MM-OphBench: Multi-Center Multimodal Clinical Ophthalmic Benchmark Dataset

A Large-Scale, Standardized Multi-Center Benchmark Covering 7 Imaging Modalities & 4.3M+ Clinical Records

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1. Executive Summary & Repository Overview

The MM-OphBench repository hosts a petabyte-scale, clinically harmonized ophthalmic image archive compiled from leading ophthalmic hospitals and benchmark cohorts. It spans 4,307,415 high-resolution diagnostic images and multimodal pairs across 7 distinct imaging modalities, with comprehensive clinical metadata, expert lesion segmentations, and hierarchical diagnostic taxonomies.

All archives are compressed into high-speed Zstandard chunks (.tar.zst) with pre-indexed SHA-256 manifests. A centralized, fully de-identified master index is provided in metadata/adapter_manifest_reviewed.parquet (39.9 MB), allowing instant cross-cohort querying across imaging modalities, device models, scan protocols, and clinical diagnoses without requiring massive raw downloads.

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2. Multi-Center Clinical Provenance & Ethical Governance

All patient identifiable information (PII) including patient names, hospital record numbers (MRNs), national identity codes, and date-of-birth timestamps have been removed or replaced with deterministic SHA-256 cryptographic hashes (patient_hash, study_id), strictly complying with HIPAA Safe Harbor and GDPR pseudonymization principles.

Key Contributing Clinical Centers & Cohorts

1. The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (浙二眼科)
   • Contributions: Longitudinal FFA/ICGA dynamic angiography sequences (Final_eryuan_FFA), 17-class retinal disease benchmark (eryuanFundusT17RDCls), anterior segment photography.
   • Clinical Leads: Certified ophthalmologists (Prof. Wang Guoping and retinal angiography specialist team).
2. Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (北京同仁医院)
   • Contributions: Longitudinal multi-condition clinical cohorts (tongren_archives), 66-class fine-grained disease screening benchmark (trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train), and the standard 95-disease clinical taxonomy (tongren95_taxonomy.csv).
3. The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (中南大学湘雅二医院)
   • Contributions: High-frequency ocular B-scan ultrasonography with detailed diagnostic text reports (BUltrasound).
4. InEye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM (成都中医药大学附属银海眼科医院)
   • Contributions: Comprehensive Ultra-Widefield (UWF) Optos color imaging (yinhai_uwf, 274.6 GB), FFA dynamic sequences, and ocular B-scans.
5. Chengdu First People's Hospital (成都市第一人民医院)
   • Contributions: 50MHz Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) ciliary body and anterior chamber angle quantitative morphometry (ChengduShiyiUBM).
6. Handan Eye Hospital (河北邯郸眼科医院)
   • Contributions: Fluorescein angiography paired cohorts (handan_ffa, handan_ffa2) and epidemiological diabetic retinopathy screenings.
7. Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (复旦大学附属中山医院)
   • Contributions: Multimodal cohort comprising 419,014 clinical visits with cross-system validation.

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3. Optical Modalities & Hardware Instrumentation

The dataset captures full optical, acoustic, and angiography representations across the anterior and posterior segments of the human eye:

Modality Subtype	Physical Imaging Principle	Primary Acquisition Hardware	Typical Clinical Protocol & Resolution	Sample Count
Standard Color Fundus (CFP)	45° Broadband White Flash Photography	Canon CR6-45NM, CR-DGi, Topcon TRC-NW8	45° macular/disc centered; 2048x1536 to 4096x3072 px	2,332,938
OCT B-scan	Swept-Source (1050nm) & Spectral-Domain (870nm) OCT	Topcon DRI OCT Triton, Optovue RTVue XR Avanti, Heidelberg Spectralis	3D Macula (512x256), 6x6mm / 12mm radial lines; axial res 2.6-7.0 μm	939,312
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)	50 MHz High-Frequency Acoustic Ultrasound	Tianjin Suowei SW-3200, MEDA MD-300L	Anterior chamber angle, ciliary body, ACD depth, 50 MHz probe	449,588
Ultra-Widefield Fundus (UWF)	Dual-wavelength (532/635nm) Confocal Scanning Laser	Optos 200Tx / California (200° Field of View)	Non-mydriatic 200° peripheral retina; 3900x3072 px	206,215
Ocular B-Scan Ultrasound	10–20 MHz Pulse-Echo Acoustic Transducer	Sonomed Escalon, Quantel Medical, Mada	Vitreous opacity, retinal detachment, axial length	112,612
External Anterior Photography	Diffuse Visible Light Illumination	Topcon / Slit Lamp Imaging Camera	Cornea, iris, lens, cataract grading, external eye	207,001
Reflectance SLO (En-face)	820 nm Infrared Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy	Heidelberg Spectralis HRA, Optos	En-face confocal infrared reflectance (IR-SLO)	36,024
Fluorescein Angiography (FFA/ICGA)	Dynamic Fluorescein Sodium (490/520nm) & ICG (790/830nm)	Heidelberg Spectralis HRA2, Topcon TRC-50DX	Dynamic perfusion sequence: early (0-30s), mid (1-3m), late (>5m)	19,406
OCT / OCTA En-Face C-scans	Motion-contrast decorrelation & slab projection	Optovue AngioVue, Topcon DRI Triton	Superficial/deep capillary plexus, outer retina slab	3,000

