Dataset Viewer
Auto-converted to Parquet Duplicate
question
stringlengths
31
259
url
stringlengths
34
126
resolution
float64
0
1
is_resolved
bool
1 class
data_source
stringclasses
5 values
question_type
stringclasses
3 values
background
stringlengths
1
4.95k
date_begin
timestamp[s]date
2015-09-01 00:00:00
2023-04-03 00:00:00
date_close
timestamp[s]date
2015-09-17 00:00:00
2032-01-01 00:00:00
date_resolve_at
timestamp[s]date
2015-09-28 00:00:00
2023-05-31 00:00:00
gpt_3p5_category
stringclasses
11 values
resolution_criteria
stringlengths
43
5.42k
community_predictions
stringlengths
45
72.7k
extracted_urls
stringlengths
2
7.19k
Will advanced LIGO announce discovery of gravitational waves by Jan. 31 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/1/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-10-02T00:00:00
2015-12-15T00:00:00
2016-02-01T00:00:00
Science & Tech
The Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) re-opened in mid September after a significant upgrade. Designed with 10x greater sensitivity and a wider range of covered frequencies than the original LIGO, advanced LIGO should, according to its designers, have an "enhanced physics reach that du...
[["2015-10-02", 0.69], ["2015-11-03", 0.72], ["2015-11-03", 0.75], ["2015-11-04", 0.54], ["2015-11-04", 0.54], ["2015-11-06", 0.555], ["2015-12-03", 0.554], ["2015-12-03", 0.574], ["2015-12-03", 0.58], ["2015-12-03", 0.574], ["2015-12-05", 0.595], ["2015-12-05", 0.61], ["2015-12-09", 0.612], ["2015-12-10", 0.582], ["20...
[]
Will SpaceX successfully land a Falcon 9 rocket on a barge by February 28, 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/2/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-10-26T00:00:00
2016-01-30T00:00:00
2016-02-28T00:00:00
Science & Tech
SpaceX's Falcon 9 rockets are designed to be re-used after landing vertically on a floating barge-based landing site. To date, these landings have not been fully successful. Will SpaceX, by Feb 28, 2016, land a Falcon 9 well enough so that it sustains little enough damage that it can be re-used? As of mid-November, the...
[["2015-10-26", 0.84], ["2015-12-03", 0.795], ["2015-12-05", 0.787], ["2015-12-05", 0.765], ["2015-12-08", 0.782], ["2015-12-09", 0.772], ["2015-12-09", 0.793], ["2015-12-10", 0.784], ["2015-12-11", 0.774], ["2015-12-16", 0.769], ["2015-12-16", 0.769], ["2015-12-17", 0.759], ["2015-12-17", 0.759], ["2015-12-20", 0.758]...
["https://sma.nasa.gov/LaunchVehicle/assets/spacex-falcon-9-v1.2-data-sheet.pdf"]
Will Lockheed Martin and Skunkworks announce a successful test of a break-even compact fusion reactor by April 2019?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/5/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-10-26T00:00:00
2016-10-18T00:00:00
2019-04-23T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Lockheed Martin's Skunkworks has publicly announced that it is developing compact fusion energy generation devices. In their announcemend dated 10/15/14 they suggested a one-year timeframe for developing a test, and a 5-year timeframe for a prototype device. Similar predictions were made in a recent article. As of 1/2/...
[["2016-01-04", 0.12], ["2016-01-05", 0.083], ["2016-01-09", 0.114], ["2016-01-12", 0.124], ["2016-01-19", 0.117], ["2016-01-20", 0.112], ["2016-01-23", 0.132], ["2016-01-26", 0.136], ["2016-01-28", 0.201], ["2016-01-31", 0.204], ["2016-02-02", 0.199], ["2016-02-04", 0.211], ["2016-02-06", 0.207], ["2016-02-09", 0.208]...
[]
The FAA to soon open the door to commercial use of unmanned aerial systems?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/6/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-10-26T00:00:00
2016-04-15T00:00:00
2016-06-16T00:00:00
Security & Defense
The FAA has for several years been developing a set of regulations governing the use of unmanned aeriel systems (UASs, or "drones"), but has repeatedly missed deadlines to finalize those rules. Current regulations allow consumer use of "model aircraft" under certain conditions, and it was recently announced that one of...
[["2015-12-09", 0.3], ["2015-12-09", 0.233], ["2015-12-09", 0.25], ["2015-12-09", 0.24], ["2015-12-10", 0.25], ["2015-12-10", 0.254], ["2015-12-12", 0.251], ["2015-12-12", 0.248], ["2015-12-15", 0.266], ["2015-12-21", 0.264], ["2015-12-21", 0.265], ["2015-12-22", 0.267], ["2016-01-01", 0.27], ["2016-01-03", 0.319], ["2...
[]
Will the cost of sequencing a human genome fall below $500 by mid 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/7/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-10-26T00:00:00
2016-02-15T00:00:00
2017-12-01T00:00:00
Science & Tech
The cost of sequencing a human genome has been falling at a rate considerably faster than Moore's law since the first genome was sequenced in 2001, according to the NIH. This cost reduction has, however, occurred in fits and starts, with periods of plateau punctuated by significant cost reductions. Will the cost platea...
[["2015-11-12", 0.8], ["2015-11-12", 0.8], ["2015-12-03", 0.825], ["2015-12-05", 0.833], ["2015-12-06", 0.825], ["2015-12-07", 0.71], ["2015-12-07", 0.708], ["2015-12-09", 0.713], ["2015-12-09", 0.713], ["2015-12-09", 0.648], ["2015-12-10", 0.661], ["2015-12-10", 0.674], ["2015-12-10", 0.674], ["2015-12-11", 0.681], ["...
[]
Will the Twin Prime Conjecture be positively resolved in 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/8/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-10-26T00:00:00
2016-07-01T00:00:00
2016-12-30T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Conjecture: There are infinitely many primes p such that p + 2 is also prime. In the last few years, the upper bound N for the statement “There are infinitely many primes that differ by at most N” has been reduced from 70,000,000 to 246, and down to 12 with other assumptions. The question is resolved positively if a pr...
[["2015-11-03", 0.2], ["2015-11-04", 0.28], ["2015-12-03", 0.22], ["2015-12-05", 0.21], ["2015-12-05", 0.198], ["2015-12-09", 0.217], ["2015-12-10", 0.207], ["2015-12-15", 0.21], ["2015-12-20", 0.204], ["2015-12-21", 0.198], ["2016-01-01", 0.189], ["2016-01-05", 0.194], ["2016-01-05", 0.171], ["2016-01-09", 0.173], ["2...
[]
Will AI systems that can generate a synopsis of a viewed video soon exist?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/9/
0
true
metaculus
binary
In late 2014 Google [announced] a deep learning system that could automatically generate a descriptive caption of an arbitrary photograph. A significantly greater challenge is to provide an understandable and comparably accurate description of the events taking place in a short video (without audio included).
2015-10-30T00:00:00
2016-02-01T00:00:00
2016-08-23T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Will a working version of such a system be publicly announced and demonstrated by July 1, 2016? For success, the system should act on a diverse set of short videos similar to these, and should be comparable in accuracy to the accuracy of Google's image captioning when it was first announced.
[["2015-11-02", 0.69], ["2015-11-14", 0.445], ["2015-12-03", 0.497], ["2015-12-05", 0.51], ["2015-12-06", 0.498], ["2015-12-07", 0.45], ["2015-12-09", 0.439], ["2015-12-09", 0.439], ["2015-12-09", 0.409], ["2015-12-10", 0.441], ["2015-12-20", 0.46], ["2015-12-20", 0.472], ["2015-12-21", 0.438], ["2015-12-21", 0.432], [...
[]
Will the experimental Wendelstein 7-X stellarator fusion device be a success?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/11/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-02T00:00:00
2015-11-30T00:00:00
2016-02-15T00:00:00
Science & Tech
The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) is an experimental device built at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics to test the "stellarator" deisgn of nuclear fusion reactor. The primary benefit of the stellarator design is to allow prolonged confinement, relative to Tokomak designs that can run only in short pulses. The W7-X w...
[["2015-11-03", 0.75], ["2015-11-04", 0.65], ["2015-11-06", 0.5]]
[]
Will quantized gravity soon be tested in the lab?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/12/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-02T00:00:00
2016-05-15T00:00:00
2016-11-18T00:00:00
Science & Tech
