id string | question string | answer string | documents list |
|---|---|---|---|
train_15000 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congressional interest in and support for global health programs has remained strong for several years. In FY2018, Congress provided $8.7 billion for global health programs through State, Foreign Operations appropriations and $488.6 million through Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education (Labor-HHS) appropriati... | [
"Congress has made global health a high priority for several years, with notable appropriations increases for global health during the George W. Bush Administration. During this period, global-health-related appropriations rose from less than $2 billion in FY2001 to almost $8 billion in FY2008 ( Figure 1 ). Much of... |
train_15001 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On June 23, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court decided a much-anticipated case in the area of federal securities law: Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc. The history of the case spans more than a decade, through three rounds in federal district court and two rounds in the court of appeals and the Supreme Court. All o... | [
"On June 23, 2014, the Supreme Court decided a much-anticipated case in the area of federal securities law. The case, Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc. , presented to the Court the following two questions, both dealing with the certification of a class of securities fraud plaintiffs: 1. Whether the Court ... |
train_15002 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | As immigration reform and the illegal alien population have gained congressional and public attention in the past several years, the issue of unauthorized employment has come to the fore. It is widely accepted that most unauthorized aliens enter and remain in the United States in order to work. Thus, eliminating employ... | [
"In the past several years, increasing public and congressional attention has been focused on the unauthorized alien (illegal alien) population in the United States, which, according to the Pew Hispanic Center, totaled an estimated 11.8 million in March 2008. It is widely accepted that most unauthorized aliens ente... |
train_15003 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Biofuels are a major source of renewable energy in the United States. Ethanol produced from corn starch accounts for 90% of the biofuels consumed, but only 5% of all light-duty motor transportation fuel consumption. Ethanol is blended with gasoline to increase octane and reduce emissions, and used as a substitute for g... | [
"The United States consumes about 186 billion gallons of light-duty road motor transportation fuel annually, most in the form of petroleum-based fuel (i.e., gasoline and diesel). However, biofuels are a small, yet growing, component of U.S. fuel consumption, accounting for an estimated 10 billion gallons in 2008, o... |
train_15004 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the early 1990s, Georgia and its breakaway South Ossetia region had agreed to a Russian-mediated ceasefire that provided for Russian "peacekeepers" to be stationed in the region. Moscow extended citizenship and passports to most ethnic Ossetians. Simmering long-time tensions escalated on the evening of August 7, 200... | [
"At the Munich Security Conference on February 7, 2009, Vice President Joe Biden stated that \"the United States will not recognize Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states. We will not recognize a sphere of influence. It will remain our view that sovereign states have the right to make their own decisions ... |
train_15005 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On October 23, 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its final Clean Power Plan rule (Rule) to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), specifically carbon dioxide (CO2), from existing fossil fuel-fired power plants. The aim of the Rule, according to EPA, is to help protect human health a... | [
"O n October 23, 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its final Clean Power Plan rule (CPP or Rule) to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), specifically carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), from existing fossil fuel-fired power plants. The goal of the Rule, according to EPA, is to help protec... |
train_15006 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Veterans Health Administration (VHA), within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), operates the nation's largest integrated health care delivery system, provides care to approximately 6.7 million unique veteran patients, and employs more than 311,000 full-time equivalent employees. Eligibility and Enrollment. Co... | [
"The Veterans Health Administration (VHA), within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), operates the nation's largest integrated direct health care delivery system, provides care to approximately 6.7 million unique veteran patients, and employs more than 311,000 full-time equivalent employees. While Medicare, Me... |
train_15007 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Libya's political transition has been disrupted by armed non-state groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus-year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing security issues... | [
"Libya's political transition has been disrupted by armed non-state groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus-year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in late 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing secur... |
train_15008 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA, P.L. 105-33) established the Medicare+Choice program (now called Medicare Advantage), creating new options for the delivery of required benefits under Medicare. One of these options is a Private Fee-For-Service plan (PFFS), statutorily defined as a plan that (1) reimburses hospital... | [
"Medicare is the nation's health insurance program for the aged, disabled, and persons with End Stage Renal Disease. Medicare part A, the Hospital Insurance program, covers hospital services, post-hospital services, and hospice services. Part B, the Supplementary Medical Insurance program, covers a broad range of c... |