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4. Archive Directory & Shard Inventory

Archives are organized into self-contained sub-directories chunked at ~1024 MiB boundaries. Each shard is compressed using zstd -3 for fast decompressibility and high compression efficiency:

Dataset Directory	Modality Focus	Shards	Total Size	Primary Source Center	Key Files Included
archives/yinhai_uwf/	Ultra-Widefield (UWF)	55	274.6 GB	Chengdu Yinhai Eye Hospital	200° Optos color scans (55 tar.zst shards)
archives/data0410/ + data0410_shard7/	CFP, OCT Buckets, Comorbidity	21	287.4 GB	Multi-center clinical	fundus_hcw.zip, octBuckets.zip (15 split parts), diagnosis Excel
archives/tongren_archives/	Longitudinal Retinal Cohort	2	133.0 GB	Beijing Tongren Hospital	Raw longitudinal image archives (external.zip, fundus.zip)
archives/zhanghuan_selected_public/	Public Benchmark Suites	109	106.8 GB	International public sets	109 standardized shards (Messidor, ODIR, DDR, CHAKSU, etc.)
archives/Final_eryuan_FFA/	Dynamic FFA/ICGA Sequences	19	76.4 GB	ZJU-2 Eye Center	Full dynamic FFA frames + output2.jsonl, visionoph4.jsonl
archives/eryuanFundusT17RDCls/	17-Class Retinal Disease CFP	74	47.4 GB	ZJU-2 Eye Center	17-category labeled fundus images for benchmark training
archives/ChengduShiyiUBM/	50MHz Anterior UBM	255	39.3 GB	Chengdu 1st People's Hospital	50MHz ultrasound sweeps + ChengduShiyiUBM.json (ACD mm)
archives/OCTA-500/	3D OCTA + Projection Slabs	44	37.0 GB	NJUST / Public benchmark	6mm & 3mm OCTA volumes with vascular masks (<=1GB shards)
archives/tongren16G95DFundus/	16-Class 95-Subtype Gold-Standard	36	35.2 GB	Beijing Tongren Hospital	16 primary diagnostic families & 95 clinical subtypes aligned with metadata/tongren95_taxonomy.csv
archives/OCTA500_OCT/	Structural OCT Volumes	29	28.6 GB	NJUST / Public benchmark	Structural OCT volumes paired with OCTA-500 (29 split parts)
archives/WLOA/	Wide-Field OCT Angiography	18	17.0 GB	Benchmark suite	Wide-field OCTA scans (18 split parts)
archives/DDR/	Diabetic Retinopathy Lesion Seg	10	15.0 GB	DDR Benchmark	10-part partitioned DDR images and lesion segmentation masks
archives/FQ_Datasets/	Fundus Quality & Artifact Grading	14	13.2 GB	Multi-center QA team	Human-curated validFundus (12.6GB) and invalidFundus (0.6GB)
archives/BUltrasound/	Ocular B-Scan Ultrasound	38	11.3 GB	Xiangya-2 & Yinhai	B-scan ultrasounds + XiangyaBscan.json, YinhaiBscan.json
archives/kaggle_glaucoma_v4/	Multi-Source Glaucoma Suite v4	10	9.4 GB	Multi-source benchmark	21,566 fundus images covering glaucoma screening and CDR metrics
archives/YinhaiUBM/	50MHz UBM + Clinical Diagnostics	10	9.2 GB	Chengdu Yinhai Eye Hospital	83,752 UBM frames + comprehensive clinical diagnostic JSON annotations
archives/trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train/	66-Class Fine-Grained CFP	8	7.8 GB	Tongren & Handan Eye Hospital	66-disease multiclass training set with splits
archives/UBM_SW3200L/	Noise-Reduced 50MHz UBM Suite	8	7.7 GB	Multi-center UBM	Denoised UBM ciliary body scans (SW3200L transducer suites)
archives/RFMiD1/	Multi-Disease Identifier 1	8	7.5 GB	RFMiD benchmark suite	Multi-label 46-disease fundus images (Training, Evaluation, Test)
archives/AIChallenger/	Retinal Disease Classification	5	4.5 GB	AI Challenger benchmark	Full partitioned retinal challenge images
archives/handan_ffa/	FFA Dynamic Series	5	4.5 GB	Handan Eye Hospital	Handan clinical FFA angiograms
archives/handan_ffa2/	FFA Dynamic Series 2	3	2.7 GB	Handan Eye Hospital	Longitudinal follow-up FFA
archives/deepdrid/	Dual-View DR Grading Benchmark	2	2.0 GB	DeepDRiD benchmark suite	2,058 paired macula-centered and disc-centered fundus images
archives/ODIR/	Ocular Disease Intelligent 5K	2	1.3 GB	Shanggong / Benchmark	Multi-disease paired left/right fundus images (ODIR-5K.zip)
archives/chengdu_ffa/	FFA Dynamic Series	2	1.2 GB	Chengdu Yinhai Eye Hospital	Chengdu clinical FFA angiograms
archives/DGOCF/	Optic Disc & Glaucoma CFP	1	0.8 GB	Benchmark suite	Optic nerve head center annotations
archives/yinhai_ffa/	FFA Dynamic Series	2	0.5 GB	Chengdu Yinhai Eye Hospital	High-resolution FFA sequences

