answer string | choices dict | id string | kind string | lang string | question string | steps list | subject string | text string | topic string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(A) Tiktaalik; the flat-headed fossil bears fins with wrist-like bones between fish and tetrapods. | {
"A": "Tiktaalik",
"B": "Archaeopteryx",
"C": "Trilobite",
"D": "Ammonite"
} | bio_0801 | multiple_choice | en | Which fossil links fish to tetrapods? | [
"Eliminate bird links.",
"Eliminate shelled swimmers.",
"Choose Tiktaalik."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Tiktaalik bridges fins and limbs.
Steps:
1. Eliminate bird links.
2. Eliminate shelled swimmers.
3. Choose Tiktaalik.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Desert; deserts receive the least rainfall of any biome. | {
"A": "Savanna",
"B": "Taiga",
"C": "Desert",
"D": "Tundra"
} | bio_0802 | multiple_choice | en | Which biome is driest? | [
"Eliminate wet forests.",
"Spot least rainfall.",
"Choose desert."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Deserts drink least.
Steps:
1. Eliminate wet forests.
2. Spot least rainfall.
3. Choose desert.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(D) Heart muscle; cardiac muscle contracts tirelessly for a lifetime without fatigue. | {
"A": "Biceps",
"B": "Quadriceps",
"C": "Masseter",
"D": "Heart muscle"
} | bio_0803 | multiple_choice | en | Which muscle never tires? | [
"Eliminate skeletal muscles.",
"Spot tireless cardiac.",
"Choose heart muscle."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Hearts beat untiring.
Steps:
1. Eliminate skeletal muscles.
2. Spot tireless cardiac.
3. Choose heart muscle.
Answer: (D) | physiology |
(B) Cellulose; humans lack enzymes to digest cellulose, so it passes as fiber. | {
"A": "Starch",
"B": "Cellulose",
"C": "Glycogen",
"D": "Sucrose"
} | bio_0804 | multiple_choice | en | Which carbohydrate is indigestible fiber for humans? | [
"Eliminate digestible starch.",
"Eliminate animal storage.",
"Choose cellulose."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Cellulose passes as fiber.
Steps:
1. Eliminate digestible starch.
2. Eliminate animal storage.
3. Choose cellulose.
Answer: (B) | biochemistry |
(D) 46; tělní buňky nesou dvě sady po 23 chromozomech. | {
"A": "23",
"B": "92",
"C": "44",
"D": "46"
} | bio_0805 | multiple_choice | cs | Kolik chromozomů má lidská tělní buňka? | [
"Vylučte poloviční sady.",
"Sečtěte dvě sady.",
"Zvolte 46."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Tělní buňky mají 46.
Steps:
1. Vylučte poloviční sady.
2. Sečtěte dvě sady.
3. Zvolte 46.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(C) Aa x aa; the test cross yields dominant and recessive phenotypes equally. | {
"A": "Aa x Aa",
"B": "AA x AA",
"C": "Aa x aa",
"D": "aa x aa"
} | bio_0806 | multiple_choice | en | Which cross gives a 1:1 phenotype ratio? | [
"Eliminate 3:1 squares.",
"Eliminate uniform crosses.",
"Choose Aa x aa."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Test crosses split half-half.
Steps:
1. Eliminate 3:1 squares.
2. Eliminate uniform crosses.
3. Choose Aa x aa.
Answer: (C) | genetics |
About 4.5 billion years old; 50 percent remaining means one half-life of uranium-238 passed. | null | bio_0807 | worked_example | en | Uranium-238 has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. A mineral holds 50 percent of its original uranium-238. Estimate its age. | [
"Note 50 percent = (1/2)^1.",
"Count 1 half-life.",
"Report 4.5 billion years.",
"Recompute: (1/2)^1 = 0.5."
] | biology | Answer: About 4.5 billion years old.
Steps:
1. Note 50 percent = (1/2)^1.
2. Count 1 half-life.
3. Report 4.5 billion years.
4. Recompute: (1/2)^1 = 0.5. | evolution |
160 wolves roam; 20 packs times 8 wolves each gives the population. | null | bio_0808 | worked_example | en | A reserve holds 20 wolf packs of 8 wolves each. Calculate the wolf population. | [
"Multiply 20 x 8 = 160.",
"Recompute: 160 / 20 = 8.",
"Report 160 wolves."
] | biology | Answer: 160 wolves.
Steps:
1. Multiply 20 x 8 = 160.
2. Recompute: 160 / 20 = 8.
3. Report 160 wolves. | ecology |
0.2 square meters burn; 10 percent of the 2 m² skin gives the injured area. | null | bio_0809 | worked_example | en | Skin area is 2 m² and sunburn covers 10 percent. Calculate the burned area. | [
"Convert 10 percent = 0.10.",
"Multiply 2 x 0.10 = 0.2.",
"Recompute: 0.2/2 = 0.10."
] | biology | Answer: 0.2 m².
Steps:
1. Convert 10 percent = 0.10.
2. Multiply 2 x 0.10 = 0.2.
3. Recompute: 0.2/2 = 0.10. | physiology |
117 gramů; 2 moly krát 58,5 gramu na mol dá hmotnost soli. | null | bio_0810 | worked_example | cs | Sůl NaCl má molární hmotnost 58,5 g/mol. Vypočítejte hmotnost 2 molů. | [
"Vynásobte 2 x 58,5 = 117.",
"Přepočítejte: 117 / 58,5 = 2.",
"Uveďte 117 g."
] | biology | Answer: 117 g.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 2 x 58,5 = 117.
2. Přepočítejte: 117 / 58,5 = 2.
3. Uveďte 117 g. | biochemistry |
20 mL of culture suffice; 100,000 cells divided by 5000 per mL gives the volume. | null | bio_0811 | worked_example | en | A culture holds 5000 cells per mL. What volume holds 100,000 cells? | [
"Divide 100000 / 5000 = 20 mL.",
"Recompute: 20 x 5000 = 100000.",
"Report 20 mL."
] | biology | Answer: 20 mL.
Steps:
1. Divide 100000 / 5000 = 20 mL.
2. Recompute: 20 x 5000 = 100000.
3. Report 20 mL. | cell_biology |
Fathers give sons their Y chromosome and keep their X for daughters, so X-linked traits flow father-to-daughter but never father-to-son. | null | bio_0812 | concept | en | Explain why fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to sons. | [
"Give sons the Y.",
"Keep X for daughters.",
"Break father-son X flow."
