answer string | choices dict | id string | kind string | lang string | question string | steps list | subject string | text string | topic string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(B) Motor neurons; motor neurons carry commands from cord to muscles. | {
"A": "Sensory neurons",
"B": "Motor neurons",
"C": "Bipolar neurons",
"D": "Glial cells"
} | bio_1001 | multiple_choice | en | Which nerve cells carry signals to muscles? | [
"Eliminate incoming sensors.",
"Spot outgoing commanders.",
"Choose motor neurons."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Motor neurons command muscles.
Steps:
1. Eliminate incoming sensors.
2. Spot outgoing commanders.
3. Choose motor neurons.
Answer: (B) | physiology |
(D) Lactose; milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose of glucose plus galactose. | {
"A": "Sucrose",
"B": "Maltose",
"C": "Glucose",
"D": "Lactose"
} | bio_1002 | multiple_choice | en | Which disaccharide is milk sugar? | [
"Eliminate table sugar.",
"Eliminate single sugars.",
"Choose lactose."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Milk sugar is lactose.
Steps:
1. Eliminate table sugar.
2. Eliminate single sugars.
3. Choose lactose.
Answer: (D) | biochemistry |
(A) Smooth ER; the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and steroids. | {
"A": "Smooth ER",
"B": "Rough ER",
"C": "Nucleolus",
"D": "Lysosome"
} | bio_1003 | multiple_choice | en | Which organelle makes lipids? | [
"Eliminate protein makers.",
"Spot lipid factory.",
"Choose smooth ER."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Smooth ER brews lipids.
Steps:
1. Eliminate protein makers.
2. Spot lipid factory.
3. Choose smooth ER.
Answer: (A) | cell_biology |
(C) Homozygous; identical allele pairs are homozygous. | {
"A": "Heterozygous",
"B": "Hybrid",
"C": "Homozygous",
"D": "Hemizygous"
} | bio_1004 | multiple_choice | en | Which term means identical allele pairs? | [
"Eliminate mixed pairs.",
"Spot same copies.",
"Choose homozygous."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Same pairs are homozygous.
Steps:
1. Eliminate mixed pairs.
2. Spot same copies.
3. Choose homozygous.
Answer: (C) | genetics |
(A) Neandertálci; obývali Evropu a Asii před příchodem moderních lidí. | {
"A": "Neandertálci",
"B": "Denisované",
"C": "Homo habilis",
"D": "Australopitékové"
} | bio_1005 | multiple_choice | cs | Kdo žil v Evropě před moderním člověkem? | [
"Vylučte africké předky.",
"Přiřaďte Evropu neandertálcům.",
"Zvolte neandertálce."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Evropu obývali neandertálci.
Steps:
1. Vylučte africké předky.
2. Přiřaďte Evropu neandertálcům.
3. Zvolte neandertálce.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(D) Hurricane; storms strike regardless of population density. | {
"A": "Disease",
"B": "Competition",
"C": "Predation",
"D": "Hurricane"
} | bio_1006 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a density-independent factor? | [
"Eliminate crowding effects.",
"Spot random storms.",
"Choose hurricane."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Hurricanes ignore density.
Steps:
1. Eliminate crowding effects.
2. Spot random storms.
3. Choose hurricane.
Answer: (D) | ecology |
10,000 km of capillaries; 10 billion millimeters equal 10 million meters of tiny vessels. | null | bio_1007 | worked_example | en | The body has 10 billion capillaries averaging 1 mm each. Calculate total length in km. | [
"Multiply 1e10 x 1 mm = 1e10 mm.",
"Convert: 1e10 mm = 1e7 m = 10000 km.",
"Recompute: 10000 x 1e6 / 1e10 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 10000 km.
Steps:
1. Multiply 1e10 x 1 mm = 1e10 mm.
2. Convert: 1e10 mm = 1e7 m = 10000 km.
3. Recompute: 10000 x 1e6 / 1e10 = 1. | physiology |
10 grams of fat; 40 grams at 25 percent fat gives the content. | null | bio_1008 | worked_example | en | Cheese weighs 40 g with 25 g fat per 100 g. Calculate fat grams. | [
"Rate: 25/100 = 0.25.",
"Multiply 40 x 0.25 = 10.",
"Recompute: 10/40 = 0.25."
] | biology | Answer: 10 g of fat.
Steps:
1. Rate: 25/100 = 0.25.
2. Multiply 40 x 0.25 = 10.
3. Recompute: 10/40 = 0.25. | biochemistry |
200 viruses span the cell; 20,000 nm divided by 100 nm gives the count. | null | bio_1009 | worked_example | en | A virus is 100 nm wide and a cell is 20 µm wide. How many viruses span the cell? | [
"Convert 20 µm = 20000 nm.",
"Divide 20000 / 100 = 200.",
"Recompute: 200 x 100 = 20000."
] | biology | Answer: 200 viruses.
Steps:
1. Convert 20 µm = 20000 nm.
2. Divide 20000 / 100 = 200.
3. Recompute: 200 x 100 = 20000. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/4, tedy 25 procent; čtverec Rr x Rr dá jedno RR ze čtyř. | null | bio_1010 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení Rr x Rr vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem RR. | [
"Sestavte čtverec: RR, Rr, Rr, rr.",
"Spočítejte RR: 1 ze 4.",
"Převeďte na 1/4 = 25 procent.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/4 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/4, tedy 25 procent.
Steps:
1. Sestavte čtverec: RR, Rr, Rr, rr.
2. Spočítejte RR: 1 ze 4.
3. Převeďte na 1/4 = 25 procent.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/4 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1. | genetics |
200 aa individuals; q squared of 0.25 times 800 gives the expected count. | null | bio_1011 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium q=0.5 in 800 diploid individuals. How many aa individuals are expected? | [
"Square q: 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25.",
"Multiply 0.25 x 800 = 200.",
"Recompute: 200/800 = 0.25."
] | biology | Answer: 200 aa individuals.
Steps:
1. Square q: 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25.
2. Multiply 0.25 x 800 = 200.
3. Recompute: 200/800 = 0.25. | evolution |
Lightning fires recycle grass nutrients, topkill shrubs, and keep plains open for grazers that evolved with flames. | null | bio_1012 | concept | en | Explain fire ecology in grasslands. | [
"Strike plains with fire.",
"Recycle nutrients fast.",
"Keep shrubs topkilled."