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5. Master Metadata (metadata/) & Clinical Crosswalks

Instead of downloading multi-hundred-gigabyte archives to inspect sample attributes, download the lightweight metadata and clinical crosswalk files in metadata/:

1. metadata/adapter_manifest_reviewed.parquet (39.9 MB)

Contains 4,307,415 rows mapping every asset with standard schema:

import duckdb

con = duckdb.connect()
# Query device distribution across modalities
con.execute("""
    SELECT modality_subtype, device_vendor, device_model, count(*) AS count
    FROM 'metadata/adapter_manifest_reviewed.parquet'
    GROUP BY 1, 2, 3
    ORDER BY count DESC
    LIMIT 10
""").df()

2. metadata/trhd66_clinical_abbreviations.csv (25 KB)

Full 66-class fine-grained disease taxonomy codebook from Beijing Tongren & Handan Eye Hospital (trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train). Includes abbreviation code (class_code), standardized Chinese name (official_zh), canonical English term (canonical_en), anatomical category (category), clinical manifestation, and vital disambiguation rules.

3. metadata/ophthalmic_abbreviations_crosswalk.csv (27 KB)

Unified multi-cohort crosswalk indexing 135+ ophthalmic abbreviations and disease codes across trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train, eryuanFundusT17RDCls, RFMiD1, ODIR-5K, and multimodal diagnostic biomarkers (CFP, UWF, OCT, OCTA, FFA, UBM, B-Scan, RNFL, CDR).

4. metadata/tongren95_taxonomy.csv (12 KB)

Comprehensive 95-class disease taxonomy mapping local clinical diagnoses (raw_zh) to standardized English terms (canonical_en), abbreviations (AMD, PDR, RVO, CSC), disease families (family_en), and specificity levels.

5. metadata/trhd59_taxonomy.csv (5.5 KB)

59-class baseline model taxonomy with strict semantic relations mapped to Tongren-95 hierarchical leaves and clinical notes.

6. metadata/labeled_assets_summary.json (2.0 KB)

Complete breakdown of 1,817,159 instruction-tuned samples and 1,459,879 downstream high-confidence diagnostic splits.

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6. Clinical Abbreviations & Diagnostic Codebook (临床病种缩写与全称速查手册)

Many ophthalmic datasets adopt hospital-specific, short-hand abbreviations that can cause severe diagnostic ambiguity if misinterpreted. Below is the authoritative clinical dictionary aligned with the codebase (class_labels_zh.py, trhd59_taxonomy.csv, and trhd66_clinical_abbreviations.csv).

