LOCUS v1.1 with dimension scores

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README.md CHANGED
@@ -1,178 +1,192 @@
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  ---
 
2
  language:
3
  - en
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- license: cc-by-nc-4.0
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  size_categories:
6
- - 1M<n<10M
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  task_categories:
8
  - text-classification
9
- pretty_name: LOCUS v1.0
10
  tags:
11
  - law
12
- - legal-nlp
13
- - local-government
14
  - municipal-law
15
- - ordinances
16
- - classification
17
  configs:
18
- - config_name: default
 
19
  data_files:
20
  - split: train
21
- path: data/train-*
22
- dataset_info:
23
- features:
24
- - name: header
25
- dtype: string
26
- - name: content
27
- dtype: string
28
- - name: is_substantive
29
- dtype: bool
30
- - name: function
31
- dtype: string
32
- - name: topic
33
- dtype: string
34
- - name: source_jurisdiction_type
35
- dtype: string
36
- - name: state
37
- dtype: string
38
- - name: city
39
- dtype: string
40
- - name: county
41
- dtype: string
42
- - name: enforcement_discretion
43
- dtype: float64
44
- - name: opacity
45
- dtype: float64
46
- - name: paternalism
47
- dtype: float64
48
- - name: problem_salience
49
- dtype: float64
50
- splits:
51
- - name: train
52
- num_examples: 2211516
53
- rai:dataLimitations: '- Coverage is not exhaustive. LOCUS v1.0 does not represent
54
- every U.S. municipal or county jurisdiction, and jurisdictions vary in how completely
55
- their local law is digitized and codified.
56
-
57
- - The `function` and `topic` labels are model-assigned and have not been fully human-validated.
58
- Label noise should be expected, particularly at taxonomy boundaries (e.g., Rules
59
- vs. Process, Buildings vs. Zoning).
60
-
61
- - The topic taxonomy is intentionally coarse (Buildings, Business, Nuisance, Zoning,
62
- Other) and does not capture fine-grained subject matter important for some downstream
63
- tasks.
64
-
65
- - Local law changes over time. The dataset reflects a snapshot and may not match
66
- the current law of any given jurisdiction.
67
-
68
- '
69
- rai:dataBiases: '- Geographic and population skew: larger and more urbanized jurisdictions,
70
- and jurisdictions that publish their codes through major codification vendors, are
71
- likely overrepresented relative to small or rural municipalities.
72
-
73
- - State-level legal regimes differ, so the distribution of functions and topics
74
- is not uniform across states; aggregate label frequencies should not be assumed
75
- to generalize to any individual jurisdiction.
76
-
77
- - The taxonomy itself encodes choices about what counts as "substantive" law (Rules
78
- and Enforcement) versus procedural, contextual, or structural provisions. Alternative
79
- legal-theoretic framings would produce different labels.
80
-
81
- - Labels were produced by automated classifiers and may reflect biases of those
82
- classifiers, including biases inherited from their training data.
83
-
84
- - English-language only. Non-English text occasionally present in U.S. local codes
85
- is not handled as a separate class.
86
-
87
- '
88
- rai:personalSensitiveInformation: 'LOCUS v1.0 is built from publicly enacted municipal
89
- and county law, which is a matter of public record. However, local ordinances can
90
- incidentally contain references to identifiable individuals (e.g., named officials,
91
- sponsors, or parties to specific proceedings) and to specific properties or businesses
92
- (e.g., addresses in zoning provisions, license holders, named establishments). No
93
- effort has been made to redact such incidental references. The dataset does not
94
- contain non-public personal data, biometric data, health data, financial account
95
- information, or government-issued identifiers.
96
-
97
- '
98
- rai:dataUseCases: 'Intended uses include legal text classification research, analysis
99
- of local-law structure and composition, substantive vs. non-substantive filtering
100
- for downstream legal NLP pipelines, refinement of legal taxonomies, and weakly supervised
101
- or human-in-the-loop annotation workflows. The dataset is not appropriate as legal
102
- advice, as a substitute for human legal review, as a complete census of U.S. local
103
- law, or as a fully validated benchmark in the absence of additional human auditing.
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-
105
- '
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- rai:dataSocialImpact: 'Anticipated positive impacts include lowering the cost of empirical
107
- research on local government law, supporting tools that help residents, journalists,
108
- and researchers understand municipal regulation, and enabling reproducible study
109
- of how local jurisdictions structure their codes. Anticipated risks include over-reliance
110
- on automated classifications in settings with legal consequences, misinterpretation
111
- of aggregated label frequencies as authoritative statements about the law, and downstream
112
- tools surfacing model outputs to end users as if they were vetted legal information.
113
- Users deploying systems built on this dataset should clearly disclose the automated
114
- and unaudited nature of the labels and should not present outputs as legal advice.
115
-
116
- '
117
- rai:hasSyntheticData: false
118
  ---
119
 