train_15009 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The FY2009 Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies appropriations bill (THUD) provides funding for the Department of Transportation (DOT), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and five independent agencies related to those two departments. The Bush Administration requested ... | [
"On September 5, Department of Transportation (DOT) Secretary Mary Peters announced that the Highway Trust Fund faced a shortfall as soon as October 2008, due to lower than expected revenues in 2008, and called on Congress to immediately pass legislation transferring general fund revenues to the Trust Fund, a step ... |
train_15010 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2010, 73.9% of the people in the United States who receive their water from a public water system received fluoridated water (roughly 204.3 million people). One of CDC's national health goals is to increase the proportion of the U.S. population serve... | [
"The fluoridation of drinking water often generates both strong support and opposition within communities. The practice is recommended by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to prevent tooth decay. The decision to fluoridate a public water supply is made by the state or local municipality and is ... |
train_15011 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant provides federal grants to the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the territories, and American Indian tribes for a wide range of benefits, services, and activities. It is best known for helping states pay for cash welfare for needy families with children... | [
"The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant provides federal grants for a wide range of benefits and activities. It is best known as the major source of funding for cash welfare for needy families with children. However, federal law allows TANF funds to be used for other benefits and services th... |
train_15012 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA, P.L. 111-5) provided $7.2 billion primarily for broadband grant and loan programs to be administered by two separate agencies: the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the Department of Commerce (DOC) and the Rural Utilities Service (RUS)... | [
"The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA, P.L. 111-5 ) provided $7.2 billion primarily for broadband grant and loan programs to be administered by two separate agencies: the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the Department of Commerce (DOC) and the Rural Utilities Service... |
train_15013 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | One aspect of the broader debate over aliens who are present in the United States in violation of federal immigration law has been their eligibility for driver's licenses and other forms of state-issued identification documents (IDs). The issuance of driver's licenses has historically been considered a state matter, an... | [
"One facet of the broader debate over aliens who are present in the United States in violation of federal immigration law has been their eligibility for driver's licenses and other forms of government-issued identification documents (IDs). The issuance of driver's licenses has historically been considered a state m... |
train_15014 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The impeachment process provides a mechanism for removal of the President, Vice President, and other "civil Officers of the United States" found to have engaged in "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." The Constitution places the responsibility and authority to determine whether to impeach an indiv... | [
"The Constitution gives Congress the authority to impeach and remove the President, Vice President, and other federal \"civil officers\" upon a determination that such officers have engaged in treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Impeachment is one of the various checks and balances created by t... |
train_15015 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On January 29, 2013, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013, a $50.5 billion package of disaster assistance largely focused on responding to Hurricane Sandy, was enacted as P.L. 113-2. In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy impacted a wide swath of the East Coast of the United States, resulting in more than 120 de... | [
"In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy impacted a wide swath of the East Coast of the United States. The President had, as of January 31, 2013, declared major disasters for 12 states plus the District of Columbia under the authority of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5... |
train_15016 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Although brand-name pharmaceutical companies routinely procure patents on their innovative medications, such rights are not self-enforcing. Brand-name firms that wish to enforce their patents against generic competitors must therefore commence litigation in the federal courts. Such litigation ordinarily terminates in e... | [
"The increasing costs of health care have focused congressional attention upon both the development and public availability of prescription drugs. Congress has long recognized that the patent system has an important role to play in the pharmaceutical industry in each respect. The Drug Price Competition and Patent T... |
train_15017 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal government provides elementary and secondary education and educational assistance to Indian children, either directly through federally funded schools or indirectly through educational assistance to public schools. Direct education is provided by the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) in the U.S. Department o... | [
"The federal government provides elementary and secondary education and educational assistance to Indian children, either directly through federally funded schools or indirectly through educational assistance to public schools. The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) in the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) overse... |