While it is very difficult to combine quantum mechanics and gravity into a single theory of quantum gravity, it is widely believed that gravity is quantum mechanical -- in particular, that the gravitational field can exist in a quantum superposition of two configurations. However, this has never been directly tested. (...
[["2015-11-19", 0.25], ["2015-12-03", 0.225], ["2015-12-05", 0.217], ["2015-12-06", 0.213], ["2015-12-08", 0.22], ["2015-12-09", 0.284], ["2015-12-10", 0.286], ["2015-12-10", 0.29], ["2015-12-12", 0.292], ["2015-12-21", 0.278], ["2015-12-21", 0.273], ["2015-12-24", 0.251], ["2015-12-24", 0.251], ["2015-12-27", 0.232], ...
[]
In the coming months, will a robot/AI injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/13/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Although far from human level in many respects, artificially intelligent (AI) systems and autonomous agents of greatly increasing sophistication are entering society in the form of, for example, automated trading, autonomous vehicles, robots, and autonomous weapons. Such systems are beginning to make "decisions" that c...
2015-11-02T00:00:00
2015-12-31T00:00:00
2016-03-01T00:00:00
Security & Defense
By March 1, 2016, will one of the top 25 news outlets by media traffic publish a story reporting that a "robot", "autonomous" system, or "AI" system, though an error or "choice", or failure to act appropriately, has directly caused physical harm to come to a human?
[["2015-11-02", 0.2], ["2015-11-03", 0.3], ["2015-11-04", 0.25], ["2015-11-06", 0.262], ["2015-11-09", 0.24], ["2015-12-03", 0.267], ["2015-12-05", 0.293], ["2015-12-05", 0.325], ["2015-12-07", 0.333], ["2015-12-07", 0.354], ["2015-12-09", 0.391], ["2015-12-09", 0.4], ["2015-12-10", 0.403], ["2015-12-19", 0.392], ["201...
[]
Will NASA's K2 Mission detect a potentially habitable planet in 2015?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/14/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-03T00:00:00
2016-01-01T00:00:00
2016-01-15T00:00:00
Science & Tech
NASA's Kepler Mission discovered thousands of planets, but the mission ended in May 2013, when a second of the spacecraft's four reaction wheels failed. The K2 Mission has repurposed the Kepler spacecraft to perform successive 80-day photometric observations of selected star fields in Earth's ecliptic plane. For bright...
[["2015-11-03", 0.32], ["2015-11-03", 0.32], ["2015-11-04", 0.36], ["2015-11-04", 0.377], ["2015-11-04", 0.347], ["2015-11-13", 0.262], ["2015-11-13", 0.262], ["2015-12-03", 0.29], ["2015-12-05", 0.308], ["2015-12-06", 0.35], ["2015-12-07", 0.381], ["2015-12-08", 0.349], ["2015-12-09", 0.349], ["2015-12-09", 0.349], ["...
[]
Does Stephen Hawking's September paper contain the essence of a solution to the black hole information paradox?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/15/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-04T00:00:00
2016-02-01T00:00:00
2016-11-14T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Hawking's famous black hole information paradox, first formulated in his 1976 paper, concerns a conflict between the reversibility of known fundamental physical laws and the irreversibility of black hole formation and evaporation. The Standard Model of particle physics, General Relativity, quantum and classical mechani...
[["2015-11-09", 0.08], ["2015-11-26", 0.045], ["2015-12-03", 0.043], ["2015-12-05", 0.035], ["2015-12-06", 0.03], ["2015-12-07", 0.057], ["2015-12-08", 0.064], ["2015-12-08", 0.064], ["2015-12-09", 0.062], ["2015-12-09", 0.062], ["2015-12-09", 0.064], ["2015-12-10", 0.079], ["2015-12-10", 0.079], ["2015-12-11", 0.08], ...
[]
Is Graph Isomorphism solvable in Polynomial Time?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/16/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-05T00:00:00
2016-05-01T00:00:00
2017-06-02T00:00:00
Science & Tech
In graph theory, two graphs are isomorphic if there is a one-to-one correspondence between their vertex sets (details here). The computational task of determining whether two graphs are isomorphic is known as the graph isomorphism problem. The problem arises in many applications, for example, in electronic design autom...
[["2015-11-06", 0.25], ["2015-11-07", 0.175], ["2015-12-03", 0.157], ["2015-12-05", 0.148], ["2015-12-06", 0.138], ["2015-12-09", 0.143], ["2015-12-09", 0.14], ["2015-12-10", 0.14], ["2015-12-11", 0.138], ["2015-12-20", 0.133], ["2016-01-01", 0.137], ["2016-01-04", 0.143], ["2016-01-04", 0.144], ["2016-01-05", 0.134], ...
[]
Will superparticles be discovered at the Large Hadron Collider by July 8, 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/17/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-06T00:00:00
2016-01-15T00:00:00
2016-07-10T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Superparticles are partners to the standard model model particles such as protons, electrons, and photons, which would exist in supersymmetric models of fundamental physics. Looking for signatures of supersymmetry is one of the primary goals of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which restarted recently for its second ru...
[["2015-11-19", 0.1], ["2015-12-03", 0.125], ["2015-12-05", 0.133], ["2015-12-06", 0.15], ["2015-12-07", 0.13], ["2015-12-07", 0.133], ["2015-12-08", 0.146], ["2015-12-09", 0.143], ["2015-12-10", 0.14], ["2015-12-11", 0.14], ["2015-12-16", 0.137], ["2015-12-20", 0.138], ["2015-12-23", 0.132], ["2015-12-23", 0.132], ["2...
[]
By July 1, 2016 will a 'biohacker' create a new life form that enters the ecosystem?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/20/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-07T00:00:00
2016-02-16T00:00:00
2016-07-10T00:00:00
Healthcare & Biology
A major recent advance in genetic engineering has occurred in the past several years with the discovery of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), a bacterial DNA sequence that codes for a protein (Cas9) and RNA combination that can locate a specific DNA sequence and splice the DNA strand at...
[["2015-11-19", 0.75], ["2015-12-03", 0.775], ["2015-12-05", 0.8], ["2015-12-06", 0.802], ["2015-12-07", 0.702], ["2015-12-07", 0.685], ["2015-12-08", 0.707], ["2015-12-08", 0.707], ["2015-12-09", 0.682], ["2015-12-10", 0.673], ["2015-12-10", 0.678], ["2015-12-11", 0.64], ["2015-12-11", 0.635], ["2015-12-11", 0.614], [...
[]
Will the AI's major professional society take a position on "killer robots"?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/22/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-08T00:00:00
2016-01-01T00:00:00
2016-02-18T00:00:00
Security & Defense
There has been significant interest in the imminent advent of autonomous lethal weapons, which would select, engage, and harm targets that they have chosen according to some pre-assigned mission or criteria. Most major military powers formally claim to eschew such weapons, but there is little question that they are und...
[["2015-12-08", 0.08], ["2015-12-09", 0.095], ["2015-12-09", 0.107], ["2015-12-09", 0.118], ["2015-12-09", 0.134], ["2015-12-10", 0.142], ["2015-12-10", 0.153], ["2015-12-10", 0.159], ["2015-12-12", 0.16], ["2015-12-12", 0.163], ["2015-12-12", 0.164], ["2015-12-12", 0.164], ["2015-12-15", 0.163], ["2015-12-20", 0.162],...
[]
Will a clinical trial begin by the end of 2017 using CRISPR to genetically modify a living human?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/23/
1
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-08T00:00:00
2016-06-07T00:00:00
2016-06-07T00:00:00
Healthcare & Biology
A major recent advance in genetic engineering has occurred in the past several years with the discovery of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), a bacterial DNA sequence that codes for a protein (Cas9) and RNA combination that can locate a specific DNA sequence and splice the DNA strand at...
[["2015-11-12", 0.6], ["2015-11-23", 0.52], ["2015-12-03", 0.447], ["2015-12-05", 0.422], ["2015-12-05", 0.398], ["2015-12-07", 0.432], ["2015-12-08", 0.448], ["2015-12-10", 0.436], ["2015-12-11", 0.432], ["2015-12-16", 0.427], ["2015-12-19", 0.413], ["2015-12-22", 0.423], ["2015-12-24", 0.435], ["2016-01-01", 0.418], ...
[]
Will the next elected U.S. President be (as usual) a white, Christian, non-Hispanic man?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/24/
1
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-12T00:00:00
2016-11-02T00:00:00
2016-11-09T00:00:00