] | biology | Answer: Sons skip father's X.
Steps:
1. Give sons the Y.
2. Keep X for daughters.
3. Break father-son X flow. | genetics |
Retaining embryos inside protects them from predators and cold, evolving repeatedly in mammals, some sharks, and even lizards. | null | bio_0813 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of live birth. | [
"Retain embryos inside.",
"Shield them from cold.",
"Evolve it repeatedly."
] | biology | Answer: Wombs shelter young within.
Steps:
1. Retain embryos inside.
2. Shield them from cold.
3. Evolve it repeatedly. | evolution |
Spring pools that dry by summer exclude fish, giving frogs and salamanders predator-free nurseries for a few precious weeks. | null | bio_0814 | concept | en | Explain vernal pools and amphibian breeding. | [
"Pool spring rains.",
"Exclude fish by drying.",
"Nurse tadpoles briefly."
] | biology | Answer: Fleeting pools nurse amphibians.
Steps:
1. Pool spring rains.
2. Exclude fish by drying.
3. Nurse tadpoles briefly. | ecology |
Neuron má tělo s jádrem, dendrity přijímající signály a axon vedoucí vzruch dál; myelinová pochva vedení zrychluje. | null | bio_0815 | concept | cs | Popište stavbu neuronu. | [
"Popište tělo s jádrem.",
"Přijímejte dendrity.",
"Veďte axonem dál."
] | biology | Answer: Neuron přijímá, vede a předává.
Steps:
1. Popište tělo s jádrem.
2. Přijímejte dendrity.
3. Veďte axonem dál. | physiology |
Long fatty chains esterified to alcohols make waxes that seal leaves, feathers, and ears against water loss and germs. | null | bio_0816 | concept | en | Explain waxes and their waterproofing roles. | [
"Esterify chains to alcohols.",
"Coat leaves and feathers.",
"Repel water and germs."
] | biology | Answer: Waxes seal life dry.
Steps:
1. Esterify chains to alcohols.
2. Coat leaves and feathers.
3. Repel water and germs. | biochemistry |
Spot-weld proteins rivet skin cells together so sheets stretch without tearing, failing only in blistering diseases. | null | bio_0817 | concept | en | Explain desmosomes and strong skin. | [
"Rivet cells with welds.",
"Stretch sheets safely.",
"Blister when welds fail."
] | biology | Answer: Desmosomes rivet skin tough.
Steps:
1. Rivet cells with welds.
2. Stretch sheets safely.
3. Blister when welds fail. | cell_biology |
Repeat tracts lengthen in eggs and sperm, so children inherit longer expansions and earlier, harsher disease than their parents. | null | bio_0818 | concept | en | Explain anticipation in repeat-expansion diseases. | [
"Lengthen repeats in gametes.",
"Inherit longer tracts.",
"Strike earlier each generation."
] | biology | Answer: Repeats worsen down generations.
Steps:
1. Lengthen repeats in gametes.
2. Inherit longer tracts.
3. Strike earlier each generation. | genetics |
Warming eggs, feeding chicks, and mobbing predators raise survival enough to repay parents despite the exhausting cost. | null | bio_0819 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of parental care in birds. | [
"Warm eggs constantly.",
"Feed chicks tirelessly.",
"Repay costs in survivors."
] | biology | Answer: Bird care buys survivors.
Steps:
1. Warm eggs constantly.
2. Feed chicks tirelessly.
3. Repay costs in survivors. | evolution |
Biom je rozsáhlá oblast se stejným podnebím a rostlinstvem, například tundra, tajga nebo poušť. | null | bio_0820 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to biom. | [
"Definujte oblast s podnebím.",
"Přiřaďte rostlinstvo.",
"Uveďte příklady."
] | biology | Answer: Biom je podnebný celek života.
Steps:
1. Definujte oblast s podnebím.
2. Přiřaďte rostlinstvo.
3. Uveďte příklady. | ecology |
(B) Rods and cones; retinal photoreceptors convert light into nerve signals. | {
"A": "Hair cells",
"B": "Rods and cones",
"C": "Taste buds",
"D": "Olfactory cells"
} | bio_0821 | multiple_choice | en | Which cells detect light in the eye? | [
"Eliminate ear cells.",
"Spot retinal receptors.",
"Choose rods and cones."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Rods and cones see.
Steps:
1. Eliminate ear cells.
2. Spot retinal receptors.
3. Choose rods and cones.
Answer: (B) | physiology |
(D) 2; lower pH means stronger acidity, so 2 beats 6, 7, and 9. | {
"A": "6",
"B": "9",
"C": "7",
"D": "2"
} | bio_0822 | multiple_choice | en | Which pH is most acidic? | [
"Eliminate basic values.",
"Eliminate weak acids.",
"Choose 2."
] | biology | Answer: (D) pH 2 bites most.
Steps:
1. Eliminate basic values.
2. Eliminate weak acids.
3. Choose 2.
Answer: (D) | biochemistry |
(A) Cytoskeleton; actin and microtubule networks brace the cell's shape. | {
"A": "Cytoskeleton",
"B": "Nucleolus",
"C": "Lysosome",
"D": "Vacuole"
} | bio_0823 | multiple_choice | en | Which structure gives the cell its shape? | [
"Eliminate makers.",
"Eliminate sacs.",
"Choose cytoskeleton."
] | biology | Answer: (A) The cytoskeleton braces cells.
Steps:
1. Eliminate makers.
2. Eliminate sacs.
3. Choose cytoskeleton.
Answer: (A) | cell_biology |
(C) Allele; alleles are the variant forms of a gene. | {
"A": "Genome",
"B": "Genotype",
"C": "Allele",
"D": "Karyotype"
} | bio_0824 | multiple_choice | en | Which term describes variant forms of a gene? | [
"Eliminate whole sets.",
"Eliminate pictures.",
"Choose allele."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Variants are alleles.
Steps:
1. Eliminate whole sets.
2. Eliminate pictures.
3. Choose allele.
Answer: (C) | genetics |
(A) Kenozoikum; savci v něm ovládli souš, moře i vzduch. | {
"A": "Kenozoikum",
"B": "Mezozoikum",
"C": "Paleozoikum",
"D": "Proterozoikum"
} | bio_0825 | multiple_choice | cs | Která éra je érou savců? | [
"Vylučte éru dinosaurů.",
"Přiřaďte savce kenozoiku.",
"Zvolte kenozoikum."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Savci vládnou kenozoiku.