train_15018 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Joint Cargo Aircraft (JCA) is a joint acquisition program between the Army and Air Force intended to procure a commercial off-the-shelf aircraft capable of meeting Army and Air Force requirements for intra-theater airlift. The C-27J Spartan, built by L-3 Communications, was awarded the JCA contract in 2007. This is an ... | [
"The Joint Cargo Aircraft (JCA) is a small, intra-theater airlifter being procured by the Army and Air Force. Small airlifters have filled niche roles for the Department of Defense (DOD) over the past several decades, flying missions to deliver time-sensitive cargo, transport important personnel, evacuate casualtie... |
train_15019 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Cuba's political succession from Fidel Castro to his brother Raúl has been characterized by a remarkable degree of stability. On February 24, 2008, Cuba's legislature selected Raúl as President of the 31-member Council of State, a position that officially made him Cuba's head of government and state. Most observers exp... | [
"Fidel Castro ceded provisional control of the government and the Cuban Communist Party (PCC) to his brother Raúl on July 31, 2006, because of poor health. While initially many observers forecast Raúl's assumption of power as temporary, it soon became clear that a permanent succession of political power had occurre... |
train_15020 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In recent years, parts of the American West (i.e., the 17 states west of the Mississippi River) have been subject to prolonged drought conditions, including a severe drought in California that lasted from 2012 to 2016. Dating to the 112th Congress, several bills were proposed to address these conditions. The 114th Cong... | [
"The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), part of the Department of the Interior (DOI), is responsible for the construction and maintenance of many of the large dams and water diversion structures in the 17 states west of the Mississippi River. Reclamation was founded in 1902 to aid in the settlement of the arid Am... |
train_15021 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), the economic stimulus legislation signed into law on February 17, 2009 (P.L. 111-5), included supplemental FY2009 discretionary appropriations for biomedical research, public health, and other health-related programs within the Department of Health and Human Se... | [
"The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA; P.L. 111-5 ), which the President signed into law on February 17, 2009, provided $17.15 billion in supplemental FY2009 discretionary appropriations for biomedical research, public health, and other health-related programs within the Department of Health and... |
train_15022 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | One of the numerous functions performed by the Financial Management Service (FMS) at the Treasury Department is the collection of delinquent tax and non-tax debt owed to a variety of state governments and federal agencies. In managing the collection of this debt, the FMS relies on two programs it operates with assistan... | [
"The Financial Management Service (FMS) is a bureau within the Treasury Department that serves four main purposes: it offers payment services to other federal agencies, operates the federal government's systems for collecting and depositing funds, provides government-wide accounting and reporting services, and mana... |
train_15023 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In February 2011, the Obama Administration released a report, "Reforming America's Housing Finance Market," setting out several options for the future of housing finance. In the past, the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have played a crucial role in government support for the mortgage... | [
"Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) that have played a central role in mortgage finance. They provide a secondary market for home mortgages—buying mortgages from the original lenders, packaging them into bonds backed by homeowners' interest and principal payments (a process known... |
train_15024 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA, Division A of H.R. 1424, P.L. 110-343) empowers the Secretary of the Treasury to act to stabilize the economy. Should the Secretary wish to have more than $350 billion outstanding under the program, the President must submit a written report to Congress detailing ... | [
"The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA) empowers the Secretary of the Treasury to act to restore liquidity and stability to the financial system of the United States, and authorizes funds on a graduated scale that the Secretary may use for this purpose. The act immediately authorizes the Secretary ... |
train_15025 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The failed attempt by Dubai Ports World (DP World) to operate marine terminals at some U.S. ports raises the issue of whether foreign marine terminal operators pose a threat to U.S. homeland security. Notwithstanding the sale of U.S. terminal operations by DP World to a U.S. entity, the underlying issue remains because... | [
"The failed attempt by Dubai Ports World (DP World) to operate marine terminals at some U.S. ports raises the issue of whether foreign marine terminal operators pose a threat to U.S. homeland security. DP World is a terminal operating company that operates as a commercial entity, but is owned by the Government of D... |
train_15026 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Various federal officials have spoken in favor of extending the Federal Communication Commission's indecency restriction, which currently applies to broadcast television and radio, to cable and satellite television. This report examines whether such an extension would violate the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom ... | [
"Various federal officials have spoken in favor of extending the Federal Communication Commission's indecency restriction, which currently applies to broadcast television and radio, to cable and satellite television. This report examines whether such an extension would violate the First Amendment's guarantee of fre... |
train_15027 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Exchange rates are among the most important prices in the global economy. They affect the price of every country's imports and exports, as well as the value of every overseas investment. Over the past decade, some Members of Congress have been concerned that foreign countries are using exchange rate policies to gain an... | [