Politics & Governance
Until Barack Obama, every single US president has been a white, Christian, non-Hispanic man. Will we revert to that trend? This is an excercise in combining probabilities. At the time of publication, we have three major contenders for the Democratic nomination: Clinton, Sanders, and O'Malley. Of these, only O'Malley wo...
[["2016-01-01", 0.21], ["2016-01-05", 0.189], ["2016-01-09", 0.199], ["2016-01-09", 0.191], ["2016-01-17", 0.188], ["2016-01-20", 0.212], ["2016-01-22", 0.19], ["2016-01-25", 0.186], ["2016-01-28", 0.227], ["2016-01-31", 0.226], ["2016-02-03", 0.224], ["2016-02-05", 0.224], ["2016-02-08", 0.216], ["2016-02-10", 0.214],...
[]
Will Google make a "watershed" announcement about quantum computing in early December?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/30/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-13T00:00:00
2015-12-01T00:00:00
2015-12-16T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Quantum computers make use of the properties of quantum mechanical (as opposed to classical) systems to solve certain problems much more efficiently than a classical computer can. For example, using a quantum computer, large numbers could in principle be factored into primes using Shor's algorithm in polynomial time, v...
[["2015-11-17", 0.05], ["2015-11-23", 0.125]]
[]
Experimental tests of quantum effects in cognition?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/31/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-11-15T00:00:00
2016-04-01T00:00:00
2016-12-02T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Because many formulations of quantum mechanics explicitly include the "observer" (or at least "observation"), the place of conscious observers in the foundations of quantum mechanics has been a frequent, and quite controversial, issue. Conversely, difficult questions regarding how conscious or mental activity is relate...
[["2015-11-26", 0.05], ["2015-11-26", 0.463], ["2015-12-03", 0.46], ["2015-12-03", 0.448], ["2015-12-05", 0.446], ["2015-12-05", 0.43], ["2015-12-09", 0.423], ["2015-12-09", 0.395], ["2015-12-10", 0.376], ["2015-12-10", 0.376], ["2015-12-16", 0.379], ["2015-12-17", 0.372], ["2015-12-19", 0.42], ["2015-12-20", 0.391], [...
[]
Is Nefertiti's tomb adjacent to King Tut's?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/32/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-02T00:00:00
2016-02-29T00:00:00
2016-06-30T00:00:00
Arts & Recreation
Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves has put together a case that King Tut was buried in an expanded entryway to Queen Nefertiti's tomb, and that her tomb remains undisturbed through a (proposed) sealed doorway. In September, Reeves, along with Mamdouh Eldamaty, the Egypt's Minister of Antiquities, were granted permission to e...
[["2015-12-04", 0.66], ["2015-12-05", 0.57], ["2015-12-05", 0.43], ["2015-12-06", 0.385], ["2015-12-06", 0.368], ["2015-12-07", 0.34], ["2015-12-09", 0.337], ["2015-12-09", 0.337], ["2015-12-09", 0.312], ["2015-12-09", 0.306], ["2015-12-16", 0.325], ["2015-12-20", 0.322], ["2015-12-21", 0.321], ["2015-12-23", 0.308], [...
[]
[Tutorial:] Will Metaculus have over one thousand users signed up by May 1, 2016.
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/33/
1
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-07T00:00:00
2016-03-01T00:00:00
2016-05-01T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Note: This question is part of the Metaculus tutorial series on the art and science of making successful quantitative predictions. Additional useful information can be found at the Metaculus FAQ. Most new internet sites don't generate much interest. If a site can bring in over a thousand active users in a few months, i...
[["2016-01-01", 0.98], ["2016-01-01", 0.97], ["2016-01-01", 0.98], ["2016-01-02", 0.977], ["2016-01-02", 0.97], ["2016-01-02", 0.962], ["2016-01-03", 0.93], ["2016-01-03", 0.925], ["2016-01-03", 0.923], ["2016-01-04", 0.929], ["2016-01-09", 0.934], ["2016-01-10", 0.931], ["2016-01-11", 0.901], ["2016-01-11", 0.905], ["...
[]
Are there physical systems with properties that are impossible in principle to predict?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/36/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-10T00:00:00
2016-06-01T00:00:00
2016-12-05T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Godel's first incompleteness theorem, one of the most celebrated results in mathematics, asserts that in sufficiently complex axiomatic formal systems there will be statements that are knowably true, yet unprovable within the formal system. A related result due to Turing proves that the halting problem (of determining ...
[["2015-12-15", 0.15], ["2015-12-15", 0.175], ["2015-12-15", 0.207], ["2015-12-17", 0.21], ["2015-12-17", 0.216], ["2015-12-20", 0.225], ["2015-12-20", 0.221], ["2015-12-21", 0.226], ["2015-12-21", 0.229], ["2015-12-31", 0.226], ["2016-01-01", 0.215], ["2016-01-03", 0.252], ["2016-01-05", 0.308], ["2016-01-13", 0.294],...
[]
Has new a planetary-mass object been discovered in the outer solar system?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/37/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-10T00:00:00
2015-12-31T00:00:00
2016-01-16T00:00:00
Science & Tech
On December 8th 2015, two papers independently suggesting the possible discoveries of new planet-sized objects in the outer reaches of our own solar system were posted to the astro-ph pre-print server. The first paper -- submitted for publication, but as-yet not peer reviewed -- describes the serendipitous detection, u...
[["2015-12-10", 0.02], ["2015-12-10", 0.015], ["2015-12-10", 0.02], ["2015-12-11", 0.022], ["2015-12-11", 0.022], ["2015-12-12", 0.022], ["2015-12-12", 0.022], ["2015-12-12", 0.022], ["2015-12-14", 0.026], ["2015-12-15", 0.029], ["2015-12-15", 0.027], ["2015-12-19", 0.025], ["2015-12-20", 0.032], ["2015-12-20", 0.032],...
[]
Will the IAU-sanctioned Exoplanet Names come into regular use?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/38/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-15T00:00:00
2016-01-15T00:00:00
2017-01-20T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Names and labels carry a heavy freight and they get people worked up. The agonized IAU deliberations vis-à-vis Pluto’s status as a "plutoid" or a planet or a dwarf planet constituted by far the biggest planet news of 2006. The issue of what to call an astronomical object can have important consequences. It’s unlikely t...
[["2015-12-15", 0.17], ["2015-12-15", 0.18], ["2015-12-15", 0.123], ["2015-12-15", 0.155], ["2015-12-17", 0.174], ["2015-12-17", 0.162], ["2015-12-17", 0.161], ["2015-12-17", 0.14], ["2015-12-17", 0.124], ["2015-12-18", 0.111], ["2015-12-19", 0.101], ["2015-12-20", 0.099], ["2015-12-20", 0.099], ["2015-12-20", 0.096], ...
[]
Has a new boson been discovered at the LHC?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/41/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-16T00:00:00
2016-06-01T00:00:00
2016-08-15T00:00:00
Science & Tech
On December 15th, 2015, two teams of physicists at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced the possible, tentative, detection of a new elementary particle. News story here. The teams (comprised of the CMS and ATLAS consortia) have been accumulating data from the energetic collisions that occur when twin 6.5 TeV pro...
[["2015-12-16", 0.18], ["2015-12-17", 0.076], ["2015-12-18", 0.097], ["2015-12-20", 0.099], ["2015-12-21", 0.107], ["2015-12-27", 0.1], ["2015-12-31", 0.093], ["2016-01-04", 0.11], ["2016-01-05", 0.139], ["2016-01-08", 0.169], ["2016-01-11", 0.168], ["2016-01-20", 0.17], ["2016-01-21", 0.182], ["2016-01-23", 0.179], ["...
[]
Will the SEC approve the IEX's application to operate as a registered exchange?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/43/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-19T00:00:00
2016-03-20T00:00:00
2016-03-21T00:00:00
Economics & Business
The development of the new IEX exchange was a central theme in Michael Lewis' controversial 2014 book Flash Boys, which describes aspects of computerized high-frequency trading of stocks. A stated aim of the IEX Exchange is to provide a level playing field for all market participants through the implementation of a 350...