A. Critical Clinical Disambiguation & Avoidance of Misnomers (核心消歧与避坑指南)

Key Disambiguation Rules:

1. PMM_CNV = 特发性息肉状脉络膜血管病变 (Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy / PCV) Misconception: Frequently mistaken for "Pathologic Myopia with CNV". Ground Truth: In this cohort, PMM_CNV strictly represents PCV. True myopic CNV is separately encoded as PM_CNV (高度近视性脉络膜新生血管).
2. COC = 先天性大视杯 (Congenital Large Optic Cup) Misconception: Mistaken for Choroidal Osteoma (脉络膜骨瘤) or glaucomatous cupping. Ground Truth: Codebase explicitly documents: "COC must not be interpreted as choroidal osteoma". It represents physiological large optic cup with normal, pink neuroretinal rim obeying the ISNT rule.
3. TC vs TR: 外伤性脉络膜视网膜病变 vs 外伤性视网膜病变 Misconception: TC mistaken for Toxocariasis (眼弓蛔虫病). Ground Truth: In this project, TC = Traumatic Chorioretinopathy (外伤性脉络膜视网膜病变, deeper choroidal involvement with pigmentary scarring); TR = Traumatic Retinopathy (外伤性视网膜病变, retinal contusion/Purtscher-like cotton wool spots).
4. EMM vs ERM: 黄斑膜前膜 vs 视网膜前膜 Ground Truth: EMM is strictly restricted to the foveal/macular area (Epiretinal Macular Membrane), whereas ERM represents generalized Epiretinal Membrane across the posterior pole.
5. SOD = 小视盘 / 视隔-视神经发育不良 (Small Optic Disc / Septo-Optic Dysplasia) Ground Truth: Represents severe optic nerve hypoplasia, linked with de Morsier syndrome (midline septum pellucidum absence).
6. PR = 视网膜静脉周围炎 (Periphlebitis Retinae / Eales Disease) Misconception: Mistaken for Retinal Detachment or prolapse. Ground Truth: Represents vascular periphlebitis with characteristic perivenous sheathing and recurrent vitreous hemorrhages in young adults.
7. SO eye = 硅油填充眼 (Silicone Oil Filled Eye) Misconception: Mistaken for Sympathetic Ophthalmia. Ground Truth: Iatrogenic post-vitrectomy status showing hyper-reflective silicone oil reflex and meniscus droplets.
8. PLS = 激光光凝斑 (Retinal Laser Spots), PM = 视盘前膜 (Prepapillary Membrane), and VO = 玻璃体混浊 (Vitreous Opacity): None of these represent Pathological Myopia or Vein Occlusion.

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B. 66-Class Fine-Grained Retinal Disease Cohort (trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train)