"Some Members of Congress and policy experts allege that U.S. producers and U.S. jobs have been adversely affected by the exchange rate policies adopted by China, Japan, and a number of other countries. They maintain that some countries are purposefully using various policies to weaken the value of their currency t... |
train_15028 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In response to the downturn in the U.S. mortgage market, the Bush Administration helped broker an alliance of mortgage lenders, servicers, counselors, and investors called the HOPE NOW Alliance, whose stated goals are to "maximize outreach efforts to homeowners in distress to help them stay in their homes" and to "crea... | [
"In response to the downturn in the U.S. mortgage market, the Bush Administration helped broker an alliance of mortgage lenders, servicers, counselors, and investors, called the HOPE NOW Alliance, whose stated goals are to \"maximize outreach efforts to homeowners in distress to help them stay in their homes\" and ... |
train_15029 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Doha Round has emerged as a major stumbling block in the seven-year Doha Round negotiations. NAMA refers to the cutting of tariff and non-tariff barriers (NTB) on industrial and primary products, basically all trade in goods which are not foo... | [
"Talks on Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Doha Round refer to the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) on industrial and primary products, basically all trade in goods which are not foodstuffs. While the agriculture negotiations have received greater scrutin... |
train_15030 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The trafficking of individuals within U.S borders is commonly referred to as domestic human trafficking, and it occurs in every state of the nation. One form of domestic human trafficking is sex trafficking. Research indicates that most victims of sex trafficking into and within the United States are women and children... | [
"Human trafficking involves the exploitation of individuals for forced labor or commercial sex. The trafficking of individuals within U.S borders is commonly referred to as domestic human trafficking, and it occurs in every state in the nation. Of those individuals who are victims of sex trafficking, research indic... |
train_15031 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Various water supply shortages and greater demand for water supply related to energy development projects have brought increased attention to disputes over the control of water resources across the country. In particular, domestic on-shore unconventional oil and gas development, such as hydraulic fracturing, has caused... | [
"Various water supply shortages and greater demand for water supply related to energy development projects have brought increased attention to disputes over the control of water resources across the country. For example, new applications of energy extraction technologies have increased oil and gas production from s... |
train_15032 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in the Department of the Interior are both directed to manage lands for multiple uses and sustained yields, but their unique histories have led to different laws, regulations, practices, and procedures in managing resources... | [
"Four federal agencies administer about 95% of the approximately 653 million acres of federal land in the United States: the Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), National Park Service, and Fish and Wildlife Service in the Department of the Interior (D... |
train_15033 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, Africa, the Philippines, and Colombia are part of theU.S.-initiated Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). These operations cover a wide variety of combatand non-combat missions ranging from combating insurgents, to civil affairs and reconstructionoperations, to training military force... | [
"U.S. military operations as part of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) began on October7, 2001, and continue today. The military component is just one aspect in this endeavor, which alsoinvolves diplomatic, intelligence, law enforcement, and financial efforts to defeat terrorists aroundthe world. This report focus... |
train_15034 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | India will soon be the world's most populous country, home to about one of every six people. Many factors combine to infuse India's government and people with "great power" aspirations: the Asian giant's rich civilization and history, expanding strategic horizons, energetic global and international engagement, critical... | [
"India—South Asia's dominant actor with about 1.3 billion citizens and the world's third-largest economy by purchasing power—has been characterized as a nascent great power and \"indispensable par tner\" of the United States. Many analysts view India as a potential counterweight to China's growing international clo... |
train_15035 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Ongoing trade negotiations among the United States and several Pacific Rim countries regarding the proposed Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement and between the United States and the European Union with respect to the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) agreement have rekindled debate o... | [
"Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) provisions in international investment agreements (IIA) enable an aggrieved investor, with an investment located in the territory of a foreign host government, to bring a claim against that government for breach of an investment agreement before an international arbitration... |
train_15036 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Under the framework established by the Impoundment Control Act (ICA) of 1974 (P.L. 93-344, 88 Stat. 297), the President may propose to rescind funding provided in an appropriations act by transmitting a special message to Congress and obtaining the support of both houses within 45 days of continuous session. If denied ... | [