120
- # LOCUS v1.0
 
 
 
 
121
 
122
- This repository contains the dataset presented in the paper [Freeing the Law with LOCUS: A Local Ordinance Corpus for the United States](https://huggingface.co/papers/2606.19334).
123
 
124
- ## Dataset Summary
125
- LOCUS v1.0 is a chunk-level dataset of U.S. municipal and county law text labeled by legal function. Each eligible chunk is assigned a `function`, a binary `is_substantive` label, and all substantive provisions are assigned a `topic`.
126
- The dataset is intended for legal text research, local-law structure analysis, substantive filtering, and downstream taxonomy refinement.
127
 
128
- ## Dataset Structure
129
- The unit of analysis is a text chunk derived from local law documents.
 
 
 
 
130
 
131
- ## Scale
132
- Approximate scope for v1: `2,211,516` ordinances
133
 
134
- ## Label Schema
135
 
136
- ### Function
137
- Allowed values:
138
- - `Context`
139
- - `Rules`
140
- - `Process`
141
- - `Enforcement`
142
 
143
- ### Substantive Indicator
144
- The released dataset enforces the following deterministic rule:
145
- - `is_substantive = 1` for `Rules` and `Enforcement`
146
- - `is_substantive = 0` for `Context`, `Process`, and `Structural`
147
 
148
- ### Topic
149
- Used only when `is_substantive = 1`.
 
 
 
 
150
 
151
- Allowed values:
152
- - `Buildings`
153
- - `Business`
154
- - `Nuisance`
155
- - `Zoning`
156
- - `Other`
157
 
158
- ## Recommended Uses
159
- LOCUS v1.0 is appropriate for:
160
- - legal text classification research
161
- - local law structure analysis
162
- - substantive versus non-substantive filtering
163
- - downstream taxonomy refinement
164
- - weakly supervised or human-in-the-loop legal NLP workflows
165
 
166
- ## Out-of-Scope Uses
167
- LOCUS v1.0 should not be treated as:
168
- - legal advice
169
- - a substitute for human legal review
170
- - a complete census of all U.S. local law
171
- - a fully human-validated benchmark without additional auditing
172
 
173
- ## Citation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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- If you use this dataset, please cite:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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177
  ```bibtex
178
  @article{peskoff2026freeing,
@@ -181,4 +195,4 @@ If you use this dataset, please cite:
181
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.19334},
182
  year={2026}
183
  }
184
- ```
 
1
  ---
2
+ pretty_name: "LOCUS v1.1"
3
  language:
4
  - en
5
+ license: "cc-by-nc-4.0"
6
  size_categories:
7
+ - "1M<n<10M"
8
  task_categories:
9
  - text-classification
 
10
  tags:
11
  - law
 
 
12
  - municipal-law
13
+ - model-annotations
 
14
  configs:
15
+ - config_name: sections
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+ default: true
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  data_files:
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  - split: train
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+ path: sections/*.parquet
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+ - config_name: labels
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+ data_files:
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+ - split: train
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+ path: labels/*.parquet
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+ - config_name: human_audit
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+ data_files:
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+ - split: train
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+ path: human_audit/*.parquet
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+ - config_name: counties
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+ data_files:
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+ - split: train
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+ path: counties/*.parquet
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
32
  ---
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34
+ # LOCUS v1.1
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+
36
+ LOCUS (Local Ordinance Corpus for the United States) contains municipal and county legal text harmonized to county geography. This release includes three models' annotations and a human audit for primary function, regulated topic where applicable, and rubric confidence.
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+
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+ [Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19334) · [Code](https://github.com/transpAIrency/LOCUS)
39
 