Code	规范中文全称	Canonical English Name	疾病大类 (Category)	关键临床征象与消歧要点
AH	玻璃体星状变性	Asteroid Hyalosis	玻璃体疾病 (Vitreous)	腔内弥漫散在、亮白色或黄白含钙小球，悬于网架，不伴活动性炎症。
AMD	年龄相关性黄斑变性	Age-Related Macular Degeneration	黄斑疾病 (Macular)	玻璃膜疣(Drusen)、色素紊乱、地图状萎缩或脉络膜新生血管(CNV)。
ARN	急性视网膜坏死综合征	Acute Retinal Necrosis	感染与坏死性疾病	中周边视网膜多灶性黄白全层坏死斑，迅速融合，伴闭塞性动脉炎。
BRVO	视网膜分支静脉阻塞	Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion	视网膜血管疾病	局限于分支静脉引流区的扇形火焰状浅层出血、水肿与棉絮斑。
CD	脉络膜缺损	Choroidal Defect / Coloboma	先天发育异常	视盘下方或下鼻侧扇形瓷白缺损区，巩膜裸露，边缘伴色素沉着。
CEC	中心性渗出性脉络膜视网膜病变 (中渗)	Central Exudative Chorioretinopathy	黄斑与脉络膜病变	青年单眼黄斑孤立灰白病灶，伴浆液脱离、出血及硬渗环(特发CNV)。
CH	脉络膜血管瘤	Choroidal Hemangioma	脉络膜肿瘤	后极部橘红或红黄色扁平/微隆起良性血管瘤，易继发浆液性网脱。
CHN	脉络膜痣	Choroidal Nevus	脉络膜良性肿瘤	脉络膜深层扁平灰褐/青灰斑块，常伴玻璃膜疣。严禁误判为 CNV。
COC	先天性大视杯 (生理性大视杯)	Congenital Large Optic Cup	视神经发育异常	双眼对称性C/D大(>0.6~0.8)，盘沿粉红饱满守ISNT法则。非骨瘤。
CR	脉络膜破裂	Choroidal Rupture	眼外伤 (Trauma)	钝挫伤后与视盘同心的月牙形/弧形白黄线条裂隙，晚期易继发CNV。
CRE	视网膜震荡 (柏林水肿)	Commotio Retinae (Berlin Edema)	眼外伤 (Trauma)	挫伤后光感受器外节受损致乳白反光水肿混浊，黄斑呈樱桃红点。
CRVO	视网膜中央静脉阻塞	Central Retinal Vein Occlusion	视网膜血管疾病	全眼底四象限弥漫暴发性火焰状出血、静脉高度迂曲扩张及盘水肿。
CSC	中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变 (中浆)	Central Serous Chorioretinopathy	黄斑与脉络膜病变	中青年男性黄斑圆形神经上皮浅脱离晕轮，无大出血，FFA呈墨渍渗漏。
Cataract	白内障	Cataract	屈光间质异常	晶状体混浊致眼底反光暗黄、对比度显著衰减模糊之质控指标。
Chorioretinitis	脉络膜视网膜炎	Chorioretinitis	葡萄膜炎性疾病	脉络膜与视网膜多灶性黄白炎性浸润病灶，伴周围水肿及色素紊乱。
Choroiditis	脉络膜炎	Choroiditis	葡萄膜炎性疾病	脉络膜基质层单个或多灶浅黄浸润结节，早期视网膜内层常未波及。
EMM	黄斑膜前膜	Epiretinal Macular Membrane	玻璃体视网膜界面	特指局限于黄斑中央凹区的玻璃纸样纤维增殖反光膜与血管扭曲。
ERM	视网膜前膜	Epiretinal Membrane	玻璃体视网膜界面	广布于后极部视网膜表面的无血管纤维胶质膜，反光呈丝绸样。
FEVR	家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变	Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy	遗传性血管病	双眼周边视网膜无血管灌注区，血管被牵拉向颞侧移位，无吸氧史。
Glaucoma	青光眼	Glaucoma	视神经病变	病理性视杯扩大深凹、盘沿变薄破ISNT法则、RNFL局灶切迹缺损。
HR	高血压性视网膜病变	Hypertensive Retinopathy	视网膜血管疾病	小动脉弥漫变细、动静脉交叉压迫征(A/V crossing)、铜丝银丝征。
ION	缺血性视神经病变	Ischemic Optic Neuropathy	视神经病变	睫状后动脉缺血致视盘苍白浅水肿，伴与盲点相连的水平半盲。
ME	黄斑水肿	Macular Edema	黄斑疾病	黄斑区神经上皮增厚混浊、中心凹反光消失，可呈花瓣样囊样(CME)。
MGS	牵牛花综合征	Morning Glory Syndrome	视神经先天畸形	视盘漏斗状巨大凹陷畸形，中央充填胶质，血管呈放射状散出如花。
MH	黄斑裂孔	Macular Hole	黄斑疾病	黄斑中心凹全层缺损，边界锐利的圆形深红底孔，孔周水肿晕轮。
MHE	黄斑出血	Macular Hemorrhage	黄斑疾病	黄斑浅层/深层或sub-RPE局限性暗红/鲜红积血。非白色点状病变。
MNF	有髓神经纤维	Myelinated Nerve Fiber	先天发育异常	盘周羽毛状/扇形瓷白斑，沿视神经纤维束走向分布，遮挡血管。
MTD	近视性视盘倾斜	Myopic Tilted Disc	近视与结构异常	高度近视眼轴延长致视盘斜横位，伴宽大颞侧近视弧，筛板后倾。
NPDR	非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变	Non-Proliferative DR	糖尿病视网膜病变	散在微动脉瘤(MA)、点片深层出血、硬性渗出及棉絮斑，无新生血管。
Normal	正常眼底	Normal Fundus	正常结构	视盘色淡红、界清，C/D<0.5，血管自然(2:3)，中心凹反光尖锐明亮。
OA	视神经萎缩	Optic Atrophy	视神经病变	视盘呈浅黄白或瓷白色苍白，毛细血管稀疏，筛板小孔清晰显露。
ODC	视盘缺损	Optic Disc Coloboma	视神经先天畸形	胚裂未闭致视盘下方极度深凹陷，视盘常增大变形，血管上方移位。
ODV	视盘血管炎 (乳头静脉炎)	Optic Disc Vasculitis	视神经血管病变	青年多见，视盘水肿充血，盘面及盘周小静脉极度扩张迂曲与出血。