"The Impoundment Control Act (ICA), enacted as Title X of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, established a new framework for congressional notification and review of rescissions requested by a President. The 1974 law requires the President to inform Congress of all proposed rescissions in... |
train_15037 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A number of issues of interest to U.S. agriculture are expected to be addressed by the 110th Congress. At the top of the agenda, Congress will be considering the unfinished business of FY2007 funding levels for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs and activities in the annual agriculture appropriations bill. ... | [
"The 110 th Congress will consider several measures that bear directly on funding for the programs and activities of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The 109 th Congress adjourned without completing action on the FY2007 agriculture appropriations bill ( H.R. 5384 ), which funds most of USDA for the curren... |
train_15038 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Zimbabwe, a southern African country of about 14 million people, gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1980 after a lengthy armed struggle against white minority rule. The armed struggle, and the enduring effects of land allocations that favored whites, have profoundly shaped post-independence politics, as hav... | [
"U.S. relations with Zimbabwe, a mineral-rich southern African country, remain strained. Tensions in bilateral relations emerged in the late 1990s, when increasing indications of human rights violations, undemocratic governance, and economic decline, accompanied by radical government economic policies and land seiz... |
train_15039 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Endangered Species Act (ESA; P.L. 93-205, 16 U.S.C. §§1531-1543) was enacted to increase protection for, and provide for the recovery of, vanishing wildlife and vegetation. Under ESA, species of plants and animals (both vertebrate and invertebrate) can be listed as endangered or threatened according to assessments ... | [
"Increasing numbers of animal and plant species face possible extinction. Endangered and threatened species—and the law that protects them, the 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA, P.L. 93-205 , as amended; 16 U.S.C. §§1531-1543)—are controversial, in part, because dwindling species are often harbingers of resource sc... |
train_15040 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Continuing appropriations acts (commonly known as continuing resolutions or CRs), which provide interim funding in the event that regular appropriations have not been enacted, have been an integral component of the annual appropriations process for decades. Whenever action on one or more of the regular appropriations a... | [
"Continuing appropriations acts (commonly known as continuing resolutions or CRs), which provide interim funding in the event that regular appropriations have not been enacted, have been an integral component of the annual appropriations process for decades. Whenever action on one or more of the regular appropriati... |
train_15041 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Recent and projected large deficits and the need for revenue to offset spending or tax reduction proposals generated congressional and executive branch interest in reducing the tax gap. Proposals in the 110th Congress to require brokers to report adjusted basis on publicly traded securities sold by individuals are exam... | [
"Recent and projected large deficits and the need for revenue to offset spending or tax reduction proposals generated congressional and executive branch interest in different proposals to reduce the tax gap; and consequently, raise additional revenue. Proposals in the 110 th Congress to require brokers to report ad... |
train_15042 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Financial stress encountered by dairy farmers in recent years has led Congress and the industry to reconsider how to deal with fluctuations in milk prices and financial prospects for dairy farmers. Some Members have voiced interest in alternatives to current federal programs (which expire in 2012). Alternative policies... | [
"Financial stress in the dairy industry in 2009, brought on largely by sharply lower milk prices, activated standing federal programs to support dairy farmers. In calendar year 2009, the federal government spent more than $1 billion to support the industry through the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program, the D... |
train_15043 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | U.S. Interests and Policy Geographic proximity has ensured strong linkages between the United States and the Latin American and Caribbean region, based on diverse U.S. interests, including economic, political, and security concerns. U.S. policy toward the region under the Obama Administration focused on four priorities... | [
"U.S. interests in the Western Hemisphere are diverse, and include economic, political, security, and humanitarian concerns. Geographic proximity has ensured strong economic linkages between the United States and the region, with the United States being the major trading partner and largest source of foreign invest... |
train_15044 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States has trade obligations under multilateral trade agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the other World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, as well as bilateral and regional trade agreements. A variety of domestic laws implement these agreements, prescribe U.S. trad... | [
"The post-World War II era has been characterized by a global movement toward liberalizing trade and creating frameworks under which trade disputes can be avoided and resolved. In particular, the trade agreements of the last half-century can be seen as adopting the view that government bodies need a global legal fr... |
train_15045 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Following the first free and fair elections in Haiti's history, Jean-Bertrand Aristide first became Haitian President in February 1991. He was overthrown by a military coup in September 1991. For over three years, the military regime resisted international demands that Aristide be restored to office. In September 1994,... | [