40
+ Annotations use Gemini (`gemini-3.8-flash`), OpenAI (`gpt-6-luna`, low reasoning), and Jev (`jev-1.14.0`).
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+ ## Subsets and coverage
 
 
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+ | Subset | Rows | Contents |
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+ |---|---:|---|
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+ | `sections` | 3,073,770 | Default: identifiers, jurisdiction, text, consensus, all model labels, and dimension scores (29 columns). |
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+ | `labels` | 3,073,770 | The section identifiers and label columns, without jurisdiction or legal text (17 columns). |
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+ | `human_audit` | 250 | Human consensus, independent eligibility flags, and the three models' labels. |
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+ | `counties` | 3,144 | The county harmonization universe, including counties without a selected document. |
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51
+ The sections contain **2,360 distinct documents**. The county table contains **3,144 counties**: **2,410 represented** (76.7%) and **734 without a selected document**. These are counts of the released county selection, not a claim that every ordinance in a represented county is included.
 
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+ The `sections` and `labels` rows share the same order, sorted by state, document_id, and section_index. The composite key `(document_id, section_index)` is unique. Parquet files use Zstandard compression.
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+ ## Loading
 
 
 
 
 
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57
+ ```python
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+ from datasets import load_dataset
 
 
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60
+ repo_id = "LocalLaws/LOCUS-v1"
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+ sections = load_dataset(repo_id, "sections", split="train", streaming=True)
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+ labels = load_dataset(repo_id, "labels", split="train", streaming=True)
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+ human_audit = load_dataset(repo_id, "human_audit", split="train")
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+ counties = load_dataset(repo_id, "counties", split="train")
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+ ```
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+ Streaming avoids downloading and materializing the entire sections table before iteration.
 
 
 
 
 
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69
+ ## Column glossary
 
 
 
 
 
 
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71
+ ### sections
 
 
 
 
 
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73
+ | Column | Type | Nullable | Meaning |
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+ |---|---|---|---|
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+ | `document_id` | `string` | no | Stable source document identifier; join key with section_index. |
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+ | `section_index` | `int64` | no | Original index within its document; gaps and an initial zero are allowed. |
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+ | `state` | `string` | no | Uppercase two-letter jurisdiction state abbreviation. |
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+ | `jurisdiction_name` | `string` | no | Selected jurisdiction name from county harmonization. |
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+ | `jurisdiction_type` | `string` | no | city, county, city-county, or other; city-county combines municipal/county governments or functions, and other is Washington, DC. |
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+ | `jurisdiction_geoid` | `string` | yes | Single 5-digit county, 7-digit place, or 10-digit county-subdivision GEOID; null when several apply. Leading zeros are retained. |
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+ | `represented_county_fips` | `list<string>` | no | Nonempty list of represented county FIPS codes sorted by FIPS. |
82
+ | `represented_county_name` | `list<string>` | no | County names aligned with represented_county_fips. |
83
+ | `header` | `string` | yes | Source header with leading Markdown # marks and surrounding whitespace removed. |
84
+ | `content` | `string` | no | Unchanged source section content. |
85