Steps:
1. Vylučte éru dinosaurů.
2. Přiřaďte savce kenozoiku.
3. Zvolte kenozoikum.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Wolf; apex wolves hunt deer and elk with no natural predators above them. | {
"A": "Rabbit",
"B": "Mouse",
"C": "Wolf",
"D": "Deer"
} | bio_0826 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a top predator? | [
"Eliminate prey species.",
"Spot apex hunter.",
"Choose wolf."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Wolves crown food webs.
Steps:
1. Eliminate prey species.
2. Spot apex hunter.
3. Choose wolf.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
0.01 seconds, i.e. 10 ms; 1 meter divided by 100 meters per second gives the travel time. | null | bio_0827 | worked_example | en | A nerve impulse travels 100 m/s along a 1 m nerve. Calculate the travel time. | [
"Divide 1 / 100 = 0.01 s.",
"Convert to 10 ms.",
"Recompute: 0.01 x 100 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 0.01 s, i.e. 10 ms.
Steps:
1. Divide 1 / 100 = 0.01 s.
2. Convert to 10 ms.
3. Recompute: 0.01 x 100 = 1. | physiology |
10 percent protein; 5 grams of 50 grams gives the protein share. | null | bio_0828 | worked_example | en | Bread weighing 50 g contains 5 g of protein. Calculate the protein percent. | [
"Divide 5 / 50 = 0.10.",
"Convert to 10 percent.",
"Recompute: 50 x 0.10 = 5."
] | biology | Answer: 10 percent.
Steps:
1. Divide 5 / 50 = 0.10.
2. Convert to 10 percent.
3. Recompute: 50 x 0.10 = 5. | biochemistry |
1 trillion mitochondria; 1000 per cell over 1 billion cells sums the powerhouses. | null | bio_0829 | worked_example | en | A tissue has 1 billion cells with 1000 mitochondria each. Calculate total mitochondria. | [
"Multiply 1e9 x 1000 = 1e12.",
"Report 1 trillion.",
"Recompute: 1e12 / 1e9 = 1000."
] | biology | Answer: 1 trillion.
Steps:
1. Multiply 1e9 x 1000 = 1e12.
2. Report 1 trillion.
3. Recompute: 1e12 / 1e9 = 1000. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/2, tedy 50 procent; křížení Ll x ll dá Ll a ll stejně často. | null | bio_0830 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení Ll x ll vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem ll. | [
"Vypište potomky: Ll nebo ll.",
"Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.",
"Převeďte na 50 procent.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/2, tedy 50 procent.
Steps:
1. Vypište potomky: Ll nebo ll.
2. Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.
3. Převeďte na 50 procent.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. | genetics |
160 carriers in 500; 2pq of 0.32 times 500 gives the expected count. | null | bio_0831 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p=0.8 and q=0.2 in 500 diploid individuals. How many carriers are expected? | [
"Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.8 x 0.2 = 0.32.",
"Multiply 0.32 x 500 = 160.",
"Recompute: 160/500 = 0.32."
] | biology | Answer: 160 carriers.
Steps:
1. Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.8 x 0.2 = 0.32.
2. Multiply 0.32 x 500 = 160.
3. Recompute: 160/500 = 0.32. | evolution |
Centuries-old giants layer canopies, nurse seedlings on fallen logs, and shelter spotted owls in unmatched complexity. | null | bio_0832 | concept | en | Explain old-growth forests and their ecology. | [
"Grow giants for centuries.",
"Layer canopies deep.",
"Nurse life on logs."
] | biology | Answer: Old growth layers ancient life.
Steps:
1. Grow giants for centuries.
2. Layer canopies deep.
3. Nurse life on logs. | ecology |
Tight vessel walls and astrocyte feet bar germs and toxins from the brain while admitting glucose and oxygen. | null | bio_0833 | concept | en | Explain the blood-brain barrier. | [
"Seal vessels tight.",
"Bar germs and toxins.",
"Admit fuel only."
] | biology | Answer: The barrier guards the brain.
Steps:
1. Seal vessels tight.
2. Bar germs and toxins.
3. Admit fuel only. | physiology |
Between meals the liver builds glucose from amino acids and glycerol, keeping blood sugar steady through the night. | null | bio_0834 | concept | en | Explain gluconeogenesis between meals. | [
"Burn through dinner sugar.",
"Build glucose from protein.",
"Steady blood till breakfast."
] | biology | Answer: Livers brew night sugar.
Steps:
1. Burn through dinner sugar.
2. Build glucose from protein.
3. Steady blood till breakfast. | biochemistry |
Buněčná stěna z celulózy obklopuje rostlinnou buňku, drží její tvar a chrání před prasknutím při nasávání vody. | null | bio_0835 | concept | cs | Popište buněčnou stěnu rostlin. | [
"Popište celulózový obal.",
"Uveďte držení tvaru.",
"Vysvětlete ochranu před prasknutím."
] | biology | Answer: Stěna pancéřuje rostlinnou buňku.
Steps:
1. Popište celulózový obal.
2. Uveďte držení tvaru.
3. Vysvětlete ochranu před prasknutím. | cell_biology |
Doctors extract patient cells, insert working gene copies, and return them, curing immune and blood disorders at their DNA root. | null | bio_0836 | concept | en | Explain ex vivo gene therapy. | [
"Extract patient cells.",
"Insert working genes.",
"Return cured cells."
] | biology | Answer: Gene therapy rewrites sick cells.
Steps:
1. Extract patient cells.
2. Insert working genes.
3. Return cured cells. | genetics |
Isolation grows giant tortoises where predators vanish and shrinks mammoths where food runs short, scaling bodies to island means. | null | bio_0837 | concept | en | Explain island gigantism and dwarfism. | [
"Lose island predators.",
"Grow giants unafraid.",
"Shrink hungry dwarfs."
] | biology | Answer: Islands resize their beasts.
Steps:
1. Lose island predators.
2. Grow giants unafraid.
3. Shrink hungry dwarfs. | evolution |
Below 1000 meters no sunlight penetrates, so anglerfish lure prey with living lanterns in freezing, crushing dark. | null | bio_0838 | concept | en | Describe the ocean midnight zone. | [
"Sink below sunlight.",
"Freeze in crushing dark.",
"Lure prey with lanterns."
] | biology | Answer: Midnight seas glow with hunters.