ON	视神经炎	Optic Neuritis	视神经炎症	乳头炎型视盘充血隆起边缘模糊；球后视神经炎早期眼底正常。
ONH	视神经发育不全	Optic Nerve Hypoplasia	视神经先天畸形	视盘显著缩小(正常1/2以下)，淡黄或灰色，特征性双环征。
ONI	视神经损伤 (外伤性)	Optic Nerve Injury	眼外伤 (Trauma)	外伤后视盘早期可轻度水肿或正常，数周后迅速转为下行性萎缩。
PD	视盘水肿 (颅高压性)	Papilledema / Disc Edema	视神经病变	颅高压致双侧视盘高度隆起充血呈菌菇状、杯消失、静脉搏动消失。
PDR	增殖期糖尿病性视网膜病变	Proliferative DR	糖尿病视网膜病变	视盘/网膜新生血管(NVD/NVE)、纤维增殖膜、前出血、玻璃体积血。
PLS	激光光凝斑	Retinal Laser Spots	术后改变	成排规则圆形激光瘢痕，陈旧斑中心萎缩、边缘色素沉着。非近视。
PM	视盘前膜	Prepapillary Membrane	玻璃体视网膜界面	视盘表面及前方纤维胶质薄膜。**非病理性近视 (Pathologic Myopia)**。
PMM_CNV	⚠️ 特发性息肉样脉络膜血管病变	Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV)	脉络膜血管疾病	【权威修正】对应PCV！ 橘红结节病灶伴大面积网膜下积血与出血PED。
PM_CNV	高度近视性脉络膜新生血管	Pathologic Myopia with CNV	病理性近视并发症	高度近视底上黄斑区灰白扁平新生血管伴出血(Fuchs斑)。
PPE	假性视盘水肿	Pseudopapilledema	视神经发育变异	盘外观拥挤隆起但无充血出血渗出，常见于高度远视或埋藏玻璃膜疣。
PR	视网膜静脉周围炎 (Eales病)	Retinal Periphlebitis	视网膜血管炎	青年男性周边小静脉白鞘(白套征)、出血及无灌注区，反复积血。
PVR	增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变	Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy	网脱并发症	裂孔或术后RPE增殖收缩，致视网膜固定星芒皱褶与僵硬漏斗收缩。
RAM	视网膜大动脉瘤	Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm	视网膜血管疾病	主要分支大动脉动静脉交叉处囊状扩张，伴深浅出血与环形硬渗。
RAO	视网膜动脉阻塞	Retinal Artery Occlusion	视网膜血管急症	动脉极细，受累视网膜弥漫乳白水肿缺血，中心凹显樱桃红点。
RD	视网膜脱离	Retinal Detachment	视网膜急症	神经上皮脱离呈灰白波浪隆起，血管弯曲爬行；分孔源/牵拉/渗出性。
RP	视网膜色素变性	Retinitis Pigmentosa	遗传性营养不良	早期夜盲，中周边骨细胞样黑色素沉着，动脉纤细，视盘蜡黄。
RPA	白点状视网膜变性	Retinitis Punctata Albescens	遗传性营养不良	RP特殊亚型，赤道与后极深层密布均匀黄白小圆点，动脉变细。
RPH	妊娠期高血压眼底病变	Retinopathy of Pregnancy-Induced HTN	全身血管眼底改变	妊高征/子痫前期动脉急剧痉挛、火焰状出血与棉絮斑，可伴渗出脱离。
RS	视网膜劈裂症	Retinoschisis	周边退行变性	神经上皮层内分裂，好发颞下，半球形菲薄透明隆起，银丝血管。
RT	视网膜裂孔	Retinal Tear / Retinal Break	视网膜病变	神经上皮全层缺损，常见玻璃体牵拉马蹄形裂孔或萎缩孔，透红光。
RV	视网膜血管炎	Retinal Vasculitis	视网膜血管炎	动静脉周围显著白色血管鞘(白套征)，伴管腔狭窄、渗漏与出血。
SO eye	硅油填充眼 (硅油眼)	Silicone Oil Filled Eye	术后医源性状态	玻切术后硅油填充，视网膜呈镜面眩光，下方可见球形硅油小乳滴。
SOD	小视盘 / 视隔-视神经发育不良	Small Optic Disc / Septo-Optic Dysplasia	视神经先天畸形	视乳头极小苍白(正常1/3以下)，常伴中线透明隔缺如(de Morsier)。
Staphyloma	后巩膜葡萄肿	Posterior Staphyloma	高度近视结构畸形	后极部巩膜变薄向后膨出凹陷呈盆状，伴重度弥漫性脉络膜萎缩。
TC	⚠️ 外伤性脉络膜视网膜病变	Traumatic Chorioretinopathy	眼外伤后遗症	【非弓蛔虫病】 钝挫伤后脉络膜视网膜萎缩变性、杂乱色素与瘢痕。
TDS	倾斜视盘综合征	Tilted Disc Syndrome	视神经先天畸形	视盘斜向旋转(向下鼻)，下鼻侧脉络膜变薄淡染，伴双颞上视野缺损。
TR	外伤性视网膜病变	Traumatic Retinopathy	眼外伤 (Trauma)	创伤引起的单纯视网膜挫伤或远达性外伤(Purtscher)棉絮斑与出血。
UV	葡萄膜炎 (色素膜炎)	Uveitis	葡萄膜炎性疾病	后/全葡萄膜炎，见玻璃体雪球样混浊、脉络膜炎性浸润黄斑与血管鞘。
VH	玻璃体积血	Vitreous Hemorrhage	玻璃体急症	腔内积血暗红反光，细节模糊，重度者见下方重力性沉降液平面。
VKH	小柳原田病	Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease	自身免疫葡萄膜炎	急性期多灶性浆液脱离与视盘充血；慢性期脉络膜脱色素呈夕阳红。
VO	玻璃体混浊	Vitreous Opacity	玻璃体退变	腔内点片条膜状灰白飘浮物，投射半透明阴影。绝非静脉阻塞。
VTS	玻璃体黄斑牵拉综合征	Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome	玻璃体视网膜界面	玻璃体后皮质对黄斑中心凹不全脱离黏连牵引，中心凹隆起变形。
coats	外层渗出性视网膜病 (Coats病)	Coats Disease	先天血管畸形	儿童单眼好发，周边毛细血管灯泡样扩张，后极厚实金黄色硬渗网脱。

