX is: `latex<br>\ln{\theta}=\frac{\lim_{x\to9^{+}}\frac{d}{dx}\left\|\ln{x}\right\|}{\lim_{x\to4^{+}}\frac{d}{dx}\frac{5}{x}}<br>`
2	Break down this mathematical formula and explain its components.	This is a handwritten mathematical equation equating $\ln \theta$ to a fraction. The numerator and denominator both contain limit expressions ($\lim$) as $x$ approaches 9 and 4 from the right ($+$), combined with derivative operators ($\frac{d}{dx}$). The numerator includes the absolute value of a natural logarithm ($\|\ln x\|$), while the denominator contains the rational expression $\frac{5}{x}$.
3	How is the derivative operator visually represented in the equation?	It is written with 'd' stacked directly above 'dx'.
4	What visual element separates the numerator and denominator of the large fraction?	A long horizontal fraction bar.

Example 5 — 4 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	Convert this mathematical expression into LaTeX format.	The mathematical formula in LaTeX is: `latex<br>\lim_{s\to1^{+}}\frac{\frac{d}{ds}\left(9+-4\cos^{2}{s}\right)}{\frac{d}{ds}\left(\cot{s}+s\sin^{4}{s}\right)}<br>`
2	Analyze this formula and explain its mathematical significance.	This is a mathematical expression that involves a limit calculation, contains fractions or rational expressions, uses trigonometric functions, and uses subscripts and superscripts. The expression appears to be quite complex with multiple nested operations.
3	What is the visual medium of the mathematical expression shown?	The expression is handwritten in black ink on a white surface.
4	What mathematical rule is likely being applied given the structure of derivatives in the numerator and denominator?	The structure suggests the application of L'Hôpital's Rule, which is used to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms by taking the derivative of the numerator and denominator.

Example 6 — 4 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	Transcribe this handwritten equation to proper LaTeX syntax.	The mathematical formula in LaTeX is: `latex<br>\lim_{y\to-\infty}2/y<br>`
2	Explain the mathematical concepts shown in this formula.	This is a mathematical expression that involves a limit calculation, and includes subscript notation. This represents a relatively simple mathematical expression.
3	Describe the spatial layout of the equation components.	The word 'lim' is on the left with a subscript below it, and the fraction '2/y' is positioned to the right.
4	What is the background of the image?	A plain, light-colored surface.

Example 7 — 4 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	Transcribe this handwritten equation to proper LaTeX syntax.	The mathematical formula in LaTeX is: `latex<br>\lim_{c\to0}\sqrt{c\left(c+6\right)}<br>`
2	What are the key mathematical elements in this expression?	This is a mathematical expression that involves a limit calculation, includes square root operations, and includes subscript notation. This represents a relatively simple mathematical expression.
3	What is the medium and background of the equation?	It is handwritten in black ink on a white background.
4	How is the zero in the limit subscript written?	It is written with a diagonal slash through it.

Example 8 — 5 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	Transcribe this handwritten mathematical formula to LaTeX code.	The mathematical formula in LaTeX is: `latex<br>\lim_{y\to-\infty}\frac{y^{5}}{9}<br>`
2	What are the key mathematical elements in this expression?	This is a mathematical expression that involves a limit calculation, contains fractions or rational expressions, and uses subscripts and superscripts. This represents a relatively simple mathematical expression.
3	How is the infinity symbol visually represented in the handwritten text?	It is written as two horizontal dashes.
4	What style of handwriting is used for the variable 'y'?	It is written in a cursive style.
5	What is the background surface on which the formula is written?	A white surface, likely paper.

Example 9 — 3 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	What type of mathematical expression is this and what does it represent?	This is a mathematical expression that involves a limit calculation, contains fractions or rational expressions, contains logarithmic functions, and includes subscript notation. This is a moderately complex mathematical expression.
2	Transcribe the handwritten formula to LaTeX, preserving the single fraction structure shown in the image.	\lim_{z \to \infty} \frac{\log_{32} z \log_{96} 3}{\log_{82} 9 \log_{42} z}
3	What variable is approaching infinity in the limit expression?	z

Example 10 — 3 turns on one image

#	question	answer
1	Transcribe this handwritten equation to proper LaTeX syntax.	The mathematical formula in LaTeX is: `latex<br>\lim_{v\to2^{+}}\frac{\frac{3}{v}}{-6\tan{v}\tan{v}}<br>`
2	What mathematical topic does this expression relate to?	This is a mathematical expression that involves a limit calculation, contains fractions or rational expressions, uses trigonometric functions, and uses subscripts and superscripts. This is a moderately complex mathematical expression.
3	What is the physical medium and background of the image?	The equation is handwritten in dark ink on a piece of light-colored, textured paper.

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latex_handwritten_cleaned

How this was cleaned

answer vs org_answer