Steps:
1. Sink below sunlight.
2. Freeze in crushing dark.
3. Lure prey with lanterns. | ecology |
REM sleep paralyzes muscles while the brain replays the day in vivid dreams that consolidate learning and mood. | null | bio_0839 | concept | en | Explain REM sleep and dreaming. | [
"Paralyze sleeping muscles.",
"Replay days vividly.",
"Consolidate learning."
] | biology | Answer: REM dreams file the day.
Steps:
1. Paralyze sleeping muscles.
2. Replay days vividly.
3. Consolidate learning. | physiology |
Minerální látky jako vápník, železo a jód staví kosti, krev a hormony; tělo je potřebuje v malých, ale nutných dávkách. | null | bio_0840 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co jsou to minerální látky. | [
"Vyjmenujte vápník a železo.",
"Uveďte stavbu kostí a krve.",
"Zdůrazněte nutné dávky."
] | biology | Answer: Minerály staví tělo v dávkách.
Steps:
1. Vyjmenujte vápník a železo.
2. Uveďte stavbu kostí a krve.
3. Zdůrazněte nutné dávky. | biochemistry |
(D) Anaphase; anaphase follows metaphase as chromatids separate toward the poles. | {
"A": "Prophase",
"B": "Telophase",
"C": "Interphase",
"D": "Anaphase"
} | bio_0841 | multiple_choice | en | Which phase follows metaphase in mitosis? | [
"Eliminate earlier phases.",
"Spot separating phase.",
"Choose anaphase."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Anaphase follows metaphase.
Steps:
1. Eliminate earlier phases.
2. Spot separating phase.
3. Choose anaphase.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(B) AA; homozygous genotypes make only one gamete type, here all A. | {
"A": "Aa",
"B": "AA",
"C": "AaBb",
"D": "AaBB"
} | bio_0842 | multiple_choice | en | Which genotype can produce only one gamete type? | [
"Eliminate mixed genotypes.",
"Spot pure AA.",
"Choose AA."
] | biology | Answer: (B) AA breeds true.
Steps:
1. Eliminate mixed genotypes.
2. Spot pure AA.
3. Choose AA.
Answer: (B) | genetics |
(A) Homo erectus; hearths and burned bones show erectus mastered fire nearly a million years ago. | {
"A": "Homo erectus",
"B": "Neanderthals",
"C": "Homo habilis",
"D": "Australopithecus"
} | bio_0843 | multiple_choice | en | Which hominin first used fire regularly? | [
"Eliminate later humans.",
"Eliminate pre-fire apes.",
"Choose Homo erectus."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Erectus tamed fire.
Steps:
1. Eliminate later humans.
2. Eliminate pre-fire apes.
3. Choose Homo erectus.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Bacteria; nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert inert N2 into usable compounds in soil and roots. | {
"A": "Fungi",
"B": "Earthworms",
"C": "Bacteria",
"D": "Mosses"
} | bio_0844 | multiple_choice | en | Which organisms fix atmospheric nitrogen? | [
"Eliminate decomposers.",
"Spot N2 fixers.",
"Choose bacteria."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Bacteria fix nitrogen.
Steps:
1. Eliminate decomposers.
2. Spot N2 fixers.
3. Choose bacteria.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(C) D; sluneční záření mění prekurzor v kůži na vitamín D. | {
"A": "C",
"B": "B12",
"C": "D",
"D": "K"
} | bio_0845 | multiple_choice | cs | Který vitamín se tvoří v kůži na slunci? | [
"Vylučte vitamíny z potravy.",
"Přiřaďte slunce déčku.",
"Zvolte D."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Slunce tvoří vitamín D.
Steps:
1. Vylučte vitamíny z potravy.
2. Přiřaďte slunce déčku.
3. Zvolte D.
Answer: (C) | physiology |
(A) Phosphodiester; phosphodiester links join nucleotides into each DNA strand. | {
"A": "Phosphodiester",
"B": "Hydrogen",
"C": "Peptide",
"D": "Ionic"
} | bio_0846 | multiple_choice | en | Which bond links nucleotides in the DNA backbone? | [
"Eliminate strand zippers.",
"Spot backbone links.",
"Choose phosphodiester."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Backbones link phosphodiester.
Steps:
1. Eliminate strand zippers.
2. Spot backbone links.
3. Choose phosphodiester.
Answer: (A) | biochemistry |
100 root hairs span 1 mm; 1000 micrometers divided by 10 gives the count. | null | bio_0847 | worked_example | en | Root hairs are 10 µm wide. How many span 1 mm? | [
"Convert 1 mm = 1000 µm.",
"Divide 1000 / 10 = 100.",
"Recompute: 100 x 10 = 1000."
] | biology | Answer: 100 hairs.
Steps:
1. Convert 1 mm = 1000 µm.
2. Divide 1000 / 10 = 100.
3. Recompute: 100 x 10 = 1000. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/4, i.e. 25 percent; the Mm x Mm square yields one MM in four. | null | bio_0848 | worked_example | en | For the cross Mm x Mm, calculate the probability of MM offspring. | [
"List square: MM, Mm, Mm, mm.",
"Count MM: 1 of 4.",
"Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/4, i.e. 25 percent.
Steps:
1. List square: MM, Mm, Mm, mm.
2. Count MM: 1 of 4.
3. Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1. | genetics |
q equals 0.2, p equals 0.8, and carriers equal 32 percent; the square root of 0.04 gives q. | null | bio_0849 | worked_example | en | In a fox population, 4 percent show a recessive trait. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate q, p, and the carrier frequency. | [
"q = sqrt(0.04) = 0.2.",
"p = 1 - 0.2 = 0.8.",
"2pq = 2 x 0.8 x 0.2 = 0.32.",
"Recompute: 0.64+0.04+0.32=1.0."
] | biology | Answer: q=0.2, p=0.8, carriers=32%.
Steps:
1. q = sqrt(0.04) = 0.2.
2. p = 1 - 0.2 = 0.8.
3. 2pq = 2 x 0.8 x 0.2 = 0.32.
4. Recompute: 0.64+0.04+0.32=1.0. | evolution |
Na louce žije asi 96 srn; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_0850 | worked_example | cs | Louka má 12 hektarů a hustota je 8 srn na hektar. Vypočítejte počet srn. | [
"Vynásobte 12 x 8 = 96.",
"Přepočítejte: 96 / 12 = 8.",
"Uveďte asi 96 srn."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 96 srn.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 12 x 8 = 96.