] | biology | Answer: Grasslands burn to renew.
Steps:
1. Strike plains with fire.
2. Recycle nutrients fast.
3. Keep shrubs topkilled. | ecology |
The cerebellum fine-tunes movement by comparing intended and actual motion, smoothing walks that injury turns staggering. | null | bio_1013 | concept | en | Explain the cerebellum in coordination. | [
"Compare intent with motion.",
"Correct errors fast.",
"Smooth walks upright."
] | biology | Answer: The cerebellum smooths motion.
Steps:
1. Compare intent with motion.
2. Correct errors fast.
3. Smooth walks upright. | physiology |
Globular actin monomers polymerize into double-helical filaments that myosin pulls and cells crawl upon. | null | bio_1014 | concept | en | Describe the structure of actin. | [
"Ball monomers round.",
"Twist filaments double.",
"Pull with myosin."
] | biology | Answer: Actin twists pulling cables.
Steps:
1. Ball monomers round.
2. Twist filaments double.
3. Pull with myosin. | biochemistry |
Mitóza rozdělí jádro na dvě stejná: profáze, metafáze, anafáze a telofáze, pak se rozdělí i buňka. | null | bio_1015 | concept | cs | Popište buněčné dělení (mitózu). | [
"Sviňte chromozomy v profázi.",
"Seřaďte a rozveďte je.",
"Rozdělte buňku ve dví."
] | biology | Answer: Mitóza kopíruje jádro na dvakrát.
Steps:
1. Sviňte chromozomy v profázi.
2. Seřaďte a rozveďte je.
3. Rozdělte buňku ve dví. | cell_biology |
Transposons copy and paste themselves around genomes, shuffling genes and causing mutations where they land. | null | bio_1016 | concept | en | Explain jumping genes. | [
"Copy transposon DNA.",
"Paste it elsewhere.",
"Shuffle genes, mutate landings."
] | biology | Answer: Jumping genes reshuffle genomes.
Steps:
1. Copy transposon DNA.
2. Paste it elsewhere.
3. Shuffle genes, mutate landings. | genetics |
Dark backs and pale bellies cancel shadows, hiding sharks and deer from eyes above and below. | null | bio_1017 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of countershading. | [
"Shade backs dark.",
"Pale bellies light.",
"Cancel giveaway shadows."
] | biology | Answer: Countershading erases shadows.
Steps:
1. Shade backs dark.
2. Pale bellies light.
3. Cancel giveaway shadows. | evolution |
Stunted spruces thin into tundra where cold defeats trees, a shifting front that warming pushes poleward. | null | bio_1018 | concept | en | Explain the forest-tundra ecotone. | [
"Stunt spruces with cold.",
"Thin forest to tundra.",
"Shift front with warming."
] | biology | Answer: Treelines retreat and advance.
Steps:
1. Stunt spruces with cold.
2. Thin forest to tundra.
3. Shift front with warming. | ecology |
The medulla drives breathing and heartbeat automatically, adjusting each breath to blood CO2 without conscious thought. | null | bio_1019 | concept | en | Explain the medulla in vital functions. | [
"Drive breaths automatically.",
"Beat hearts steadily.",
"Tune both to CO2."
] | biology | Answer: The medulla runs the vitals.
Steps:
1. Drive breaths automatically.
2. Beat hearts steadily.
3. Tune both to CO2. | physiology |
Hormony jsou chemické posly žláz: inzulin řídí cukr, adrenalin stres a tyroxin metabolismus. | null | bio_1020 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co jsou to hormony. | [
"Definujte chemické posly.",
"Uveďte inzulin a adrenalin.",
"Řiďte tělo na dálku."
] | biology | Answer: Hormony posílají příkazy krví.
Steps:
1. Definujte chemické posly.
2. Uveďte inzulin a adrenalin.
3. Řiďte tělo na dálku. | biochemistry |
(D) S phase; DNA replicates during the S phase between the two gap phases. | {
"A": "Mitosis",
"B": "G1",
"C": "G2",
"D": "S phase"
} | bio_1021 | multiple_choice | en | Which phase of the cell cycle copies DNA? | [
"Eliminate division phase.",
"Spot synthesis phase.",
"Choose S phase."
] | biology | Answer: (D) S phase copies DNA.
Steps:
1. Eliminate division phase.
2. Spot synthesis phase.
3. Choose S phase.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(B) Phenotype; the phenotype is the observable expression of genes. | {
"A": "Genotype",
"B": "Phenotype",
"C": "Karyotype",
"D": "Allele"
} | bio_1022 | multiple_choice | en | Which term describes observable traits? | [
"Eliminate gene sets.",
"Spot visible expression.",
"Choose phenotype."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Traits show as phenotype.
Steps:
1. Eliminate gene sets.
2. Spot visible expression.
3. Choose phenotype.
Answer: (B) | genetics |
(A) Embryology; similar embryos reveal shared ancestry across vertebrates. | {
"A": "Embryology",
"B": "Fossils",
"C": "DNA",
"D": "Biogeography"
} | bio_1023 | multiple_choice | en | Which evidence comes from comparing embryos? | [
"Eliminate rock records.",
"Spot developmental kinship.",
"Choose embryology."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Embryos betray ancestry.
Steps:
1. Eliminate rock records.
2. Spot developmental kinship.
3. Choose embryology.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Producers; producers capture the most energy at the pyramid base. | {
"A": "Tertiary consumers",
"B": "Secondary consumers",
"C": "Producers",
"D": "Top predators"
} | bio_1024 | multiple_choice | en | Which level has the most energy? | [
"Eliminate upper levels.",
"Spot pyramid base.",
"Choose producers."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Producers hold most energy.
Steps:
1. Eliminate upper levels.
2. Spot pyramid base.
3. Choose producers.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(C) Játra; ukládají glykogen a uvolňují glukózu podle potřeby. | {
"A": "Slinivka",
"B": "Slezina",
"C": "Játra",
"D": "Ledviny"
} | bio_1025 | multiple_choice | cs | Který orgán ukládá glykogen? | [
"Vylučte filtry a hormony.",
"Přiřaďte zásobu játrům.",
"Zvolte játra."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Glykogen ukládají játra.