+ | `function_majority` | `string` | yes | Function receiving at least two matching model votes; otherwise null. |
86
+ | `function_votes` | `int8` | no | Largest number of matching function votes, from 0 to 3. |
87
+ | `topic_majority` | `string` | yes | Topic receiving at least two matching votes; null also represents a not-applicable majority. |
88
+ | `topic_votes` | `int8` | no | Largest number of matching topic votes, including not applicable, from 0 to 3. |
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+ | `gemini_function` | `string` | yes | Gemini primary function; null for an unavailable answer. |
90
+ | `gemini_topic` | `string` | yes | Gemini topic (the codebook subcategory); null when inapplicable or unavailable. |
91
+ | `gemini_confidence` | `string` | yes | Gemini rubric confidence: Low, Medium, or High; null when unavailable. |
92
+ | `openai_function` | `string` | yes | OpenAI primary function; null for an unavailable answer. |
93
+ | `openai_topic` | `string` | yes | OpenAI topic (the codebook subcategory); null when inapplicable or unavailable. |
94
+ | `openai_confidence` | `string` | yes | OpenAI rubric confidence: Low, Medium, or High; null when unavailable. |
95
+ | `jev_function` | `string` | yes | Jev primary function; null for an unavailable answer. |
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+ | `jev_topic` | `string` | yes | Jev topic (the codebook subcategory); null when inapplicable or unavailable. |
97
+ | `jev_confidence` | `string` | yes | Jev rubric confidence: Low, Medium, or High; null when unavailable. |
98
+ | `jev_function_probs` | `struct<float32>` | yes | Jev scores keyed by Context, Rules, Process, Enforcement, Structural; null iff jev_function is null. |
99
+ | `jev_topic_probs` | `struct<float32>` | yes | Jev scores keyed by Buildings, Business, Zoning, Nuisance, Other; null iff jev_topic is null. |
100
+ | `enforcement_discretion` | `float64` | yes | Enforcement discretion score, standardized over non-Structural sections; null iff function_majority is Structural. |
101
+ | `opacity` | `float64` | yes | Opacity score, standardized over non-Structural sections; null iff function_majority is Structural. |
102
+ | `paternalism` | `float64` | yes | Paternalism score, standardized over non-Structural sections; null iff function_majority is Structural. |
103
+ | `problem_salience` | `float64` | yes | Problem salience score, standardized over non-Structural sections; null iff function_majority is Structural. |
104
+
105
+ ### labels
106
+
107
+ `document_id`, `section_index`, the four consensus columns, the nine per-model label columns, and the two Jev probability columns have the same definitions and types as `sections`.
108
+
109
+ ### human_audit
110
+
111
+ | Column | Type | Meaning |
112
+ |---|---|---|
113
+ | `audit_id` | string | Stable audit excerpt identifier. |
114
+ | `text` | string | Original human-audit excerpt text. |
115
+ | `human_function`, `human_topic`, `human_confidence` | nullable string | Human majority consensus, recased to the release vocabularies. |
116
+ | `human_function_eligible`, `human_topic_eligible`, `human_confidence_eligible` | bool | Independent flags identifying fields eligible for evaluation. |
117
+ | `human_annotations` | int64 | Number of human annotations for the excerpt. |
118
+ | `gemini_*`, `openai_*`, `jev_*`, `jev_*_probs` | as in sections | Model labels and scores joined by audit_id. |
119
+
120
+ ### counties
121
+
122
+ | Column | Type | Meaning |
123
+ |---|---|---|
124
+ | `county_fips` | string | Five-digit county FIPS code, preserving leading zeros. |
125
+ | `county_name`, `state` | string | County name and uppercase state abbreviation from harmonization. |
126
+ | `document_id` | nullable string | Selected representative document; null for an uncovered county. |
127
+ | `jurisdiction_name`, `jurisdiction_type` | nullable string | The selected jurisdiction, with the same definitions as sections. |
128
+ | `selection_reason` | string | Recorded harmonization selection reason. |
129
+ | `section_count` | nullable int64 | Released sections in the selected document; null when none is selected. |
130
+
131
+ Pre-cleaning page counts are excluded because they do not describe the released text.
132
+
133
+ ## Labels, consensus, and missing values
134
+
135
+ `topic` is the annotation codebook's `subcategory`. Function values are `Context`, `Rules`, `Process`, `Enforcement`, and `Structural`. Topic values are `Buildings`, `Business`, `Zoning`, `Nuisance`, and `Other`. Confidence values are `Low`, `Medium`, and `High`.
136
+
137