2. Přepočítejte: 96 / 12 = 8.
3. Uveďte asi 96 srn. | ecology |
315 liters per hour; 70 mL times 75 beats times 60 minutes gives hourly output. | null | bio_0851 | worked_example | en | A heart ejects 70 mL per beat at 75 beats per minute. Calculate liters pumped in one hour. | [
"Per minute: 70 x 75 = 5250 mL.",
"Per hour: 5250 x 60 = 315000 mL.",
"Convert to 315 L.",
"Recompute: 315 x 1000 / 60 / 75 = 70."
] | biology | Answer: 315 L per hour.
Steps:
1. Per minute: 70 x 75 = 5250 mL.
2. Per hour: 5250 x 60 = 315000 mL.
3. Convert to 315 L.
4. Recompute: 315 x 1000 / 60 / 75 = 70. | physiology |
Selenium arms glutathione peroxidase that neutralizes peroxides, so trace selenium shields cells from oxidative damage. | null | bio_0852 | concept | en | Explain the role of selenium in antioxidant enzymes. | [
"Arm peroxidase with selenium.",
"Neutralize peroxides.",
"Shield cells from oxidation."
] | biology | Answer: Selenium arms peroxide defense.
Steps:
1. Arm peroxidase with selenium.
2. Neutralize peroxides.
3. Shield cells from oxidation. | biochemistry |
Spindle fibers tug chromosomes to the cell equator and hold them in a congressed plate until all kinetochores attach correctly. | null | bio_0853 | concept | en | Explain the metaphase plate and congression. | [
"Tug chromosomes centrally.",
"Congress them in line.",
"Wait for full attachment."
] | biology | Answer: Chromosomes queue at metaphase.
Steps:
1. Tug chromosomes centrally.
2. Congress them in line.
3. Wait for full attachment. | cell_biology |
Rescue of trisomy can leave both copies from one parent, unmasking imprinting disorders when the missing parent's genes stay silent. | null | bio_0854 | concept | en | Explain uniparental disomy. | [
"Rescue trisomy unevenly.",
"Keep one parent's pair.",
"Unmask imprinted harm."
] | biology | Answer: Two copies, one parent, hidden harm.
Steps:
1. Rescue trisomy unevenly.
2. Keep one parent's pair.
3. Unmask imprinted harm. | genetics |
Člověk se vyvinul z afrických hominidů: vzpřímená chůze, větší mozek a nástroje vedly přes Homo erectus až k Homo sapiens. | null | bio_0855 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete vznik člověka. | [
"Vyjděte z afrických hominidů.",
"Vztyčte chůzi a zvětšete mozek.",
"Dojděte k Homo sapiens."
] | biology | Answer: Člověk vzešel z Afriky vzpřímeně.
Steps:
1. Vyjděte z afrických hominidů.
2. Vztyčte chůzi a zvětšete mozek.
3. Dojděte k Homo sapiens. | evolution |
Deep-rooted grasses feed bison herds whose grazing and trampling renew the plains that once stretched across a continent. | null | bio_0856 | concept | en | Describe the prairie biome and bison grazing. | [
"Root grasses deep.",
"Graze herds across.",
"Renew plains by trampling."
] | biology | Answer: Bison mow the prairie.
Steps:
1. Root grasses deep.
2. Graze herds across.
3. Renew plains by trampling. | ecology |
The thymus schools young T cells to attack invaders yet spare the self, shrinking after childhood once the repertoire is set. | null | bio_0857 | concept | en | Explain the thymus in immunity. | [
"School young T cells.",
"Spare the self.",
"Shrink after childhood."
] | biology | Answer: The thymus trains T cells.
Steps:
1. School young T cells.
2. Spare the self.
3. Shrink after childhood. | physiology |
Statins mimic the natural substrate of HMG-CoA reductase, slowing cholesterol synthesis and cutting heart-attack risk. | null | bio_0858 | concept | en | Explain statins as competitive inhibitors. | [
"Mimic the true substrate.",
"Slow cholesterol factory.",
"Cut heart-attack risk."
] | biology | Answer: Statins fake out cholesterol enzymes.
Steps:
1. Mimic the true substrate.
2. Slow cholesterol factory.
3. Cut heart-attack risk. | biochemistry |
An actin-myosin ring cinches the cell's waist and pinches one cell into two, failing into binucleate cells when blocked. | null | bio_0859 | concept | en | Explain the contractile ring in cell division. | [
"Ring the cell waist.",
"Cinch actin-myosin tight.",
"Pinch one into two."
] | biology | Answer: Rings pinch cells in two.
Steps:
1. Ring the cell waist.
2. Cinch actin-myosin tight.
3. Pinch one into two. | cell_biology |
Chromozom je svinutá molekula DNA s bílkovinami; člověk má 46 chromozomů ve 23 párech. | null | bio_0860 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to chromozom. | [
"Definujte svinutou DNA.",
"Spočítejte 46 chromozomů.",
"Uspořádejte je do párů."
] | biology | Answer: Chromozom je balíček DNA.
Steps:
1. Definujte svinutou DNA.
2. Spočítejte 46 chromozomů.
3. Uspořádejte je do párů. | genetics |
(B) Mesozoic; the first small mammals appeared in the Triassic period of the Mesozoic. | {
"A": "Cenozoic",
"B": "Mesozoic",
"C": "Paleozoic",
"D": "Precambrian"
} | bio_0861 | multiple_choice | en | In which era did the first mammals appear? | [
"Eliminate mammal reign.",
"Spot Triassic origins.",
"Choose Mesozoic."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Mammals began Mesozoic.
Steps:
1. Eliminate mammal reign.
2. Spot Triassic origins.
3. Choose Mesozoic.
Answer: (B) | evolution |
(D) Methane; methane traps far more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide. | {
"A": "Oxygen",
"B": "Nitrogen",
"C": "Hydrogen",
"D": "Methane"
} | bio_0862 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a greenhouse gas? | [
"Eliminate air bulk.",
"Spot heat trapper.",
"Choose methane."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Methane traps heat.
Steps:
1. Eliminate air bulk.
2. Spot heat trapper.
3. Choose methane.
Answer: (D) | ecology |
(A) Myoglobin; muscles stock oxygen on myoglobin for sudden effort. | {
"A": "Myoglobin",
"B": "Hemoglobin",
"C": "Collagen",
"D": "Keratin"
} | bio_0863 | multiple_choice | en | Which protein stores oxygen in muscle? | [
"Eliminate blood carrier.",
"Spot muscle stock.",
"Choose myoglobin."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Myoglobin stocks muscle oxygen.