Steps:
1. Vylučte filtry a hormony.
2. Přiřaďte zásobu játrům.
3. Zvolte játra.
Answer: (C) | physiology |
(A) 9; basic solutions sit above neutral 7, so 9 is basic. | {
"A": "9",
"B": "2",
"C": "7",
"D": "5"
} | bio_1026 | multiple_choice | en | Which pH is basic? | [
"Eliminate acids.",
"Eliminate neutral.",
"Choose 9."
] | biology | Answer: (A) pH 9 runs basic.
Steps:
1. Eliminate acids.
2. Eliminate neutral.
3. Choose 9.
Answer: (A) | biochemistry |
Guard cells are 4 times wider than the pore; 40 µm divided by 10 µm gives the ratio. | null | bio_1027 | worked_example | en | Guard cells are 40 µm wide with a 10 µm pore. Calculate the width ratio. | [
"Divide 40 / 10 = 4.",
"Report ratio 4:1.",
"Recompute: 4 x 10 = 40."
] | biology | Answer: 4:1.
Steps:
1. Divide 40 / 10 = 4.
2. Report ratio 4:1.
3. Recompute: 4 x 10 = 40. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/2, i.e. 50 percent; Ss x ss yields Ss and ss equally. | null | bio_1028 | worked_example | en | For the cross Ss x ss, calculate the probability of Ss offspring. | [
"List offspring: Ss or ss.",
"Note equal 1/2 chances.",
"Conclude 1/2 = 50 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/2, i.e. 50 percent.
Steps:
1. List offspring: Ss or ss.
2. Note equal 1/2 chances.
3. Conclude 1/2 = 50 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. | genetics |
324 AA individuals; p squared of 0.81 times 400 gives the expected count. | null | bio_1029 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p=0.9 in 400 diploid individuals. How many AA individuals are expected? | [
"Square p: 0.9 x 0.9 = 0.81.",
"Multiply 0.81 x 400 = 324.",
"Recompute: 324/400 = 0.81."
] | biology | Answer: 324 AA individuals.
Steps:
1. Square p: 0.9 x 0.9 = 0.81.
2. Multiply 0.81 x 400 = 324.
3. Recompute: 324/400 = 0.81. | evolution |
Na poli žije asi 90 bažantů; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_1030 | worked_example | cs | Pole má 15 hektarů a hustota je 6 bažantů na hektar. Vypočítejte počet bažantů. | [
"Vynásobte 15 x 6 = 90.",
"Přepočítejte: 90 / 15 = 6.",
"Uveďte asi 90 bažantů."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 90 bažantů.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 15 x 6 = 90.
2. Přepočítejte: 90 / 15 = 6.
3. Uveďte asi 90 bažantů. | ecology |
14.6 cm per year; 0.4 mm daily over 365 days gives yearly growth. | null | bio_1031 | worked_example | en | Hair grows 0.4 mm per day. Calculate yearly growth in cm. | [
"Multiply 0.4 x 365 = 146 mm.",
"Convert to 14.6 cm.",
"Recompute: 14.6 x 10 / 365 = 0.4."
] | biology | Answer: 14.6 cm per year.
Steps:
1. Multiply 0.4 x 365 = 146 mm.
2. Convert to 14.6 cm.
3. Recompute: 14.6 x 10 / 365 = 0.4. | physiology |
A manganese cluster in photosystem II splits water and releases the oxygen we breathe. | null | bio_1032 | concept | en | Explain the role of manganese in photosynthesis. | [
"Cluster manganese in PSII.",
"Split water with it.",
"Release oxygen breathed."
] | biology | Answer: Manganese cracks water open.
Steps:
1. Cluster manganese in PSII.
2. Split water with it.
3. Release oxygen breathed. | biochemistry |
Damaged DNA triggers p53 to stall the cycle at G1/S until repairs finish or the cell self-destructs. | null | bio_1033 | concept | en | Explain the G1/S DNA damage checkpoint. | [
"Sense broken DNA.",
"Stall cycle with p53.",
"Repair or self-destruct."
] | biology | Answer: G1/S gates damaged genomes.
Steps:
1. Sense broken DNA.
2. Stall cycle with p53.
3. Repair or self-destruct. | cell_biology |
Unidentified extra chromosomes get labeled markers while labs trace their origin with probes and banding. | null | bio_1034 | concept | en | Explain marker chromosomes. | [
"Spot mystery extras.",
"Label them markers.",
"Trace origins with probes."
] | biology | Answer: Markers flag mystery chromosomes.
Steps:
1. Spot mystery extras.
2. Label them markers.
3. Trace origins with probes. | genetics |
Ptáci se vyvinuli z malých opeřených dinosaurů: peří nejprve hřálo, pak neslo, až archaeopteryx spojil obojí. | null | bio_1035 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete evoluci ptáků. | [
"Vyjděte z opeřených dinosaurů.",
"Zahřejte peřím.",
"Leťte křídly."
] | biology | Answer: Ptáci vyletěli z dinosaurů.
Steps:
1. Vyjděte z opeřených dinosaurů.
2. Zahřejte peřím.
3. Leťte křídly. | evolution |
The world's largest reef shelters thousands of species behind coral walls that bleaching and runoff now threaten. | null | bio_1036 | concept | en | Describe the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem. | [
"Wall seas with coral.",
"Shelter thousands inside.",
"Threaten with bleach."
] | biology | Answer: The great reef shelters seas.
Steps:
1. Wall seas with coral.
2. Shelter thousands inside.
3. Threaten with bleach. | ecology |
Peyer's patches sample gut microbes and tutor immune cells to tolerate food while attacking pathogens. | null | bio_1037 | concept | en | Explain Peyer's patches in gut immunity. | [
"Sample gut microbes.",
"Tutor immune cells.",
"Tolerate food, fight germs."
] | biology | Answer: Gut patches school immunity.
Steps:
1. Sample gut microbes.
2. Tutor immune cells.
3. Tolerate food, fight germs. | physiology |
Alpha and beta tubulin dimers stack into hollow microtubules that railroads of the cell run upon. | null | bio_1038 | concept | en | Describe the structure of tubulin. | [
"Pair alpha with beta.",
"Stack dimers hollow.",
"Rail cells upon."