"U.S. officials have continued to express strong support for the Préval government, particularly improvements it has made, with U.N. support, in the security realm. In December 2007, Paul Tuebner, the USAID Mission Director in Haiti praised President Préval for \"taking the actions necessary to bring Haiti out of c... |
train_15046 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Cuba remains a one-party communist state with a poor record on human rights. The country's political succession in 2006 from the long-ruling Fidel Castro to his brother Raúl was characterized by a remarkable degree of stability. In February 2013, Castro was reappointed to a second five-year term as President (until 201... | [
"On December 17, 2014, after the end of the 113 th Congress, President Obama announced major developments in U.S.-Cuban relations. First, the Cuban government released Alan Gross, the U.S. Agency for International Development subcontractor imprisoned in Cuba for five years, on humanitarian grounds. Second, in a sep... |
train_15047 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is the primary source of federal aid to elementary and secondary education. The ESEA was last reauthorized by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95) in 2015. The Title I-A program has always been the largest grant program authorized under the ESEA. Title I-A... | [
"The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is the primary source of federal aid to elementary and secondary education. The ESEA was last reauthorized by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95 ) in 2015. The Title I-A program has always been the largest grant program authorized under the ESEA and ... |
train_15048 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Several development proponents, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and policymakers have pressed Congress to reform U.S. foreign aid capabilities to better address 21st century development needs and national security challenges. Over the past 50 years, the legislative foundation for U.S. foreign aid has evolved larg... | [
"Several actions occurred throughout the past year related to foreign aid reform, including: On December 15, 2010, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton released the Obama Administration's Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (QDDR), outlining the direction for foreign aid reform and elevating as well as integ... |
train_15049 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The child tax credit is currently structured as a $1,000-per-child credit that is partially refundable for lower-income families with more than $3,000 in earnings. Prior to 2001, the child tax credit was a $500-per-child nonrefundable tax credit which generally benefited middle- and upper-middle-income taxpayers. Since... | [
"The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 ( P.L. 105-34 ) created a $500-per-child nonrefundable tax credit to help ease the financial burden that families incur when they have children. Since 2001, legislative changes, particularly those made by the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA; P.L. 10... |
train_15050 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the 10 years that have passed since the reversion of Hong Kong from British to Chinese sovereignty, much has changed and little has changed. On the political front, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) has selected its first Chief Executive, only to have him step down and be replaced in a process not ... | [
"Ten years have passed since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or the HKSAR, on July 1, 1997. The event, commonly referred to as the Handover, marked the end of 155 years of British colonial rule and China's resumption of full sovereignty over Hong Kong. During the last 10 years, the... |
train_15051 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (the Delta) is formed by the confluence of the north-flowing San Joaquin River, the south-flowing Sacramento River, and the San Francisco Bay, to which the delta of the two rivers is linked. The 1,153-square-mile estuary is the hub of California's extensive water supply system. Th... | [
"The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (the Delta) is formed by the confluence of the north-flowing San Joaquin River, the south-flowing Sacramento River, and the San Francisco Bay, to which the delta of the two rivers is linked. The 1,153-square-mile estuary is the hub of California's extensive water supply syste... |
train_15052 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies appropriations bill provides funding for the planning, design, construction, alteration, and improvement of facilities used by active and reserve military components worldwide. It capitalizes military family housing and the U.S. share of the NATO Securit... | [
"On February 14, 2011, President Barack Obama submitted to Congress his request for military construction appropriations to support federal government operations during FY2012, which will begin on October 1, 2011. The House Committee on Appropriations introduced its Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Rela... |
train_15053 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Communication between Members of Congress and their constituents has changed with the development of new online social networking services. Many Members now use e-mail, official websites, blogs, YouTube channels, Twitter, and Facebook pages to communicate with their constituents—technologies that were either non-existe... | [
"Communication between Members of Congress and their constituents has changed with the development of new online social networking services. Many Members now use e-mail, official websites, blogs, YouTube channels, Twitter, and Facebook pages to communicate with their constituents—technologies that were either non-e... |
train_15054 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Improper Payments Information Act (IPIA) of 2002 defines improper payments as payments that should not have been made or that were made in an incorrect amount, including both overpayments and underpayments. This definition includes payments made to ineligible recipients, duplicate payments, payments for a good or s... | [