+ Unavailable or unsuccessful model answers use real null values for all of that model's labels. A null topic with a non-null function means topic does not apply (`Context`, `Process`, or `Structural`). Topic is non-null exactly for answering models whose function is `Rules` or `Enforcement`. No ERROR strings or inferred labels are inserted. Per-model missing counts are in `manifest.json`.
138
+
139
+ Section rows without a model answer: Gemini **60**; OpenAI **1**; Jev **0**.
140
 
141
+ Consensus counts only models with valid answers. An answering model's inapplicable topic counts as a vote for not applicable; a missing model contributes no vote. A majority requires at least two matching votes. `topic_majority` null with `topic_votes` at least 2 means a majority for not applicable; at most 1 means no majority. All three agree when both vote counts equal 3. Confidence is reported separately for each model.
142
+
143
+ ## Human-audit agreement
144
+
145
+ The released audit contains **250 excerpts**. Each excerpt has three human annotations.
146
+
147
+ The following table reports excerpts with human majority consensus for each field. These are consensus eligibility rates, not pairwise or chance-corrected inter-annotator agreement statistics.
148
+
149
+ | Human field | Eligible consensus / audit excerpts |
150
+ |---|---:|
151
+ | function | 226/250 (90.4%) |
152
+ | topic | 216/250 (86.4%) |
153
+ | confidence | 244/250 (97.6%) |
154
+
155
+ Human function, topic, and confidence have separate eligibility flags and must be evaluated independently. An eligible blank human topic is a valid null; an ineligible blank is unscored. Joint evaluations require all relevant eligibility flags. Shared `audit_id` values should remain together when splitting related human-label data.
156
+
157
+ The next table reports exact model agreement with eligible human consensus. A row is scored only when that field is human-eligible and the model returned a valid function. Null topics from answering models are valid not-applicable answers and are compared as such. Missing model answers reduce scored coverage, and do not enter the agreement denominator.
158
+
159
+ | Model | Field | Exact matches / scored | Scored / eligible |
160
+ |---|---|---:|---:|
161
+ | Gemini | function | 193/226 (85.4%) | 226/226 (100.0%) |
162
+ | Gemini | topic | 185/216 (85.6%) | 216/216 (100.0%) |
163
+ | Gemini | confidence | 141/244 (57.8%) | 244/244 (100.0%) |
164
+ | OpenAI | function | 177/226 (78.3%) | 226/226 (100.0%) |
165
+ | OpenAI | topic | 172/216 (79.6%) | 216/216 (100.0%) |
166
+ | OpenAI | confidence | 108/244 (44.3%) | 244/244 (100.0%) |
167
+ | Jev | function | 183/226 (81.0%) | 226/226 (100.0%) |
168
+ | Jev | topic | 164/216 (75.9%) | 216/216 (100.0%) |
169
+ | Jev | confidence | 113/244 (46.3%) | 244/244 (100.0%) |
170
+
171
+ ## Collection and limitations
172
+
173
+ The providers use the shared codebook and identical header-plus-content input, capped at 16,000 characters. Truncation counts are measured during the build and recorded in `manifest.json`.
174
+
175
+ Only Jev supplies probability scores. They are preserved as float32 without normalization; provider rounding means sums may differ from 1. They are provider scores, not verified calibrated probabilities. Evaluate calibration on the human audit before interpreting them as calibrated probabilities.
176
+
177
+ Confidence follows a rubric with Low precedence. Compare confidence within each source; the rubric can produce more Low responses than the human audit. Confidence agreement measures rubric-label matching, not calibration.
178
+
179
+ The shared Tennessee Mayor-Aldermanic model charter has several place GEOIDs and therefore a null `jurisdiction_geoid`. Represented counties come exclusively from county harmonization. Washington, DC has `jurisdiction_type` `other`. Uncovered counties retain null document and jurisdiction fields.
180
+
181
+ ## Provenance
182
+
183
+ `manifest.json` records input hashes, exact model and prompt metadata, measured counts, missing answers, source-code hashes, and deterministic checks against run ledgers. Unavailable actual run dates remain null with an explanation; annotation collection timestamps are not substituted for run dates.
184
+
185
+ ## License
186
+
187
+ Declared dataset license: `cc-by-nc-4.0`.
188
+
189
+ ## Citation
190
 
191
  ```bibtex
192
  @article{peskoff2026freeing,
 
195
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.19334},
196
  year={2026}
197
  }
198
+ ```
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