] | biology | Answer: Tubulin tubes cell railways.
Steps:
1. Pair alpha with beta.
2. Stack dimers hollow.
3. Rail cells upon. | biochemistry |
Shugoshin shields centromeric cohesin from separase in meiosis I so sisters stay paired until meiosis II. | null | bio_1039 | concept | en | Explain shugoshin in meiosis. | [
"Shield centromere cohesin.",
"Spare sisters in MI.",
"Release them in MII."
] | biology | Answer: Shugoshin guards sisters twice.
Steps:
1. Shield centromere cohesin.
2. Spare sisters in MI.
3. Release them in MII. | cell_biology |
Křížení je cílené spojení rodičů různých znaků; sleduje se jím dědičnost a šlechtí nové odrůdy. | null | bio_1040 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to křížení. | [
"Definujte spojení rodičů.",
"Sledujte dědičnost.",
"Šlechtěte nové odrůdy."
] | biology | Answer: Křížení míchá znaky cíleně.
Steps:
1. Definujte spojení rodičů.
2. Sledujte dědičnost.
3. Šlechtěte nové odrůdy. | genetics |
(B) Miocene; the first hominins split from apes about 7 million years ago in the Miocene. | {
"A": "Pleistocene",
"B": "Miocene",
"C": "Holocene",
"D": "Eocene"
} | bio_1041 | multiple_choice | en | Which epoch saw the first hominins? | [
"Eliminate ice ages.",
"Spot 7 Mya split.",
"Choose Miocene."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Hominins dawned Miocene.
Steps:
1. Eliminate ice ages.
2. Spot 7 Mya split.
3. Choose Miocene.
Answer: (B) | evolution |
(D) Phytoplankton; drifting algae photosynthesize most ocean food. | {
"A": "Fish",
"B": "Sharks",
"C": "Whales",
"D": "Phytoplankton"
} | bio_1042 | multiple_choice | en | Which organisms are producers in the ocean? | [
"Eliminate swimmers.",
"Spot drifting algae.",
"Choose phytoplankton."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Phytoplankton feed seas.
Steps:
1. Eliminate swimmers.
2. Spot drifting algae.
3. Choose phytoplankton.
Answer: (D) | ecology |
(A) Dendrites; branching dendrites collect incoming signals toward the cell body. | {
"A": "Dendrites",
"B": "Axon",
"C": "Myelin",
"D": "Synapse"
} | bio_1043 | multiple_choice | en | Which part of the neuron receives signals? | [
"Eliminate senders.",
"Spot branching collectors.",
"Choose dendrites."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Dendrites gather signals.
Steps:
1. Eliminate senders.
2. Spot branching collectors.
3. Choose dendrites.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) Steroid; cholesterol is the steroid parent of membranes and hormones. | {
"A": "Protein",
"B": "Carbohydrate",
"C": "Steroid",
"D": "Nucleic acid"
} | bio_1044 | multiple_choice | en | Which type of molecule is cholesterol? | [
"Eliminate chains.",
"Spot four rings.",
"Choose steroid."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Cholesterol rings steroid.
Steps:
1. Eliminate chains.
2. Spot four rings.
3. Choose steroid.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
(A) Peroxizom; peroxizomy s katalázou odbourávají peroxidy a mastné kyseliny. | {
"A": "Peroxizom",
"B": "Ribozom",
"C": "Vakuola",
"D": "Jádro"
} | bio_1045 | multiple_choice | cs | Která organela odbourává peroxidy? | [
"Vylučte syntézu a řízení.",
"Přiřaďte katalázu peroxizomu.",
"Zvolte peroxizom."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Peroxidy ničí peroxizomy.
Steps:
1. Vylučte syntézu a řízení.
2. Přiřaďte katalázu peroxizomu.
3. Zvolte peroxizom.
Answer: (A) | cell_biology |
(D) Can be neutral; most mutations change nothing important, some harm, few help. | {
"A": "Always harmful",
"B": "Always helpful",
"C": "Never inherited",
"D": "Can be neutral"
} | bio_1046 | multiple_choice | en | Which statement about mutations is true? | [
"Eliminate absolutes.",
"Spot harmless majority.",
"Choose can be neutral."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Mutations often idle neutral.
Steps:
1. Eliminate absolutes.
2. Spot harmless majority.
3. Choose can be neutral.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
The response is 1.2 mm; heritability 0.6 times the 2 mm selection difference gives the gain. | null | bio_1047 | worked_example | en | Beak heritability is 0.6 and the selection difference is 2 mm. Predict the response to selection. | [
"Multiply R = 0.6 x 2 = 1.2 mm.",
"Recompute: 1.2 / 2 = 0.6.",
"Report 1.2 mm."
] | biology | Answer: 1.2 mm.
Steps:
1. Multiply R = 0.6 x 2 = 1.2 mm.
2. Recompute: 1.2 / 2 = 0.6.
3. Report 1.2 mm. | evolution |
8 million liters fall yearly; 800 mm over 10,000 square meters gives the volume. | null | bio_1048 | worked_example | en | Rainfall is 800 mm per year on 1 hectare. Calculate yearly liters. | [
"Area: 1 ha = 10000 m².",
"Depth: 800 mm = 0.8 m.",
"Volume: 0.8 x 10000 = 8000 m³.",
"Convert to 8000000 L."
] | biology | Answer: 8000000 L per year.
Steps:
1. Area: 1 ha = 10000 m².
2. Depth: 800 mm = 0.8 m.
3. Volume: 0.8 x 10000 = 8000 m³.
4. Convert to 8000000 L. | ecology |
2920 hours sleep yearly; 8 hours daily over 365 days sums a third of life. | null | bio_1049 | worked_example | en | A person sleeps 8 hours daily. Calculate yearly sleep hours. | [
"Multiply 8 x 365 = 2920.",
"Recompute: 2920 / 365 = 8.",
"Report 2920 hours."
] | biology | Answer: 2920 hours.