"In an effort to reduce and ultimately eliminate billions of dollars in improper payments made by federal agencies each year, Congress passed the Improper Payments Information Act (IPIA P.L. 107-300) in 2002. IPIA requires agencies to identify programs susceptible to improper payments through risk assessments, esti... |
train_15055 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In Kennedy v. Louisiana, the United States Supreme Court, by a vote of 5 to 4, held that the 8th Amendment prohibits the death penalty for the rape of a child where the crime did not result and was not intended to result in the victim's death. The Court established a bright-line rule regarding the constitutionality of ... | [
"The 8 th Amendment, applicable to the federal government and to the states through the 14 th Amendment, bars the use of \"excessive sanctions\" in the criminal justice system. It states specifically that \"[e]xcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflic... |
train_15056 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act, P.L. 114-22 (S. 178), establishes and enhances a host of federal programs designed to prevent human trafficking and assist its victims. It also adjusts federal criminal law in the areas of substantive criminal law, victims' rights, and related criminal procedure. It is these ... | [
"Early in the 114 th Congress, the House passed a proposed Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act ( H.R. 181 ). The Senate took S. 178 , the Senate companion to H.R. 181 , and added several other proposals from elsewhere. The package subsequently passed into law as the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015... |
train_15057 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Several sections of the USA PATRIOT Act and one section of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 were originally scheduled to expire on December 31, 2005. In July 2005, both Houses approved USA PATRIOT reauthorization acts, H.R. 3199 and S. 1389 , and the conference committee filed a report, H.Re... | [
"By operation of section 224 of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act) of 2001, several of the USA PATRIOT Act's amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) and the Electronic Communications Privacy A... |
train_15058 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 2007 and 2009 decisions, Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, the U.S. Supreme Court heightened the standard governing whether a civil complaint filed in federal court will survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. After those rulings, it appears that federal courts must evalua... | [
"To initiate a civil suit in federal court, a litigant submits a complaint \"pleading\" entitlement to legal relief. In a 2007 decision, Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly , and more forcefully in a 2009 decision, Ashcroft v. Iqbal , the U.S. Supreme Court heightened the standard for evaluating such pleadings. Although... |
train_15059 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The process by which lower federal court judges are nominated by the President and considered by the Senate is of continuing interest to Congress. Recent Senate debate over judicial nominations has frequently concerned whether a particular President's judicial nominees, relative to the nominees of other recent Presiden... | [
"In recent years a subject of continuing interest to Senators has been the length of time taken for lower federal court nominations to receive Senate confirmation. Senate debate often has concerned whether a President's judicial nominees, relative to the nominees of other recent Presidents, encountered more difficu... |
train_15060 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On May 6, 2007, the Gaullist Nicolas Sarkozy defeated the Socialist candidate Ségolène Royal in the second round of the French elections to become President of France. He will serve a five-year term. His party lost seats but maintained a solid majority in subsequent legislative elections. Since 1981, France has had onl... | [
"On May 6, 2007, French voters chose the Gaullist Nicolas Sarkozy to be President of France. In a contentious campaign, he defeated the Socialist Ségolène Royal by a margin of 53.1% to 46.9%. Sarkozy assumed power on May 16. Sarkozy represents a younger generation of leaders at a time when a majority of the French ... |
train_15061 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Taxes on long-term capital gains (on assets held for at least a year) are imposed at rates that correspond to pre-2018 brackets: a 0% rate for those whose income placed them in the regular 15% bracket or less (now in regular bracket of 12%), and 15% for taxpayers in higher brackets, except for those in the 39.6% bracke... | [
"Capital gain arises when an asset is sold and consists of the difference between the basis (normally the acquisition price) and the sales price. Corporate stock accounts for 20% to 80% of taxable gains, depending on stock market performance. Real estate is the remaining major source of capital gains, although gain... |
train_15062 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Natural Gas Systems and Air Pollution Congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has focused in part on ways through which the United States could secure more economical and reliable fossil fuel resources both domestically and internationally. Recent expansion in natural gas production, primarily as a result of new o... | [
"Congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has focused in part on ways through which the United States could secure more economical and reliable fossil fuel resources both domestically and internationally. Recent expansion in natural gas production, primarily as a result of new or improved technologies (e.g., hy... |
train_15063 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the past half-century, in government and beyond, information creation, distribution, retention, and preservation activities have transitioned from a tangible, paper-based process to digital processes managed through computerized information technologies. Information is created as a digital object which then may be r... | [
"In a representative democracy, publicly available information about government activity is seen by many as a vital resource to inform the public, and to ensure accountability and transparency of government action. In the past half-century, in government and beyond, information creation, distribution, retention, an... |