Steps:
1. Eliminate blood carrier.
2. Spot muscle stock.
3. Choose myoglobin.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) Phospholipid; phospholipid bilayers form the fabric of all cell membranes. | {
"A": "Triglyceride",
"B": "Wax",
"C": "Phospholipid",
"D": "Fatty acid"
} | bio_0864 | multiple_choice | en | Which lipid forms cell membranes? | [
"Eliminate storage fats.",
"Spot bilayer builders.",
"Choose phospholipid."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Phospholipids tile membranes.
Steps:
1. Eliminate storage fats.
2. Spot bilayer builders.
3. Choose phospholipid.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
(A) Ribozom; na ribozomech se podle mRNA skládají aminokyseliny do bílkovin. | {
"A": "Ribozom",
"B": "Lyzozom",
"C": "Vakuola",
"D": "Centriola"
} | bio_0865 | multiple_choice | cs | Která organela vyrábí bílkoviny? | [
"Vylučte trávicí váčky.",
"Přiřaďte syntézu ribozomům.",
"Zvolte ribozom."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Bílkoviny vyrábějí ribozomy.
Steps:
1. Vylučte trávicí váčky.
2. Přiřaďte syntézu ribozomům.
3. Zvolte ribozom.
Answer: (A) | cell_biology |
(D) O; group O red cells carry neither A nor B antigens. | {
"A": "A",
"B": "B",
"C": "AB",
"D": "O"
} | bio_0866 | multiple_choice | en | Which blood group has no antigens? | [
"Eliminate antigen carriers.",
"Spot bare red cells.",
"Choose O."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Group O runs bare.
Steps:
1. Eliminate antigen carriers.
2. Spot bare red cells.
3. Choose O.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
Heritability is 0.5; the 1 mm response over the 2 mm selection difference gives the ratio. | null | bio_0867 | worked_example | en | Finch beaks average 12 mm. Selected parents average 14 mm and their offspring average 13 mm. Estimate heritability. | [
"Selection S = 14 - 12 = 2.",
"Response R = 13 - 12 = 1.",
"Divide h² = 1 / 2 = 0.5.",
"Recompute: 12 + 0.5 x 2 = 13."
] | biology | Answer: Heritability 0.5.
Steps:
1. Selection S = 14 - 12 = 2.
2. Response R = 13 - 12 = 1.
3. Divide h² = 1 / 2 = 0.5.
4. Recompute: 12 + 0.5 x 2 = 13. | evolution |
600 frogs croak; 3 hectares times 200 frogs each gives the chorus. | null | bio_0868 | worked_example | en | A pond covers 3 hectares with 200 frogs per hectare. Calculate the frogs. | [
"Multiply 3 x 200 = 600.",
"Recompute: 600 / 3 = 200.",
"Report 600 frogs."
] | biology | Answer: 600 frogs.
Steps:
1. Multiply 3 x 200 = 600.
2. Recompute: 600 / 3 = 200.
3. Report 600 frogs. | ecology |
180 liters filter daily; 125 mL per minute over 1440 minutes gives the glomerular total. | null | bio_0869 | worked_example | en | Kidneys filter 125 mL per minute. Calculate daily filtration in liters. | [
"Note 24 h = 1440 min.",
"Multiply 125 x 1440 = 180000 mL.",
"Convert to 180 L.",
"Recompute: 180 x 1000 / 1440 = 125."
] | biology | Answer: 180 L per day.
Steps:
1. Note 24 h = 1440 min.
2. Multiply 125 x 1440 = 180000 mL.
3. Convert to 180 L.
4. Recompute: 180 x 1000 / 1440 = 125. | physiology |
24 gramů cukru; 30 gramů medu krát 80 procent dá cukernou část. | null | bio_0870 | worked_example | cs | Med obsahuje 80 procent cukru. Kolik gramů cukru je ve 30 g medu? | [
"Převeďte 80 procent = 0,8.",
"Vynásobte 30 x 0,8 = 24.",
"Přepočítejte: 24 / 30 = 0,8."
] | biology | Answer: 24 g cukru.
Steps:
1. Převeďte 80 procent = 0,8.
2. Vynásobte 30 x 0,8 = 24.
3. Přepočítejte: 24 / 30 = 0,8. | biochemistry |
1 billion yeast cells; 2 million per mL over 500 mL sums the vat. | null | bio_0871 | worked_example | en | A vat holds 2 million yeast cells per mL in 500 mL. Calculate total cells. | [
"Multiply 2e6 x 500 = 1e9.",
"Report 1 billion.",
"Recompute: 1e9 / 500 = 2e6."
] | biology | Answer: 1 billion cells.
Steps:
1. Multiply 2e6 x 500 = 1e9.
2. Report 1 billion.
3. Recompute: 1e9 / 500 = 2e6. | cell_biology |
Each female cell shuts one X at random early in development, balancing gene dose and creating mosaic coats in tortoiseshell cats. | null | bio_0872 | concept | en | Explain the Lyon hypothesis of X inactivation. | [
"Shut one X randomly.",
"Balance gene dose.",
"Mosaic tortoiseshell coats."
] | biology | Answer: Females mute one X each.
Steps:
1. Shut one X randomly.
2. Balance gene dose.
3. Mosaic tortoiseshell coats. | genetics |
Crows bend wire hooks and chimps fish termites with sticks, cultures passed down because clever foraging pays in calories. | null | bio_0873 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of tool use in crows and apes. | [
"Bend hooks, fish sticks.",
"Pay tools in calories.",
"Teach cultures onward."
] | biology | Answer: Tools pay in taught calories.
Steps:
1. Bend hooks, fish sticks.
2. Pay tools in calories.
3. Teach cultures onward. | evolution |
Marshes soak up floodwater, filter farm runoff, and nurseries worth billions that drainage destroys for one harvest. | null | bio_0874 | concept | en | Explain wetland ecosystem services. | [
"Soak floods in marshes.",
"Filter runoff clean.",
"Nurse fisheries billions."
] | biology | Answer: Wetlands work for free.
Steps:
1. Soak floods in marshes.
2. Filter runoff clean.
3. Nurse fisheries billions. | ecology |
Brzlík vychovává T-lymfocyty k obraně proti vetřelcům; po dětství se zmenšuje. | null | bio_0875 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete funkci brzlíku. | [
"Vychovejte T-lymfocyty.",
"Braňte proti vetřelcům.",
"Zmenšete brzlík po dětství."