[["2015-12-19", 0.82], ["2015-12-19", 0.795], ["2015-12-20", 0.697], ["2015-12-20", 0.592], ["2015-12-20", 0.614], ["2015-12-20", 0.622], ["2015-12-20", 0.626], ["2015-12-20", 0.626], ["2015-12-20", 0.633], ["2015-12-21", 0.645], ["2015-12-21", 0.623], ["2015-12-21", 0.642], ["2015-12-21", 0.642], ["2015-12-21", 0.642]...
[]
By the end of 2017 will a gene drive targeting malaria be initiated?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/44/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-19T00:00:00
2016-05-15T00:00:00
2018-01-14T00:00:00
Healthcare & Biology
"Gene drives" are phenomena in a species' population in which one version of a gene, or allele, is probabilistically favored over other alleles that are otherwise equally favored by fitness. A gene drive in a particular allele shows up as a bias for the corresponding phenotype in the offspring. Consider two parents wit...
[["2015-12-21", 0.75], ["2015-12-21", 0.723], ["2015-12-23", 0.718], ["2015-12-23", 0.736], ["2015-12-26", 0.717], ["2015-12-26", 0.711], ["2015-12-31", 0.704], ["2016-01-01", 0.697], ["2016-01-05", 0.702], ["2016-01-05", 0.692], ["2016-01-07", 0.647], ["2016-01-09", 0.644], ["2016-01-17", 0.66], ["2016-01-19", 0.678],...
[]
In 2016, will an AI player beat a professionally ranked human in the ancient game of Go?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/45/
1
true
metaculus
binary
The [game of Go] originated in China more than 2,500 years ago. While similar to chess in many ways, Go is much more minimalist in its ruleset and more esoteric in strategy. The aspect of pattern recognition and the huge state space of possible moves in Go (vastly greater than chess) make it an excellent metric for the...
2015-12-20T00:00:00
2016-03-01T00:00:00
2016-03-15T00:00:00
Science & Tech
This question is positively resolved if, in 2016, an AI with no handicap beats a professional human player in an official game of Go.
[["2015-12-23", 0.25], ["2015-12-23", 0.17], ["2015-12-23", 0.292], ["2015-12-26", 0.354], ["2015-12-26", 0.329], ["2015-12-26", 0.325], ["2015-12-27", 0.3], ["2015-12-28", 0.31], ["2015-12-28", 0.31], ["2015-12-29", 0.327], ["2015-12-29", 0.309], ["2015-12-31", 0.308], ["2016-01-01", 0.3], ["2016-01-01", 0.3], ["2016-...
[]
Fully autonomous self-driving cars by 2018?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/46/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Self-driving cars (SDC) are [anticipated] to become increasingly integrated into the driving population in the coming years; greatly reducing accident rates, giving driving independence to the impaired, and reducing fuel consumption are a few major benefits (see more [here] and [here.]) [Google] and [Tesla] in the U.S....
2015-12-22T00:00:00
2016-03-01T00:00:00
2018-01-09T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Will there be a car commercially-available in at least two US states with an MSRP of less than $75,000 and delivery date within 2018, that can autonomously carry its passenger between two generic drivable destinations that are 20-100 km apart via public roads in those states? (updated 2/20 to clarify resolution criteri...
[["2015-12-31", 0.2], ["2015-12-31", 0.16], ["2015-12-31", 0.137], ["2016-01-01", 0.146], ["2016-01-01", 0.146], ["2016-01-02", 0.153], ["2016-01-03", 0.156], ["2016-01-03", 0.212], ["2016-01-04", 0.215], ["2016-01-05", 0.201], ["2016-01-05", 0.254], ["2016-01-06", 0.245], ["2016-01-07", 0.264], ["2016-01-08", 0.267], ...
[]
Will the VIX Index print above 50 in 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/47/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-23T00:00:00
2016-01-31T00:00:00
2016-12-30T00:00:00
Economics & Business
In the popular financial press, the VIX Index is often referred to as the "fear gauge". In reality, it is a quantitative assessment of expected stock market volatility over the next thirty day period, and is computed from S&P 500 stock index option prices. To rule-of-thumb accuracy, the numerical value of the VIX corre...
[["2015-12-23", 0.4], ["2015-12-23", 0.38], ["2015-12-23", 0.32], ["2015-12-23", 0.405], ["2015-12-23", 0.474], ["2015-12-26", 0.45], ["2015-12-26", 0.483], ["2015-12-26", 0.436], ["2015-12-26", 0.421], ["2015-12-26", 0.441], ["2015-12-27", 0.472], ["2015-12-27", 0.462], ["2015-12-28", 0.467], ["2015-12-30", 0.493], ["...
[]
Will the US restore funding for research that creates more dangerous versions of Influenza, MERS and SARS?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/48/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-27T00:00:00
2016-03-01T00:00:00
2016-11-06T00:00:00
Healthcare & Biology
The decreasing cost and difficulty of genetic engineering have opened up a number of new research fields. One that is highly controversial is "gain of function" (GoF) pathogen research, in which researchers deliberately engineer existing pathogens to increase their virulence, transmissibility, or other qualities. The g...
[["2015-12-29", 0.15], ["2015-12-29", 0.15], ["2015-12-30", 0.13], ["2015-12-31", 0.22], ["2015-12-31", 0.19], ["2016-01-01", 0.198], ["2016-01-01", 0.178], ["2016-01-05", 0.185], ["2016-01-05", 0.216], ["2016-01-08", 0.207], ["2016-01-12", 0.27], ["2016-01-19", 0.268], ["2016-01-19", 0.275], ["2016-01-20", 0.318], ["2...
[]
Low-mass Doppler-detected planet in 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/49/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-30T00:00:00
2016-01-15T00:00:00
2017-01-20T00:00:00
Science & Tech
The catalog of known extrasolar planets is growing rapidly. At last count, NASA's Kepler Mission has generated 4,696 high-quality planet candidates, and thousands more are on the way from NASA's K2 and TESS Missions. The surge in the planetary census has been almost exclusively driven by transit detections, in which th...
[["2015-12-30", 0.73], ["2015-12-30", 0.705], ["2015-12-31", 0.653], ["2015-12-31", 0.68], ["2016-01-01", 0.668], ["2016-01-01", 0.657], ["2016-01-01", 0.656], ["2016-01-05", 0.61], ["2016-01-08", 0.547], ["2016-01-09", 0.529], ["2016-01-10", 0.548], ["2016-01-12", 0.553], ["2016-01-14", 0.563]]
[]
Will the California drought ease significantly this Winter?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/50/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-31T00:00:00
2016-01-31T00:00:00
2016-04-15T00:00:00
Environment & Energy
California is in the midst of a severe drought, following several years of well-below-average rain and snowfall. There is cause for optimism, however. There is currently a band of warm ocean water in the central and east-central Pacific associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation. The associated meteorological con...
[["2015-12-31", 0.68], ["2015-12-31", 0.66], ["2015-12-31", 0.557], ["2016-01-01", 0.56], ["2016-01-01", 0.548], ["2016-01-01", 0.488], ["2016-01-01", 0.512], ["2016-01-01", 0.553], ["2016-01-01", 0.519], ["2016-01-01", 0.526], ["2016-01-02", 0.494], ["2016-01-03", 0.485], ["2016-01-04", 0.442], ["2016-01-05", 0.413], ...
[]
[Tutorial:] Will a magnitude 6.0+ Earthquake hit California this year?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/51/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2015-12-31T00:00:00
2016-02-01T00:00:00
2017-01-01T00:00:00
Environment & Energy
Note: This question is part of the Metaculus tutorial series on the art and science of making successful quantitative predictions. Additional useful information can be found at the Metaculus FAQ. California is well-know to be very geologically active, and has in the past experienced major earthquakes: 15 recorded since...
[["2015-12-31", 0.33], ["2015-12-31", 0.315], ["2016-01-01", 0.333], ["2016-01-01", 0.32], ["2016-01-01", 0.36], ["2016-01-01", 0.332], ["2016-01-01", 0.333], ["2016-01-01", 0.327], ["2016-01-02", 0.316], ["2016-01-03", 0.31], ["2016-01-03", 0.299], ["2016-01-05", 0.362], ["2016-01-05", 0.353], ["2016-01-07", 0.361], [...
[]
by 2021, will SLAC complete an "accelerator-on-a-chip" prototype with an acceleration gradient of 1 GeV/meter?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/56/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-03T00:00:00
2018-01-03T00:00:00
2022-03-17T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Modern particle accelerators that operate in the high MeV range and above traditionally use radio-frequency (RF) waves to accelerate charged particles. They are typically very expensive and very large; Stanford's linear accelerator stretches 2 miles. However, in 2013 a proof-of-concept for small scale accelerators was ...