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C. Multi-Cohort Abbreviation Crosswalk Summary

1. 17-Class Retinal Disease Cohort (archives/eryuanFundusT17RDCls/)

• CNV: 脉络膜新生血管 (Choroidal Neovascularization)
• ION: 缺血性视神经病变 (Ischemic Optic Neuropathy)
• ME: 黄斑水肿 (Macular Edema)
• OA: 视神经萎缩 (Optic Atrophy)
• OpticNP: 其他视神经病变 (Optic Neuropathy)
• OpticNR: 视神经炎 (Optic Neuritis)
• PapEdema: 视盘水肿 (Papilledema)
• VH: 玻璃体积血 (Vitreous Hemorrhage)
• VKH: 小柳原田病 (Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease)
• AMD / DR / RVO / RAO / RD / RP / CSC / ERM / MH: Standard canonical terms matching the 66-class definitions above.

2. RFMiD Multi-Label Dataset (archives/RFMiD1/)

• DN: 玻璃膜疣 (Drusen)
• TSLN: 豹纹状眼底 (Tessellated Fundus)
• LS: 激光斑 (Laser Scars)
• MS: 黄斑区瘢痕 (Macular Scar)
• CSR: 中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变 (Central Serous Chorioretinopathy / CSC)
• ODP: 视盘小凹 (Optic Disc Pit)
• ODE: 视盘水肿 (Optic Disc Edema)
• ST: 后巩膜葡萄肿 (Posterior Staphyloma)
• AION: 前部缺血性视神经病变 (Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy)
• PT: 中心凹旁毛细血管扩张症 (Parafoveal Telangiectasia)
• CRS: 脉络膜视网膜炎 (Chorioretinitis)
• EDN: 视网膜渗出病灶 (Exudation)
• CM / MC: 缺损 (Coloboma) / 黄斑缺损 (Macular Coloboma)
• PRH: 视网膜前出血 (Preretinal Hemorrhage)
• CWS: 棉絮斑 (Cotton Wool Spots)
• CME: 黄斑囊样水肿 (Cystoid Macular Edema)
• CF: 脉络膜皱褶 (Choroidal Folds)
• VS: 视网膜血管炎 (Retinal Vasculitis)

3. ODIR-5K Single-Letter Diagnostic Codes (archives/ODIR/)

• N: Normal Fundus (正常眼底)
• D: Diabetic Retinopathy (糖尿病视网膜病变)
• G: Glaucoma (青光眼)
• C: Cataract (白内障)
• A: Age-Related Macular Degeneration (年龄相关性黄斑变性)
• H: Hypertensive Retinopathy (高血压性视网膜病变)
• M: Pathological Myopia (病理性近视)
• O: Other Abnormalities / Diseases (其他异常及眼底疾病)