] | biology | Answer: Brzlík školí obránce těla.
Steps:
1. Vychovejte T-lymfocyty.
2. Braňte proti vetřelcům.
3. Zmenšete brzlík po dětství. | physiology |
CO2 and acid loosen hemoglobin's grip so working muscles receive more oxygen exactly where they burn hardest. | null | bio_0876 | concept | en | Explain the Bohr effect in oxygen delivery. | [
"Burn fuel into acid.",
"Loosen hemoglobin grip.",
"Feed hard workers first."
] | biology | Answer: Acid aims oxygen at effort.
Steps:
1. Burn fuel into acid.
2. Loosen hemoglobin grip.
3. Feed hard workers first. | biochemistry |
Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, and vesicles trade membranes and cargo in one connected factory shipping proteins outward. | null | bio_0877 | concept | en | Explain the endomembrane system as a whole. | [
"Link envelope to ER.",
"Ship through Golgi.",
"Export by vesicles."
] | biology | Answer: Endomembranes factory-ship proteins.
Steps:
1. Link envelope to ER.
2. Ship through Golgi.
3. Export by vesicles. | cell_biology |
Matching tips on X and Y let them pair and cross over in male meiosis, swapping genes despite unequal chromosomes. | null | bio_0878 | concept | en | Explain pseudoautosomal regions of X and Y. | [
"Tip X and Y alike.",
"Pair them in meiosis.",
"Swap genes across."
] | biology | Answer: X-Y tips trade genes.
Steps:
1. Tip X and Y alike.
2. Pair them in meiosis.
3. Swap genes across. | genetics |
Complex structures once lost rarely reevolve identically, though limbless lizards and toothed frogs bend the rule. | null | bio_0879 | concept | en | Explain Dollo's law and its exceptions. | [
"Lose structures rarely regained.",
"Bend rules with lizards.",
"Note frogs reteething."
] | biology | Answer: Lost parts seldom return.
Steps:
1. Lose structures rarely regained.
2. Bend rules with lizards.
3. Note frogs reteething. | evolution |
Populace je skupina jedinců jednoho druhu, společenstvo všechny populace na místě; společenstvo se skládá z mnoha populací. | null | bio_0880 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete rozdíl mezi populací a společenstvem. | [
"Definujte populaci druhu.",
"Definujte společenstvo místa.",
"Složte společenstvo z populací."
] | biology | Answer: Společenstvo spojuje populace.
Steps:
1. Definujte populaci druhu.
2. Definujte společenstvo místa.
3. Složte společenstvo z populací. | ecology |
(C) B cells; B lymphocytes mature into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. | {
"A": "T cells",
"B": "Macrophages",
"C": "B cells",
"D": "Neutrophils"
} | bio_0881 | multiple_choice | en | Which immune cells make antibodies? | [
"Eliminate killer cells.",
"Spot plasma makers.",
"Choose B cells."
] | biology | Answer: (C) B cells brew antibodies.
Steps:
1. Eliminate killer cells.
2. Spot plasma makers.
3. Choose B cells.
Answer: (C) | physiology |
(A) Sucrose; table sugar is the disaccharide sucrose of glucose plus fructose. | {
"A": "Sucrose",
"B": "Glucose",
"C": "Fructose",
"D": "Lactose"
} | bio_0882 | multiple_choice | en | Which sugar is table sugar? | [
"Eliminate single sugars.",
"Spot glucose-fructose pair.",
"Choose sucrose."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Table sugar is sucrose.
Steps:
1. Eliminate single sugars.
2. Spot glucose-fructose pair.
3. Choose sucrose.
Answer: (A) | biochemistry |
(D) Plant cells; photosynthesis needs chloroplasts found in plant cells. | {
"A": "Animal cells",
"B": "Fungal cells",
"C": "Bacterial cells",
"D": "Plant cells"
} | bio_0883 | multiple_choice | en | Which cells have chloroplasts? | [
"Eliminate animal cells.",
"Eliminate fungi and bacteria.",
"Choose plant cells."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Plants hold chloroplasts.
Steps:
1. Eliminate animal cells.
2. Eliminate fungi and bacteria.
3. Choose plant cells.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(B) UAA; UAA, UAG, and UGA terminate protein synthesis. | {
"A": "AUG",
"B": "UAA",
"C": "UUU",
"D": "GGG"
} | bio_0884 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a stop codon? | [
"Eliminate start codon.",
"Spot terminators.",
"Choose UAA."
] | biology | Answer: (B) UAA stops translation.
Steps:
1. Eliminate start codon.
2. Spot terminators.
3. Choose UAA.
Answer: (B) | genetics |
(B) Tiktaalik; nese ploutve s kostmi zápěstí na půli cesty k nohám. | {
"A": "Archaeopteryx",
"B": "Tiktaalik",
"C": "Trilobit",
"D": "Mamut"
} | bio_0885 | multiple_choice | cs | Která fosilie spojuje ryby a čtvernožce? | [
"Vylučte ptačí spojky.",
"Přiřaďte ploutve-nohy.",
"Zvolte tiktaalika."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Tiktaalik spojuje ploutve s nohama.
Steps:
1. Vylučte ptačí spojky.
2. Přiřaďte ploutve-nohy.
3. Zvolte tiktaalika.
Answer: (B) | evolution |
(D) Savanna; lions hunt across African savanna grasslands. | {
"A": "Tundra",
"B": "Taiga",
"C": "Desert",
"D": "Savanna"
} | bio_0886 | multiple_choice | en | In which biome do lions live? | [
"Eliminate cold biomes.",
"Spot grassland hunters.",
"Choose savanna."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Lions rule savannas.
Steps:
1. Eliminate cold biomes.
2. Spot grassland hunters.
3. Choose savanna.
Answer: (D) | ecology |
2 liters of sweat daily; 2 million glands times 1 microliter each sums the flow. | null | bio_0887 | worked_example | en | The body has 2 million sweat glands making 1 µL daily each. Calculate total sweat in liters. | [
"Convert 1 µL = 1e-6 L.",
"Multiply 2e6 x 1e-6 = 2 L.",
"Recompute: 2 / 2e6 = 1e-6."
] | biology | Answer: 2 L per day.