[["2016-01-05", 0.47], ["2016-01-07", 0.592], ["2016-01-09", 0.622], ["2016-01-12", 0.627], ["2016-01-15", 0.679], ["2016-01-19", 0.671], ["2016-01-21", 0.644], ["2016-01-26", 0.639], ["2016-01-28", 0.662], ["2016-01-31", 0.657], ["2016-02-02", 0.653], ["2016-02-04", 0.648], ["2016-02-06", 0.645], ["2016-02-09", 0.641]...
[]
Will radical new "low-energy nuclear reaction" technologies prove effective before 2019?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/65/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-05T00:00:00
2016-12-01T00:00:00
2019-06-28T00:00:00
Science & Tech
The idea that nuclear reactions at relatively low temperatures using relatively stable elements has a checkered past. Basic physics makes such phenomena difficult: the electromagnetic repulsion between two nuclei generally prevents fusion unless there is very high energy given to at least one of them, which suggests a ...
[["2016-02-01", 0.05], ["2016-02-03", 0.06], ["2016-02-04", 0.082], ["2016-02-07", 0.074], ["2016-02-10", 0.072], ["2016-02-11", 0.101], ["2016-02-15", 0.099], ["2016-02-16", 0.089], ["2016-02-19", 0.093], ["2016-02-20", 0.085], ["2016-02-23", 0.083], ["2016-02-24", 0.081], ["2016-02-28", 0.096], ["2016-02-29", 0.087],...
[]
Will a successful proof of concept for a hyperloop be demonstrated by mid-2017?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/71/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-11T00:00:00
2016-06-15T00:00:00
2017-06-28T00:00:00
Science & Tech
In 2013, after several months of hints, Elon Musk and SpaceX released a white paper describing a new mode of transport dubbed the "hyperloop." The design calls for a pod in a low-pressure tube system; the pod rides on a cushion of air to eliminate friction with a track, and the low-pressure tube dramatically reduces ai...
[["2016-01-14", 0.7], ["2016-01-14", 0.635], ["2016-01-15", 0.753], ["2016-01-16", 0.73], ["2016-01-18", 0.694], ["2016-01-19", 0.651], ["2016-01-20", 0.623], ["2016-01-21", 0.614], ["2016-01-22", 0.591], ["2016-01-22", 0.584], ["2016-01-23", 0.573], ["2016-01-26", 0.581], ["2016-01-27", 0.563], ["2016-01-27", 0.569], ...
[]
Has North Korea tested a boosted fission nuclear device?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/72/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-11T00:00:00
2016-01-18T00:00:00
2016-02-01T00:00:00
Security & Defense
North Korea claimed that it had successfully tested a hydrogen bomb last week on January 6th. Seismic data the same day registered 5.1 magnitude body waves, corresponding to estimates that the blast would have contained between 4.7 and 7 kilotons of energy. That energy yield is much smaller that previous tests of H-bom...
[["2016-01-11", 0.7], ["2016-01-12", 0.71], ["2016-01-12", 0.67], ["2016-01-12", 0.665], ["2016-01-12", 0.646], ["2016-01-12", 0.665], ["2016-01-12", 0.613], ["2016-01-13", 0.574], ["2016-01-14", 0.552], ["2016-01-15", 0.601], ["2016-01-17", 0.542]]
[]
Will an attack on the electrical grid cause an extended power outage for a major U.S. city?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/102/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-13T00:00:00
2016-02-15T00:00:00
2016-09-14T00:00:00
Security & Defense
Ted Koppel, of ABC News and Nightline fame, has been sounding the alarm about the vulnerability of the electrical grids in the U.S. to intentional sabotage. In his book Lights Out, Koppel argues that the U.S. grid(s) are both so interconnected and so fragile that a well-crafted attack could knock out power for a multi-...
[["2016-01-14", 0.1], ["2016-01-15", 0.1], ["2016-01-16", 0.087], ["2016-01-16", 0.095], ["2016-01-18", 0.088], ["2016-01-19", 0.105], ["2016-01-19", 0.116], ["2016-01-19", 0.143], ["2016-01-20", 0.131], ["2016-01-20", 0.12], ["2016-01-21", 0.111], ["2016-01-21", 0.125], ["2016-01-21", 0.138], ["2016-01-22", 0.158], ["...
[]
Will an AI successfully masquerade as human for 20 questions by 2017?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/106/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-14T00:00:00
2016-07-01T00:00:00
2017-11-18T00:00:00
Science & Tech
The Turing Test (aka the "Imitation Game") is a well-known thought experiment as well as an actual test that can be done on computer programs that converse via text. The idea is simple: a human judge converses with the machine, and if it cannot discern the machine from a human conversant, then the machine has "passed."...
[["2016-01-14", 0.65], ["2016-01-15", 0.82], ["2016-01-16", 0.758], ["2016-01-18", 0.732], ["2016-01-19", 0.704], ["2016-01-20", 0.71], ["2016-01-21", 0.635], ["2016-01-23", 0.657], ["2016-01-26", 0.664], ["2016-01-27", 0.635], ["2016-01-28", 0.624], ["2016-01-31", 0.624], ["2016-01-31", 0.628], ["2016-02-01", 0.621], ...
[]
Will the advanced LIGO team announce the discovery of gravitational waves by end of March?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/107/
1
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-18T00:00:00
2016-02-11T00:00:00
2016-03-31T00:00:00
Science & Tech
The Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) re-opened in September 2015 after a significant upgrade. Designed with 10x greater sensitivity and a wider range of covered frequencies than the original LIGO, advanced LIGO should, according to its designers, have an "enhanced physics reach that d...
[["2016-01-18", 0.8], ["2016-01-18", 0.775], ["2016-01-19", 0.83], ["2016-01-19", 0.785], ["2016-01-19", 0.808], ["2016-01-19", 0.748], ["2016-01-19", 0.788], ["2016-01-20", 0.704], ["2016-01-20", 0.617], ["2016-01-21", 0.616], ["2016-01-21", 0.609], ["2016-01-22", 0.563], ["2016-01-22", 0.562], ["2016-01-23", 0.562], ...
[]
Will Uber drivers win a class-action lawsuit to define them as employees?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/108/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-18T00:00:00
2017-06-15T00:00:00
2017-07-05T00:00:00
Economics & Business
Ride sharing company Uber is being sued in June 2016 in a class-action lawsuit. The lawsuit is intended to deal with drivers' claims that they are misclassified as independent contractors, rather than employees. The current definition of Uber's workers has several important legal implications, including whether the com...
[["2016-01-22", 0.63], ["2016-01-23", 0.498], ["2016-01-26", 0.496], ["2016-01-27", 0.463], ["2016-01-28", 0.485], ["2016-01-31", 0.507], ["2016-01-31", 0.514], ["2016-02-02", 0.53], ["2016-02-04", 0.513], ["2016-02-04", 0.507], ["2016-02-08", 0.507], ["2016-02-09", 0.507], ["2016-02-10", 0.5], ["2016-02-11", 0.492], [...
[]
Will "Planet Nine" be discovered in 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/109/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-19T00:00:00
2016-02-29T00:00:00
2017-01-01T00:00:00
Science & Tech
In a provocative new paper published in the Astronomical Journal (see typical news story), two Caltech professors -- Konstantin Batygin and Mike Brown -- propose the existence of a new, but as-yet unseen, planet in the outer solar system. This world, tentatively dubbed "Planet Nine", is predicted to have a mass ten tim...
[["2016-01-20", 0.68], ["2016-01-20", 0.618], ["2016-01-21", 0.586], ["2016-01-21", 0.581], ["2016-01-21", 0.556], ["2016-01-21", 0.559], ["2016-01-22", 0.549], ["2016-01-22", 0.538], ["2016-01-22", 0.531], ["2016-01-22", 0.534], ["2016-01-22", 0.518], ["2016-01-23", 0.523], ["2016-01-23", 0.527], ["2016-01-23", 0.52],...
["https://wordleplay.io/"]
Will a consensus explanation of the strange behavior of the star KIC 8462852 emerge this year?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/110/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-01-22T00:00:00
2016-06-01T00:00:00
2017-01-01T00:00:00
Science & Tech
NASA’s Kepler Mission revealed that the star KIC 8462852, a.k.a. "Tabby's Star" displays severe, aperiodic dips in brightness that have so far defied conventional astrophysical explanations. Several explanations for this behavior have been put forward, ranging from [a family of comets] to a swarm of artificial, orbitin...