Steps:
1. Multiply 8 x 365 = 2920.
2. Recompute: 2920 / 365 = 8.
3. Report 2920 hours. | physiology |
8,75 g tuku; 250 mL mléka krát 3,5 procenta dá tučnou část. | null | bio_1050 | worked_example | cs | Mléko obsahuje 3,5 procenta tuku. Kolik gramů tuku je ve 250 mL mléka? | [
"Převeďte 3,5 procenta = 0,035.",
"Vynásobte 250 x 0,035 = 8,75.",
"Přepočítejte: 8,75 / 250 = 0,035."
] | biology | Answer: 8,75 g tuku.
Steps:
1. Převeďte 3,5 procenta = 0,035.
2. Vynásobte 250 x 0,035 = 8,75.
3. Přepočítejte: 8,75 / 250 = 0,035. | biochemistry |
About 1/10, i.e. 10 percent; 10 µm of the 100 µm cell gives the share. | null | bio_1051 | worked_example | en | Cilia are 10 µm long on a 100 µm cell. What fraction of cell length is a cilium? | [
"Divide 10 / 100 = 1/10.",
"Convert to 10 percent.",
"Recompute: 100 / 10 = 10."
] | biology | Answer: 1/10, i.e. 10 percent.
Steps:
1. Divide 10 / 100 = 1/10.
2. Convert to 10 percent.
3. Recompute: 100 / 10 = 10. | cell_biology |
Swapping pieces of chromosomes 9 and 22 fuses BCR-ABL, a runaway kinase driving chronic myeloid leukemia. | null | bio_1052 | concept | en | Explain the Philadelphia chromosome. | [
"Swap 9 with 22.",
"Fuse BCR-ABL.",
"Drive leukemia onward."
] | biology | Answer: Swapped chromosomes drive leukemia.
Steps:
1. Swap 9 with 22.
2. Fuse BCR-ABL.
3. Drive leukemia onward. | genetics |
Luciferin oxidations evolved for luring prey, confusing predators, and signaling mates across dark seas and forests. | null | bio_1053 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of bioluminescence. | [
"Oxidize luciferin.",
"Lure prey, dodge predators.",
"Signal mates glowing."
] | biology | Answer: Life learned to glow.
Steps:
1. Oxidize luciferin.
2. Lure prey, dodge predators.
3. Signal mates glowing. | evolution |
Isolated volcanoes bred finches, tortoises, and iguanas found nowhere else, a living museum of adaptive radiation. | null | bio_1054 | concept | en | Explain Galápagos endemism. | [
"Isolate volcanic islands.",
"Radiate finches, tortoises.",
"Endemize nowhere else."
] | biology | Answer: Galápagos breeds only-here life.
Steps:
1. Isolate volcanic islands.
2. Radiate finches, tortoises.
3. Endemize nowhere else. | ecology |
Mandle zachycují vetřelce z dýchacích cest a trávicího ústrojí a spouštějí imunitní odpověď. | null | bio_1055 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete funkci mandlí. | [
"Zachytěte vetřelce.",
"Rozpoznejte je imunitou.",
"Spusťte obranu."
] | biology | Answer: Mandle hlídají brány těla.
Steps:
1. Zachytěte vetřelce.
2. Rozpoznejte je imunitou.
3. Spusťte obranu. | physiology |
Soluble fibrinogen polymerizes into fibrin threads that mesh wounds shut with trapped blood cells. | null | bio_1056 | concept | en | Describe the structure of fibrin. | [
"Float fibrinogen soluble.",
"Polymerize into threads.",
"Mesh wounds shut."
] | biology | Answer: Fibrin weaves clot mesh.
Steps:
1. Float fibrinogen soluble.
2. Polymerize into threads.
3. Mesh wounds shut. | biochemistry |
Aurora B severs wrong attachments so kinetochores retry until tension confirms both sisters grip opposite poles. | null | bio_1057 | concept | en | Explain kinetochore error correction. | [
"Sense slack attachments.",
"Sever them with Aurora.",
"Retry till tension holds."
] | biology | Answer: Cells proofread spindle grips.
Steps:
1. Sense slack attachments.
2. Sever them with Aurora.
3. Retry till tension holds. | cell_biology |
A million short Alu repeats copy through RNA intermediates, occasionally disrupting genes where they insert. | null | bio_1058 | concept | en | Explain Alu elements in human DNA. | [
"Repeat Alu a million.",
"Copy through RNA.",
"Disrupt landing genes."
] | biology | Answer: Alu repeats crowd genomes.
Steps:
1. Repeat Alu a million.
2. Copy through RNA.
3. Disrupt landing genes. | genetics |
Complete metamorphosis splits feeding larvae from breeding adults, letting each stage specialize without competing. | null | bio_1059 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of metamorphosis. | [
"Feed as larvae.",
"Rebuild in pupae.",
"Breed as adults."
] | biology | Answer: Metamorphosis splits life stages.
Steps:
1. Feed as larvae.
2. Rebuild in pupae.
3. Breed as adults. | evolution |
Fosfor se uvolňuje zvětráváním hornin, rostliny ho přijmou kořeny a potravou a rozkladem koluje dál. | null | bio_1060 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete koloběh fosforu. | [
"Zvětrejte fosfor z hornin.",
"Přijměte ho kořeny.",
"Kolujte potravou a rozkladem."
] | biology | Answer: Fosfor koluje z hornin těly.
Steps:
1. Zvětrejte fosfor z hornin.
2. Přijměte ho kořeny.
3. Kolujte potravou a rozkladem. | ecology |
(C) Immune; the immune system hunts pathogens and remembers them. | {
"A": "Digestive",
"B": "Circulatory",
"C": "Immune",
"D": "Urinary"
} | bio_1061 | multiple_choice | en | Which system defends against disease? | [
"Eliminate processors.",
"Spot pathogen hunters.",
"Choose immune."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Immunity defends bodies.
Steps:
1. Eliminate processors.
2. Spot pathogen hunters.
3. Choose immune.
Answer: (C) | physiology |
(A) Acetic acid; vinegar is dilute acetic acid from fermentation. | {
"A": "Acetic acid",
"B": "Citric acid",
"C": "Lactic acid",
"D": "Hydrochloric acid"
} | bio_1062 | multiple_choice | en | Which acid is found in vinegar? | [
"Eliminate citrus acid.",
"Spot fermentation acid.",
"Choose acetic acid."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Vinegar sours acetic.