Steps:
1. Convert 1 µL = 1e-6 L.
2. Multiply 2e6 x 1e-6 = 2 L.
3. Recompute: 2 / 2e6 = 1e-6. | physiology |
30 grams of fat; 15 percent of 200 grams gives the fat content. | null | bio_0888 | worked_example | en | An avocado weighs 200 g with 15 percent fat. Calculate fat grams. | [
"Convert 15 percent = 0.15.",
"Multiply 200 x 0.15 = 30.",
"Recompute: 30/200 = 0.15."
] | biology | Answer: 30 g of fat.
Steps:
1. Convert 15 percent = 0.15.
2. Multiply 200 x 0.15 = 30.
3. Recompute: 30/200 = 0.15. | biochemistry |
5000 cells span the colony; 1 cm holds 10,000 µm divided by 2 µm cells. | null | bio_0889 | worked_example | en | E. coli cells are 2 µm long and a colony is 1 cm across. How many cells span it? | [
"Convert 1 cm = 10000 µm.",
"Divide 10000 / 2 = 5000.",
"Recompute: 5000 x 2 = 10000."
] | biology | Answer: 5000 cells.
Steps:
1. Convert 1 cm = 10000 µm.
2. Divide 10000 / 2 = 5000.
3. Recompute: 5000 x 2 = 10000. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/4, tedy 25 procent; čtverec Nn x Nn dá jedno nn ze čtyř. | null | bio_0890 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení Nn x Nn vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem nn. | [
"Sestavte čtverec: NN, Nn, Nn, nn.",
"Spočítejte nn: 1 ze 4.",
"Převeďte na 1/4 = 25 procent.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/4 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/4, tedy 25 procent.
Steps:
1. Sestavte čtverec: NN, Nn, Nn, nn.
2. Spočítejte nn: 1 ze 4.
3. Převeďte na 1/4 = 25 procent.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/4 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1. | genetics |
98 AA individuals; p squared of 0.49 times 200 gives the expected count. | null | bio_0891 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p=0.7 in 200 diploid individuals. How many AA individuals are expected? | [
"Square p: 0.7 x 0.7 = 0.49.",
"Multiply 0.49 x 200 = 98.",
"Recompute: 98/200 = 0.49."
] | biology | Answer: 98 AA individuals.
Steps:
1. Square p: 0.7 x 0.7 = 0.49.
2. Multiply 0.49 x 200 = 98.
3. Recompute: 98/200 = 0.49. | evolution |
Giant algae anchor rocky coasts and shelter otters, urchins, and fish in underwater forests worth more than timber. | null | bio_0892 | concept | en | Explain the kelp forest ecosystem. | [
"Anchor giant algae.",
"Shelter otters and fish.",
"Outvalue timber forests."
] | biology | Answer: Kelp forests shelter seas.
Steps:
1. Anchor giant algae.
2. Shelter otters and fish.
3. Outvalue timber forests. | ecology |
Heart nerves share spinal pathways with the left arm, so the brain misreads cardiac distress as arm ache. | null | bio_0893 | concept | en | Explain referred pain in heart attacks. | [
"Share heart-arm nerves.",
"Flood spinal pathways.",
"Misread heart as arm."
] | biology | Answer: Hearts ache down arms.
Steps:
1. Share heart-arm nerves.
2. Flood spinal pathways.
3. Misread heart as arm. | physiology |
Muscles ship lactate to the liver, which rebuilds glucose and returns it, recycling sprint waste into fuel. | null | bio_0894 | concept | en | Explain the Cori cycle. | [
"Burn sugar into lactate.",
"Ship lactate to liver.",
"Rebuild glucose returned."
] | biology | Answer: Livers recycle muscle lactate.
Steps:
1. Burn sugar into lactate.
2. Ship lactate to liver.
3. Rebuild glucose returned. | biochemistry |
Lyzozom je váček s trávicími enzymy; rozkládá odpad, pohlcené bakterie a opotřebované části buňky. | null | bio_0895 | concept | cs | Popište lyzozom a jeho funkci. | [
"Popište váček s enzymy.",
"Rozložte odpad a bakterie.",
"Recyklujte části buňky."
] | biology | Answer: Lyzozom je buněčný žaludek.
Steps:
1. Popište váček s enzymy.
2. Rozložte odpad a bakterie.
3. Recyklujte části buňky. | cell_biology |
Two acrocentric chromosomes fuse at their centers, hiding an extra 21 or 13 that strikes carriers' children. | null | bio_0896 | concept | en | Explain Robertsonian translocations. | [
"Fuse two chromosomes.",
"Hide extra copies.",
"Strike carriers' children."
] | biology | Answer: Fused chromosomes hide extras.
Steps:
1. Fuse two chromosomes.
2. Hide extra copies.
3. Strike carriers' children. | genetics |
Sterile workers raising the queen's sisters spreads more shared genes than breeding alone, locking ants into cooperative castes. | null | bio_0897 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of eusociality in ants. | [
"Share sisters' genes.",
"Raise queen's brood.",
"Lock castes in place."
] | biology | Answer: Ants farm sisters' genes.
Steps:
1. Share sisters' genes.
2. Raise queen's brood.
3. Lock castes in place. | evolution |
Plankton blooms die and sink, pumping carbon into abyssal mud for centuries away from the air. | null | bio_0898 | concept | en | Explain the ocean biological pump. | [
"Bloom plankton above.",
"Sink dead carbon.",
"Bury it for centuries."
] | biology | Answer: Seas pump carbon downward.
Steps:
1. Bloom plankton above.
2. Sink dead carbon.
3. Bury it for centuries. | ecology |
Cold water on the face slows the heart and shunts blood to brain and heart, stretching oxygen for every diving mammal. | null | bio_0899 | concept | en | Explain the mammalian diving reflex. | [
"Chill face in water.",
"Slow heart down.",
"Shunt blood inward."
] | biology | Answer: Dives slow hearts, save brains.
Steps:
1. Chill face in water.
2. Slow heart down.
3. Shunt blood inward. | physiology |
Steroidy jsou lipidy se čtyřmi kruhy: patří sem cholesterol, pohlavní hormony a kortizol řídící stres. | null | bio_0900 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co jsou to steroidy. | [
"Popište čtyřkruhovou stavbu.",
"Uveďte cholesterol.",
"Uveďte hormony."
] | biology | Answer: Steroidy kroužkují hormony.
Steps:
1. Popište čtyřkruhovou stavbu.
2. Uveďte cholesterol.
3. Uveďte hormony. | biochemistry |
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