[["2016-03-01", 0.1], ["2016-03-01", 0.35], ["2016-03-01", 0.3], ["2016-03-01", 0.275], ["2016-03-01", 0.318], ["2016-03-01", 0.31], ["2016-03-01", 0.292], ["2016-03-01", 0.257], ["2016-03-01", 0.244], ["2016-03-01", 0.256], ["2016-03-01", 0.255], ["2016-03-01", 0.266], ["2016-03-02", 0.276], ["2016-03-02", 0.268], ["2...
[]
Will Google's AlphaGo beat Go player Lee Sedol in March 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/112/
1
true
metaculus
binary
The game of Go originated in China more than 2,500 years ago. While similar to chess in many ways, Go is much more minimalist in its ruleset and more esoteric in strategy. The aspect of pattern recognition and the huge state space of possible moves in Go (vastly greater than chess) make it an excellent metric for the c...
2016-01-27T00:00:00
2016-03-08T00:00:00
2016-04-01T00:00:00
Science & Tech
This question will resolve positively if AlphaGo finishes five official games against Lee Sedol and wins three or more games, or if Lee Sedol concedes defeat. If AlphaGo loses or if the match is not finished by April 1 2016, the question resolves negatively.
[["2016-01-28", 0.75], ["2016-01-28", 0.773], ["2016-01-29", 0.744], ["2016-01-30", 0.732], ["2016-01-30", 0.734], ["2016-01-31", 0.71], ["2016-01-31", 0.702], ["2016-02-01", 0.708], ["2016-02-01", 0.723], ["2016-02-02", 0.731], ["2016-02-02", 0.725], ["2016-02-02", 0.697], ["2016-02-03", 0.708], ["2016-02-03", 0.706],...
[]
Can quantum gravity be interestingly constrained using tabletop experiments?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/122/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-02-02T00:00:00
2016-06-01T00:00:00
2018-01-04T00:00:00
Science & Tech
Modern theories of quantum gravity are generally thought to only be testable at the Planck scale - very high energies or very small distances beyond our current technological scope. However, in the past five years proposals have been made for tabletop experiments for quantum gravity. These experiments won't need to acc...
[["2016-02-03", 0.1], ["2016-02-03", 0.1], ["2016-02-03", 0.07], ["2016-02-04", 0.055], ["2016-02-04", 0.108], ["2016-02-04", 0.092], ["2016-02-04", 0.087], ["2016-02-04", 0.116], ["2016-02-04", 0.167], ["2016-02-05", 0.155], ["2016-02-05", 0.142], ["2016-02-06", 0.152], ["2016-02-06", 0.187], ["2016-02-06", 0.177], ["...
[]
Will 2016 be the warmest year on record?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/126/
1
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-02-04T00:00:00
2016-07-31T00:00:00
2017-01-18T00:00:00
Environment & Energy
Climate change driven largely by increased atmospheric levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, is generating an upward trend to the global average surface temperature, as exhibited in this summary plot Last year (2015) the average temperature set new record highs by a large margin, according to the NASA Goddard Insti...
[["2016-02-08", 0.35], ["2016-02-09", 0.574], ["2016-02-10", 0.561], ["2016-02-11", 0.561], ["2016-02-13", 0.552], ["2016-02-14", 0.554], ["2016-02-16", 0.624], ["2016-02-18", 0.638], ["2016-02-20", 0.676], ["2016-02-22", 0.685], ["2016-02-23", 0.689], ["2016-02-25", 0.687], ["2016-02-27", 0.69], ["2016-02-29", 0.695],...
[]
Will Mochizuki's proof of the "abc conjecture" be formally accepted by the mathematics community by the end of 2017?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/127/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-02-07T00:00:00
2016-07-01T00:00:00
2018-01-09T00:00:00
Education & Research
The so-called "abc conjecture" (or the Oesterlé–Masse conjecture) states that, given relatively prime numbers (a,b,c) such that a+b=c, and the product d of the unique prime factors of a,b, and c, then for a specified value of an index , there are only a finite number of triples (a,b,c) such that (That is, almost all th...
[["2016-02-10", 0.45], ["2016-02-10", 0.43], ["2016-02-10", 0.403], ["2016-02-10", 0.305], ["2016-02-10", 0.304], ["2016-02-10", 0.314], ["2016-02-10", 0.337], ["2016-02-10", 0.317], ["2016-02-10", 0.339], ["2016-02-10", 0.349], ["2016-02-10", 0.358], ["2016-02-10", 0.344], ["2016-02-10", 0.351], ["2016-02-11", 0.357],...
[]
Will the Brain Preservation Foundation's Large Mammal preservation prize be won by Feb 9th, 2017?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/129/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-02-09T00:00:00
2016-04-15T00:00:00
2017-02-14T00:00:00
Science & Tech
The Brain Preservation Foundation has created a two-part prize for a team that can demonstrate high fidelity preservation of neural tissue. The first part of this prize, the Small Mammal Brain Preservation Prize (for a rabbit brain) was won today. The winning team (21st Century Medicine) had to demonstrate complete ult...
[["2016-02-10", 0.54], ["2016-02-10", 0.52], ["2016-02-10", 0.547], ["2016-02-10", 0.635], ["2016-02-10", 0.588], ["2016-02-10", 0.598], ["2016-02-10", 0.599], ["2016-02-10", 0.592], ["2016-02-10", 0.583], ["2016-02-10", 0.59], ["2016-02-10", 0.585], ["2016-02-10", 0.582], ["2016-02-11", 0.578], ["2016-02-11", 0.581], ...
[]
The Qualcomm Tricorder XPRIZE to be awarded to a team in 2017?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/130/
1
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-02-10T00:00:00
2016-06-30T00:00:00
2017-04-16T00:00:00
Science & Tech
The Qualcomm Tricorder XPRIZE is a prize for a company that can create a device specified as follows: As envisioned for this competition, the device will be a tool capable of capturing key health metrics and diagnosing a set of 12 diseases. Metrics for health could include such elements as blood pressure, respiratory r...
[["2016-02-12", 0.5], ["2016-02-12", 0.46], ["2016-02-12", 0.47], ["2016-02-13", 0.397], ["2016-02-13", 0.312], ["2016-02-13", 0.488], ["2016-02-13", 0.486], ["2016-02-13", 0.455], ["2016-02-13", 0.476], ["2016-02-13", 0.488], ["2016-02-14", 0.482], ["2016-02-14", 0.482], ["2016-02-14", 0.506], ["2016-02-14", 0.5], ["2...
[]
Will Theranos get more than 100 FDA approvals for blood tests by the end of 2018?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/131/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-02-10T00:00:00
2016-09-01T00:00:00
2018-09-27T00:00:00
Healthcare & Biology
Medical testing and devices company Theranos has recently come into controversy after a Wall Street Journal article asserted that it has over-promised and under-delivered on its testing suite. As summarized by The Washington Post, Theranos, once valued at $9 billion based on its immense promise to make blood testing ch...
[["2016-04-12", 0.22], ["2016-04-12", 0.418], ["2016-04-12", 0.478], ["2016-04-12", 0.479], ["2016-04-12", 0.476], ["2016-04-12", 0.453], ["2016-04-12", 0.444], ["2016-04-12", 0.453], ["2016-04-13", 0.438], ["2016-04-13", 0.442], ["2016-04-14", 0.419], ["2016-04-14", 0.426], ["2016-04-14", 0.424], ["2016-04-14", 0.407]...
[]
Wil the VIX index top 30 before March 15th, 2016?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/138/
1
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-02-11T00:00:00
2016-02-11T00:00:00
2016-02-11T00:00:00
Economics & Business
So far, this year hasn't worked out particularly well for the stock market. The S&P 500 index is down 10% since the start of 2016, the price of oil has tanked, and the VIX volatility index has jumped by more than 50%, with recent closes consistently above 25. In the popular financial press, the VIX Index is often refer...
[["2016-02-11", 0.7], ["2016-02-11", 0.615], ["2016-02-11", 0.607]]
[]
Will there be more novel new drugs approved by the FDA in 2016 than in 2015?
https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/139/
0
true
metaculus
binary
Not applicable/available for this question.
2016-02-12T00:00:00
2016-11-01T00:00:00
2016-12-30T00:00:00
Healthcare & Biology
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) regulates all over-the-counter and prescription drugs released for sale to the public. CDER approves hundreds of new medications each year, most of which are variations of existing products (such as new dosages or generics). A small ...
[["2016-08-18", 0.22], ["2016-08-18", 0.2], ["2016-08-18", 0.267], ["2016-08-18", 0.255], ["2016-08-19", 0.244], ["2016-08-19", 0.302], ["2016-08-19", 0.328], ["2016-08-19", 0.292], ["2016-08-19", 0.311], ["2016-08-19", 0.311], ["2016-08-19", 0.325], ["2016-08-19", 0.331], ["2016-08-19", 0.325], ["2016-08-19", 0.33], [...
[]
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