Steps:
1. Eliminate citrus acid.
2. Spot fermentation acid.
3. Choose acetic acid.
Answer: (A) | biochemistry |
(D) Epithelial; epithelial sheets line the gut and other surfaces. | {
"A": "Muscle",
"B": "Nerve",
"C": "Blood",
"D": "Epithelial"
} | bio_1063 | multiple_choice | en | Which cells form the lining of the gut? | [
"Eliminate movers.",
"Spot lining sheets.",
"Choose epithelial."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Epithelia line guts.
Steps:
1. Eliminate movers.
2. Spot lining sheets.
3. Choose epithelial.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(B) 1:2:1; incomplete dominance shows all three genotype classes as distinct phenotypes. | {
"A": "3:1",
"B": "1:2:1",
"C": "9:3:3:1",
"D": "1:1"
} | bio_1064 | multiple_choice | en | Which phenotype ratio shows incomplete dominance? | [
"Eliminate dominant masking.",
"Spot three visible classes.",
"Choose 1:2:1."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Blends split 1:2:1.
Steps:
1. Eliminate dominant masking.
2. Spot three visible classes.
3. Choose 1:2:1.
Answer: (B) | genetics |
(B) Miocén; první hominini se oddělili před asi 7 miliony let. | {
"A": "Pleistocén",
"B": "Miocén",
"C": "Holocén",
"D": "Eocén"
} | bio_1065 | multiple_choice | cs | Která epocha přinesla první homininy? | [
"Vylučte doby ledové.",
"Přiřaďte rozdělení miocénu.",
"Zvolte miocén."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Hominini začali v miocénu.
Steps:
1. Vylučte doby ledové.
2. Přiřaďte rozdělení miocénu.
3. Zvolte miocén.
Answer: (B) | evolution |
(A) Energy; energy pyramids always shrink upward as heat is lost. | {
"A": "Energy",
"B": "Numbers",
"C": "Biomass",
"D": "All pyramids"
} | bio_1066 | multiple_choice | en | Which pyramid is always upright? | [
"Eliminate invertible counts.",
"Spot heat losses.",
"Choose energy."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Energy shrinks upward.
Steps:
1. Eliminate invertible counts.
2. Spot heat losses.
3. Choose energy.
Answer: (A) | ecology |
About 2.1 percent; 1.5 kg of the 70 kg body is liver. | null | bio_1067 | worked_example | en | The liver weighs 1.5 kg in a 70 kg body. Calculate the liver percent. | [
"Divide 1.5 / 70 = 0.0214.",
"Convert to about 2.1 percent.",
"Recompute: 70 x 0.0214 = 1.5."
] | biology | Answer: About 2.1 percent.
Steps:
1. Divide 1.5 / 70 = 0.0214.
2. Convert to about 2.1 percent.
3. Recompute: 70 x 0.0214 = 1.5. | physiology |
10 percent protein; 6 grams of 60 grams gives the egg's share. | null | bio_1068 | worked_example | en | An egg weighs 60 g with 6 g of protein. Calculate the protein percent. | [
"Divide 6 / 60 = 0.10.",
"Convert to 10 percent.",
"Recompute: 60 x 0.10 = 6."
] | biology | Answer: 10 percent.
Steps:
1. Divide 6 / 60 = 0.10.
2. Convert to 10 percent.
3. Recompute: 60 x 0.10 = 6. | biochemistry |
1 quadrillion bacteria fit; 1 liter holds 1e15 cubic micrometers of 1 µm³ cells. | null | bio_1069 | worked_example | en | A bacterium occupies 1 µm³. How many fit in 1 liter? | [
"Convert 1 L = 1e15 µm³.",
"Divide 1e15 / 1 = 1e15.",
"Report 1 quadrillion.",
"Recompute: 1e15 x 1 = 1e15."
] | biology | Answer: 1 quadrillion.
Steps:
1. Convert 1 L = 1e15 µm³.
2. Divide 1e15 / 1 = 1e15.
3. Report 1 quadrillion.
4. Recompute: 1e15 x 1 = 1e15. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/2, tedy 50 procent; křížení Tt x tt dá Tt a tt stejně často. | null | bio_1070 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení Tt x tt vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem Tt. | [
"Vypište potomky: Tt nebo tt.",
"Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.",
"Převeďte na 50 procent.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/2, tedy 50 procent.
Steps:
1. Vypište potomky: Tt nebo tt.
2. Přiřaďte stejné šance 1/2.
3. Převeďte na 50 procent.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1. | genetics |
480 carriers in 1000; 2pq of 0.48 times 1000 gives the expected count. | null | bio_1071 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p=0.6 and q=0.4 in 1000 diploid individuals. How many carriers are expected? | [
"Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.6 x 0.4 = 0.48.",
"Multiply 0.48 x 1000 = 480.",
"Recompute: 480/1000 = 0.48."
] | biology | Answer: 480 carriers.
Steps:
1. Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.6 x 0.4 = 0.48.
2. Multiply 0.48 x 1000 = 480.
3. Recompute: 480/1000 = 0.48. | evolution |
A million wildebeest circle rains and grass, feeding lions and crocodiles along the greatest march on Earth. | null | bio_1072 | concept | en | Explain the Serengeti migration. | [
"Circle rains yearly.",
"Graze millions strong.",
"Feed lions behind."
] | biology | Answer: Wildebeest march with rains.
Steps:
1. Circle rains yearly.
2. Graze millions strong.
3. Feed lions behind. | ecology |
The pons smooths breathing rhythm with the medulla, bridging brain halves while tuning each breath. | null | bio_1073 | concept | en | Explain the pons in breathing. | [
"Bridge brain halves.",
"Smooth breath rhythm.",
"Tune with medulla."
] | biology | Answer: The pons paces breaths.
Steps:
1. Bridge brain halves.
2. Smooth breath rhythm.
3. Tune with medulla. | physiology |
Two heavy and two light chains fold into a Y whose tips grip antigens and whose stem signals immune cells. | null | bio_1074 | concept | en | Describe antibody structure. | [
"Pair heavy with light.",
"Fold chains into Y.",
"Grip antigens with tips."
] | biology | Answer: Antibodies grip with Y tips.