4. Multimodal Instrumentation & Clinical Parameters

• CFP: 彩色眼底照相 (Color Fundus Photography, 30°~50°)
• UWF: 超广角眼底照相 (Ultra-Widefield Fundus Photography, 200° Optos)
• OCT: 光学相干断层扫描 (Optical Coherence Tomography B-Scans)
• OCTA: 光学相干断层扫描血管成像 (OCT Angiography En-face Slabs)
• FFA: 眼底荧光素血管造影 (Fundus Fluorescein Angiography Sequences)
• UBM: 超声生物显微镜 (50MHz High-Frequency Anterior Segment Ultrasound)
• B-Scan: 眼科B型超声 (10MHz Ocular Ultrasound Sweeps)
• C/D (CDR): 杯盘比 / 垂直杯盘比 (Cup-to-Disc Ratio / vCDR)
• RNFL: 视网膜神经纤维层 (Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer)
• PED: 色素上皮脱离 (Pigment Epithelial Detachment)
• FAZ: 中心凹无血管区 (Foveal Avascular Zone)

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7. Benchmark Evaluation Tasks

1. 17-Class Retinal Disease Classification (eryuanFundusT17RDCls): Standardized 17-class classification for common and sight-threatening retinal conditions (Normal, DR, AMD, RVO, Pathological Myopia, Macular Hole, Epiretinal Membrane, Retinal Detachment, Retinitis Pigmentosa, etc.).
2. 66-Class Multi-Center Fine-Grained Diagnosis (trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train): Challenging 66-class classification covering rare and subtle ophthalmic pathologies validated across Beijing Tongren and Handan populations.
3. 95-Class Clinical Semantic Classification (tongren16G95DFundus, tongren95_taxonomy): Full-spectrum hospital diagnostic classification aligning free-text clinical reports and fundus photographs across 16 major disease families and 95 clinical subcategories.
4. Dynamic FFA Vessel & Microvascular Leakage Segmentation (Final_eryuan_FFA, handan_ffa): Temporal sequence segmentation across early, arteriovenous, and late phases.
5. Quantitative Anterior Chamber Morphometry & Angle-Closure Risk (UBM): Automated measurement of Anterior Chamber Depth (ACD in mm), Trabecular-Iris Angle (TIA), and angle-closure risk assessment across ChengduShiyiUBM, YinhaiUBM, and UBM_SW3200L.
6. Ophthalmic Image Quality & Pre-Filtering Assessment (FQ_Datasets): Automated detection of non-diagnostic fundus images, lens opacity, uneven illumination, and motion artifacts for reliable clinical pipeline pre-filtering.
7. Dual-View Diabetic Retinopathy Grading (deepdrid): Multi-field consistency and lesion grading combining macular and optic disc perspectives.
8. Multi-Center Glaucoma Screening & Cup-to-Disc Ratio Estimation (kaggle_glaucoma_v4, DGOCF): Optic nerve head segmentation, vertical cup-to-disc ratio (vCDR) calculation, and multi-device glaucoma detection.

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8. Quick Start: Extraction & Usage Guide

A. Download & Extract Archives (Linux / macOS)

To extract multi-part .tar.zst archives with maximum parallelism:

# Install zstd if not present
sudo apt-get install -y zstd  # Ubuntu/Debian
brew install zstd             # macOS

# Extract all shards for a specific dataset (e.g., BUltrasound)
cat archives/BUltrasound/BUltrasound-*.tar.zst | tar -I zstd -xvf - -C /path/to/destination/

B. Python Fast Metadata Query

import pandas as pd

# Read metadata directly from Hugging Face or local path
df = pd.read_parquet("metadata/adapter_manifest_reviewed.parquet", 
                     columns=["image_id", "modality_subtype", "device_model", "hospital_domain"])

# Filter for SS-OCT B-scans from Topcon Triton
topcon_oct = df[(df["modality_subtype"] == "oct_bscan") & (df["device_model"] == "DRI OCT Triton")]
print(f"Loaded {len(topcon_oct)} Topcon SS-OCT B-scans")

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9. Citation & Acknowledgments

If you use this benchmark or any subsets in your research, please cite:

@dataset{mm_ophbench2026,
  title={MM-OphBench: A Multi-Center Multimodal Clinical Ophthalmic Benchmark Dataset},
  author={Zhejiang University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, InEye Hospital, Xiangya Hospital, and Contributors},
  year={2026},
  publisher={Hugging Face},
  howpublished={\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/Kaphathy/Dataset}}
}

10. License & Terms of Use

• The aggregated metadata and clinical annotations are made available under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
• Research use only. Not for direct diagnostic or medical intervention without regulatory clearance.