YuehHanChen/forecasting(複製)

データの内容

カードが引用する Halawi らの論文(Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models)と関連する、予測質問のデータ。各行に質問文・背景・解決基準・群衆の予測・解決の結果の列があるが、作り方はカードに書かれていない。台帳には、論文の test の基準日(2023 年 6 月 1 日以降)とカードの記述(2024 年 6 月 1 日以降)が食い違うという注記がある。

データの概要

項目 値
行数 5,516(1 構成・3 分割の合計)
列数 14
容量 48.67 MB(ファイル 5 本)
ファイルの形式 json 3
公開 public

構成と分割

構成(config) 分割(split)ごとの行数 列数
default train 3,762、validation 840、test 914 14

列(構成 default・分割 train)

列 型 先頭の行の値
date_resolve_at string 2016-02-01
date_begin string 2015-10-02
extracted_urls string []
question_type string binary
community_predictions string [["2015-10-02", 0.69], ["2015-11-03", 0.72], ["2…
url string https://www.metaculus.com/api2/questions/1/
background string Not applicable/available for this question.
gpt_3p5_category string Science & Tech
resolution_criteria string The Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-…
is_resolved bool True
date_close string 2015-12-15
question string Will advanced LIGO announce discovery of gravita…
data_source string metaculus
resolution float64 0.0

行数と列は HF のデータセットビューアの集計(元のデータセットの現在の版で数えたもの)。全データセットの一覧は HYUKI5/dataset-catalog にある。

複製について

YuehHanChen/forecasting をリビジョン c88acc8705f03c8a6526b0b057200c1f0b1b8505 の時点でそのまま複製したもの。中身は変えていない。判断モデル Laya(convaiinnovations/laya)の微調整に使う候補として、調査メモ(Laya 学習用データセット調査)に載せたデータを集めている。

出典

論文

アノテーションの方法

(元のカードに該当の見出しが無いので、ラベルの付け方に触れた段落を抜き出した)

"Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models" のデータセット

本書は、研究論文 Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models のために構築したキュレーション済みのデータセットを説明するものである。著者は Danny Halawi、Fred Zhang、Chen Yueh-Han、Jacob Steinhardt である。

微調整に使うときの注意

  • 調査メモの台帳での区分: B(継承条件・gated・モデル由来の条件・上流の規約などが付く)。区分は記載の文言で機械的に付けたもので、法的な判定ではない。学習に入れる前に元のカードとライセンスの原文で確かめる。
  • Laya の入力は 2,048 token まで(ModernBERT-large / mmBERT)。長い本文は先頭から黙って切られるので、切れる行は事前に除くか、要約・切り出しをしてから入れる。
  • 分割は記事・文書単位で行い、同じ本文から作った別の問いを学習側と較正側に分けない。温度と閾値は学習に使っていない分割で別々に当てる。