Steps:
1. Pair heavy with light.
2. Fold chains into Y.
3. Grip antigens with tips. | biochemistry |
Bičík je dlouhý výběžek s mikrotubuly; vlnivým pohybem pohání buňku, například spermii. | null | bio_1075 | concept | cs | Popište bičík a jeho funkci. | [
"Popište výběžek s mikrotubuly.",
"Vlněte pohybem.",
"Pohánějte spermii."
] | biology | Answer: Bičík vesluje buňkou.
Steps:
1. Popište výběžek s mikrotubuly.
2. Vlněte pohybem.
3. Pohánějte spermii. | cell_biology |
Thousands of long LINE copies self-replicate through RNA, occasionally breaking genes where they land. | null | bio_1076 | concept | en | Explain LINE elements in human DNA. | [
"Copy LINEs through RNA.",
"Paste thousands around.",
"Break landing genes."
] | biology | Answer: LINEs paste roaming copies.
Steps:
1. Copy LINEs through RNA.
2. Paste thousands around.
3. Break landing genes. | genetics |
Sentinels, babysitters, and diggers share burrows because kin survival repays helpers more than lone breeding. | null | bio_1077 | concept | en | Explain sociality in meerkats. | [
"Post sentinel guards.",
"Babysit pups together.",
"Share burrow kin."
] | biology | Answer: Meerkats crew the desert.
Steps:
1. Post sentinel guards.
2. Babysit pups together.
3. Share burrow kin. | evolution |
The world's second rainforest shelters gorillas and okapis while driving African rains that farms depend on. | null | bio_1078 | concept | en | Describe the Congo rainforest ecosystem. | [
"Rain forests second.",
"Shelter gorillas within.",
"Drive African rains."
] | biology | Answer: Congo rains feed Africa.
Steps:
1. Rain forests second.
2. Shelter gorillas within.
3. Drive African rains. | ecology |
Nearly all senses relay through the thalamus, which filters and forwards signals to the conscious cortex. | null | bio_1079 | concept | en | Explain the thalamus as sensory relay. | [
"Gather senses inward.",
"Filter signals there.",
"Forward to cortex."
] | biology | Answer: The thalamus relays senses.
Steps:
1. Gather senses inward.
2. Filter signals there.
3. Forward to cortex. | physiology |
Aminokyseliny jsou stavební kameny bílkovin: mají aminovou a karboxylovou skupinu a liší se postranním řetězcem. | null | bio_1080 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co jsou to aminokyseliny. | [
"Definujte stavební kameny.",
"Popište obě skupiny.",
"Rozlište řetězce."
] | biology | Answer: Aminokyseliny staví bílkoviny.
Steps:
1. Definujte stavební kameny.
2. Popište obě skupiny.
3. Rozlište řetězce. | biochemistry |
(B) Xylem; xylem vessels carry water from roots to leaves. | {
"A": "Phloem",
"B": "Xylem",
"C": "Cambium",
"D": "Pith"
} | bio_1081 | multiple_choice | en | Which cells in plants transport water? | [
"Eliminate sugar carriers.",
"Spot water vessels.",
"Choose xylem."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Xylem lifts water.
Steps:
1. Eliminate sugar carriers.
2. Spot water vessels.
3. Choose xylem.
Answer: (B) | cell_biology |
(D) Independent assortment; independent genes recombine into the 9:3:3:1 ratio. | {
"A": "Segregation",
"B": "Uniformity",
"C": "Linkage",
"D": "Independent assortment"
} | bio_1082 | multiple_choice | en | Which of Mendel's laws explains 9:3:3:1? | [
"Eliminate single-gene rules.",
"Spot two-gene mixing.",
"Choose independent assortment."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Genes assort independently.
Steps:
1. Eliminate single-gene rules.
2. Spot two-gene mixing.
3. Choose independent assortment.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
(A) Natural selection; taller ancestors survived droughts and passed long-neck genes on. | {
"A": "Natural selection",
"B": "Use and disuse",
"C": "Special creation",
"D": "Chance only"
} | bio_1083 | multiple_choice | en | Which idea explains why giraffes have long necks? | [
"Eliminate discredited use.",
"Spot selection for reach.",
"Choose natural selection."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Selection stretched necks.
Steps:
1. Eliminate discredited use.
2. Spot selection for reach.
3. Choose natural selection.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Pond; ponds hold standing water unlike rivers, deserts, and meadows. | {
"A": "River",
"B": "Desert",
"C": "Pond",
"D": "Meadow"
} | bio_1084 | multiple_choice | en | Which habitat has standing water? | [
"Eliminate flowing water.",
"Eliminate dry land.",
"Choose pond."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Ponds stand still.
Steps:
1. Eliminate flowing water.
2. Eliminate dry land.
3. Choose pond.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(A) Inzulin; slinivka ho uvolňuje při vysoké hladině cukru. | {
"A": "Inzulin",
"B": "Glukagon",
"C": "Adrenalin",
"D": "Tyroxin"
} | bio_1085 | multiple_choice | cs | Který hormon snižuje cukr v krvi? | [
"Vylučte zvyšovače cukru.",
"Přiřaďte ukládání inzulinu.",
"Zvolte inzulin."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Cukr snižuje inzulin.
Steps:
1. Vylučte zvyšovače cukru.
2. Přiřaďte ukládání inzulinu.
3. Zvolte inzulin.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) Fructose; fruit sugar is the sweet monosaccharide fructose. | {
"A": "Starch",
"B": "Glycogen",
"C": "Fructose",
"D": "Cellulose"
} | bio_1086 | multiple_choice | en | Which carbohydrate sweetens fruit? | [
"Eliminate storage polymers.",
"Spot fruit sugar.",
"Choose fructose."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Fructose sweets fruit.
Steps:
1. Eliminate storage polymers.
2. Spot fruit sugar.
3. Choose fructose.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
About 1/20, i.e. 5 percent; 1 µm of the 20 µm cell gives the share. | null | bio_1087 | worked_example | en | Microvilli are 1 µm long on a 20 µm cell. What fraction of cell length is a microvillus? | [
"Divide 1 / 20 = 1/20.",
"Convert to 5 percent.",
"Recompute: 20 / 20 = 1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/20, i.e. 5 percent.