調査メモの記述

メモ 節 ライセンス(記載) 確認 注記
finance_reasoning_traces.md Q3. 予測(forecasting)の推論トレースをモデルが出したデータは公開されているか (L91) apache-2.0 確認済 生成元モデルの出力規約が別に及ぶ(Q4) / 原文注記: 論文の system が生成した理由は、この HF のセットに含まれない(列を確認。論文側の公開は未確認)
macro_forecasting.md Q3. 予測質問のデータで、質問文 + 解決結果 + 群衆確率の時系列が揃うものは何か (L88) apache-2.0(HF 表示) 確認済 原文注記: リーク: 論文は test を 2023-06-01 以降の公開質問とするが、カードは「2024 年 6 月 1 日以降」と書いており、論文との食い違いがある(どちらが正かは未確認)。プラットフォーム(Metaculus

元のカード(日本語訳)

以下は元のデータセットのカードの本文を日本語に訳したもの(機械翻訳)。訳に疑問があるときは、末尾の原文を確かめる。


"Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models" のデータセット

本書は、研究論文 Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models のために構築したキュレーション済みのデータセットを説明するものである。著者は Danny Halawi、Fred Zhang、Chen Yueh-Han、Jacob Steinhardt である。

データの出典と形式

データセットは、Metaculus、Good Judgment Open、INFER、Polymarket、Manifold などの予測プラットフォームから集めたものである。これらのプラットフォームでは、利用者が各結果に確率を割り当てることで将来の出来事を予測する。データは次の構造になっている:

  • 背景の説明: 各予測の質問に関する文脈の情報。
  • 解決基準: 各質問をいつ、どのように解決済みとみなすかの指針。
  • タイムスタンプ: 公開日(開始日)、予測の提出期限(締切日)、結果の確定日(解決日)などの重要な日付。

予測の提出は、開始日から、解決日と締切日のうち早い方までの間に受け付ける。詳しい例は論文の表 1 を参照されたい。

生データの構成

生のデータセットには、2015 年から 2024 年までの、世界中のさまざまな種類とテーマの 48,754 件の質問と 7,174,607 件の利用者の予測が含まれる。ただし、不適切に定義された質問が含まれることや、2023 年 6 月 1 日以降に、予測の提供元の寄与に大きな偏りがあるといった課題がある。生データの全体は、Hugging Face 上の当方のデータセット で見られる。

データのキュレーションの過程

分析の厳密さを高めるため、次の手順でデータセットを洗練した:

  • フィルタリング: データの品質と関連性を確保するため、不適切に定義された質問、あまりに個人的な質問、ニッチな関心に限られる質問を除外した。
  • 偏りの調整: 最近の提供元の偏りを抑えるため、予測の質問を多様に代表するように慎重に選んだ。
  • 二値への限定: 多肢選択式の質問を二値の形式に変換し、分析を簡潔にするため二値の結果に集中した。
  • 時間による分離: 言語モデルの事前学習からの情報漏えいを防ぐため、テストセットには 2024 年 6 月 1 日以降に公開された質問のみを含め、それより前の質問は学習と検証に割り当てた。

このキュレーションの結果、5,516 件の二値の質問が得られ、そのうち 3,762 件を学習、840 件を検証、914 件をテストに使う。詳しい例とキュレーションの知見は、論文の表 2a と付録 C に示している。

研究上の意義

このキュレーション済みのデータセットは、言語モデルの予測能力を調べる当方の研究の中心にある。人間の予測性能を基準にして、それに迫る、あるいは超えることを目指すものである。高品質で関連性の高い予測の質問に絞った分析を可能にする。

研究の詳細と知見は、このドキュメントの冒頭にリンクした論文に載っている。研究の発展のため、フィードバックや協力を歓迎する。

引用方法

このデータセットと研究が役に立った場合は、次の BibTeX を使って引用されたい。

@misc{halawi2024approaching,
      title={Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models}, 
      author={Danny Halawi and Fred Zhang and Chen Yueh-Han and Jacob Steinhardt},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.18563},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

<details>
<summary>原文(英語)</summary>

<p align="center"><h1>Dataset from "Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models"</h1></p>

<p>This document details the curated dataset developed for our research paper, <strong><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.18563" target="_blank">Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models</a></strong>, authored by <a href="mailto:dhalawi@berkeley.edu">Danny Halawi</a>, <a href="mailto:z0@eecs.berkeley.edu">Fred Zhang</a>, <a href="mailto:john0922ucb@berkeley.edu">Chen Yueh-Han</a>, and <a href="mailto:jsteinhardt@berkeley.edu">Jacob Steinhardt</a>.</p>

<h2>Data Source and Format</h2>
<p>The dataset is compiled from forecasting platforms including Metaculus, Good Judgment Open, INFER, Polymarket, and Manifold. These platforms enable users to predict future events by assigning probabilities to different outcomes, structured as follows:</p>
<ul>
  <li><strong>Background Description:</strong> Contextual information for each forecasting question.</li>
  <li><strong>Resolution Criterion:</strong> Guidelines on how and when each question is considered resolved.</li>
  <li><strong>Timestamps:</strong> Key dates including the publication (begin date), forecast submission deadline (close date), and outcome resolution (resolve date).</li>
</ul>

<p>Submissions are accepted between the begin date and the earlier of the resolve or close dates. See <em>Table 1</em> in our paper for an in-depth example.</p>

<h2>Raw Data Composition</h2>
<p>The raw dataset encompasses 48,754 questions and 7,174,607 user forecasts from 2015 to 2024, across various question types and topics globally. However, it includes challenges such as ill-defined questions and a significant imbalance in source platform contributions post-June 1, 2023. For a complete view of the raw data, visit <a href="https://huggingface.co/datasets/YuehHanChen/forecasting_raw" target="_blank">our dataset on Hugging Face</a>.</p>

<h2>Data Curation Process</h2>
<p>To refine the dataset for analytical rigor, we undertook the following steps:</p>
<ul>
  <li><strong>Filtering:</strong> Exclusion of ill-defined, overly personal, or niche-interest questions to ensure data quality and relevance.</li>
  <li><strong>Adjustment for Imbalance:</strong> Careful selection to mitigate the recent source imbalance, focusing on a diverse representation of forecasting questions.</li>
  <li><strong>Binary Focus:</strong> Conversion of multiple-choice questions to binary format, concentrating on binary outcomes for a streamlined analysis.</li>
  <li><strong>Temporal Segregation:</strong> To prevent leakage from language models' pre-training, the test set includes only questions published after June 1, 2024, with earlier questions allocated to training and validation sets.</li>
</ul>

<p>This curation resulted in 5,516 binary questions, with 3,762 for training, 840 for validation, and 914 for testing. Detailed examples and curation insights are provided in <em>Table 2a</em> and <em>Appendix C</em> of our paper.</p>

<h2>Significance for Research</h2>
<p>The curated dataset is pivotal for our investigation into language models' forecasting capabilities, aiming to benchmark against or exceed human predictive performance. It enables focused analysis on high-quality, relevant forecasting questions.</p>

<p>Detailed methodologies and insights from our study are available in the linked paper at the beginning of this document. We invite feedback and collaboration to further this field of research.</p>

<h2>How to Cite</h2>
<p>If you find our dataset and research useful for your work, please cite it using the following BibTeX entry:</p>

```bibtex
@misc{halawi2024approaching,
      title={Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models}, 
      author={Danny Halawi and Fred Zhang and Chen Yueh-Han and Jacob Steinhardt},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.18563},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

</details>
Downloads last month
34

Paper for HYUKI5/YuehHanChen__forecasting