Steps:
1. Divide 1 / 20 = 1/20.
2. Convert to 5 percent.
3. Recompute: 20 / 20 = 1. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/4, i.e. 25 percent; the Uu x Uu square yields one uu in four. | null | bio_1088 | worked_example | en | For the cross Uu x Uu, calculate the probability of uu offspring. | [
"List square: UU, Uu, Uu, uu.",
"Count uu: 1 of 4.",
"Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1."
] | biology | Answer: 1/4, i.e. 25 percent.
Steps:
1. List square: UU, Uu, Uu, uu.
2. Count uu: 1 of 4.
3. Convert to 1/4 = 25 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/4+1/2+1/4=1. | genetics |
98 aa individuals; q squared of 0.49 times 200 gives the expected count. | null | bio_1089 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium q=0.7 in 200 diploid individuals. How many aa individuals are expected? | [
"Square q: 0.7 x 0.7 = 0.49.",
"Multiply 0.49 x 200 = 98.",
"Recompute: 98/200 = 0.49."
] | biology | Answer: 98 aa individuals.
Steps:
1. Square q: 0.7 x 0.7 = 0.49.
2. Multiply 0.49 x 200 = 98.
3. Recompute: 98/200 = 0.49. | evolution |
Na zahradě žije asi 80 ježků; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_1090 | worked_example | cs | Zahrada má 2 hektary a hustota je 40 ježků na hektar. Vypočítejte počet ježků. | [
"Vynásobte 2 x 40 = 80.",
"Přepočítejte: 80 / 2 = 40.",
"Uveďte asi 80 ježků."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 80 ježků.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 2 x 40 = 80.
2. Přepočítejte: 80 / 2 = 40.
3. Uveďte asi 80 ježků. | ecology |
36 mm per year; 3 mm monthly over 12 months gives yearly growth. | null | bio_1091 | worked_example | en | Nails grow 3 mm per month. Calculate yearly growth in mm. | [
"Multiply 3 x 12 = 36.",
"Recompute: 36 / 12 = 3.",
"Report 36 mm."
] | biology | Answer: 36 mm per year.
Steps:
1. Multiply 3 x 12 = 36.
2. Recompute: 36 / 12 = 3.
3. Report 36 mm. | physiology |
Cobalt centers vitamin B12, which builds red blood cells and myelin; deficiency causes pernicious anemia. | null | bio_1092 | concept | en | Explain the role of cobalt in vitamin B12. | [
"Center cobalt in B12.",
"Build blood and myelin.",
"Starve nerves without it."
] | biology | Answer: Cobalt cores vitamin B12.
Steps:
1. Center cobalt in B12.
2. Build blood and myelin.
3. Starve nerves without it. | biochemistry |
Unreplicated or broken DNA stalls the cycle at G2 until replication finishes and repairs complete. | null | bio_1093 | concept | en | Explain the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. | [
"Sense unfinished copies.",
"Stall cycle at G2.",
"Release when repaired."
] | biology | Answer: G2 checks copies complete.
Steps:
1. Sense unfinished copies.
2. Stall cycle at G2.
3. Release when repaired. | cell_biology |
Amplified oncogenes loop off chromosomes as paired dots that supercharge cancer growth. | null | bio_1094 | concept | en | Explain double minutes in cancer cells. | [
"Amplify oncogenes.",
"Loop them off chromosomes.",
"Supercharge tumor growth."
] | biology | Answer: Double minutes overdose oncogenes.
Steps:
1. Amplify oncogenes.
2. Loop them off chromosomes.
3. Supercharge tumor growth. | genetics |
Savci se vyvinuli ze synapsidních plazů: srst, mléko a teplokrevnost jim otevřely noc i chlad. | null | bio_1095 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete evoluci savců. | [
"Vyjděte ze synapsidů.",
"Získejte srst a mléko.",
"Ovládněte noc a chlad."
] | biology | Answer: Savci zahřáli noc srstí.
Steps:
1. Vyjděte ze synapsidů.
2. Získejte srst a mléko.
3. Ovládněte noc a chlad. | evolution |
Seasonal floods fill a desert delta that feeds elephants, hippos, and fish in pulsing abundance. | null | bio_1096 | concept | en | Describe the Okavango Delta ecosystem. | [
"Flood desert yearly.",
"Feed elephants, hippos.",
"Pulse life with water."
] | biology | Answer: Okavango floods desert life.
Steps:
1. Flood desert yearly.
2. Feed elephants, hippos.
3. Pulse life with water. | ecology |
Kupffer cells patrol liver blood, devouring old red cells, bacteria, and debris before they spread. | null | bio_1097 | concept | en | Explain Kupffer cells in the liver. | [
"Patrol liver blood.",
"Devour old cells.",
"Trap bacteria early."
] | biology | Answer: Kupffer cells guard liver blood.
Steps:
1. Patrol liver blood.
2. Devour old cells.
3. Trap bacteria early. | physiology |
Sugar chains crosslinked by short peptides wall bacteria rigid, the target that penicillin breaks. | null | bio_1098 | concept | en | Describe the structure of peptidoglycan. | [
"Chain sugars long.",
"Crosslink with peptides.",
"Wall bacteria rigid."
] | biology | Answer: Peptidoglycan walls bacteria.
Steps:
1. Chain sugars long.
2. Crosslink with peptides.
3. Wall bacteria rigid. | biochemistry |
Aurora A builds spindle poles while Aurora B corrects attachments, together steering chromosomes safely apart. | null | bio_1099 | concept | en | Explain aurora kinases in mitosis. | [
"Build poles with A.",
"Correct grips with B.",
"Steer sisters apart."
] | biology | Answer: Auroras aim mitosis true.
Steps:
1. Build poles with A.
2. Correct grips with B.
3. Steer sisters apart. | cell_biology |
Genom je úplný soubor DNA organismu; lidský genom má asi 3 miliardy písmen. | null | bio_1100 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to genom. | [
"Definujte úplnou DNA.",
"Spočítejte 3 miliardy písmen.",
"Uložte ji do chromozomů."
] | biology | Answer: Genom je úplná kniha DNA.
Steps:
1. Definujte úplnou DNA.
2. Spočítejte 3 miliardy písmen.
3. Uložte ji do chromozomů. | genetics |
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