train_15064 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The foreign relations authorization process dovetails with the annual appropriation processfor the Department of State, foreign policy, and foreign assistance. Congress is required by law toauthorize the spending of appropriations for the State Department and foreign policy activities everytwo years. The last time Cong... | [
"Congressman Christopher H. Smith introduced H.R. 2601 on May 24, 2005. The Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Relations held a markupsession on May 26 and forwarded the bill on to the full committee the same day. The HouseInternational Relations Committee held markup sessions on June 8 a... |
train_15065 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Department of Defense (DOD) has long relied on contractors to provide the U.S. military with a wide range of goods and services, including weapons, vehicles, food, uniforms, and operational support. Without contractor support, the United States would be currently unable to arm and field an effective fighting force.... | [
"The Department of Defense (DOD) has long relied on contractors to provide the U.S. military with a wide range of goods and services, including weapons, vehicles, food, uniforms, and operational support. Without contractor support, the United States would not be able to arm and field an effective fighting force. Co... |
train_15066 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress delegates rulemaking authority to agencies for a variety of reasons, and in a variety of ways. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, P.L. 111-148) is a particularly noteworthy example of congressional delegation of rulemaking authority to federal agencies. A previous CRS report identified more... | [
"Federal regulations generally start with an act of Congress and are the means by which statutes are implemented and specific requirements are established. Congress delegates rulemaking authority to agencies for a variety of reasons, and in a variety of ways. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, P... |
train_15067 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Openness is fundamental to representative government. Yet the congressional process is replete with activities and actions that are private and not observable by the public. How to distinguish reasonable legislative secrecy from impractical transparency is a topic that produces disagreement on Capitol Hill and elsewher... | [
"\"If the work of legislation can be done shrouded in secrecy and hidden from the public,\" said former Speaker Thomas P. O'Neill, \"then we are eroding the confidence of the public in ourselves and in our institution.\" Open government is essential in a democratic system if Congress is to maintain public support a... |
train_15068 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) collected livestock and meat price and related market information from meat packers on a voluntary basis under the authority of the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (7 U.S.C. §1621 et seq.). However, as the livestock industry became in... | [
"T he Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act ( P.L. 106-78 , Title IX; LMR ) requires that meat packers report prices and other information on purchases of cattle, hogs, lamb, boxed beef, wholesale pork, and lamb carcasses and boxed lamb to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Authority for mandatory reporting was... |
train_15069 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Aereo and FilmOn X were created to stream television programming over the Internet for a monthly subscription fee. Aereo and FilmOn's technology permitted subscribers to watch both live broadcast television in addition to already-aired programming. Their use of this development in technology triggered multiple lawsuits... | [
"C ompanies such as Hulu, Netflix, and Amazon have changed how many people watch television programming by offering on-demand, online streaming to their computers, mobile devices, and gaming consoles. Aereo and FilmOn X were also created to stream television programming over the Internet for a monthly subscription ... |
train_15070 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the wake of violent incidents in which symbols of the Civil War Confederacy have played a role, Congress is considering the relationship of Confederate symbols to federal lands and programs. A number of federal agencies administer assets or fund activities in which Confederate memorials and references to Confederate... | [
"The iconography of the Confederate states in the U.S. Civil War is a contested part of American historical memory. Confederate flags, statues, plaques, and similar memorials have been valued historical symbols for some Americans, but for others have symbolized oppression and discrimination. Further, Confederate sy... |
train_15071 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides information regarding pollution from ships and port facilities; discusses some of the measures being implemented and considered by local, state, and federal regulatory agencies; discusses the efforts to strengthen Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (... | [
"Over the last 40 years, air quality in the United States has improved substantially. Since the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, annual emissions of the six most widespread (\"criteria\") air pollutants have declined 180 million tons (59%), despite major increases in population, motor vehicle miles traveled, a... |
train_15072 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Because Congress did not provide any FY2014 funding for the Department of Defense (DOD) by October 1, 2013, the beginning of the new fiscal year, DOD, like other agencies, is now subject to a lapse in appropriations during which agencies are generally required to shut down. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB), ho... | [
"Because Congress did not provide funding for FY2014, the new fiscal year beginning October 1, 2013, the Department of Defense (DOD), like other agencies, is now subject to a lapse in appropriations. In that event, agencies are generally required to shut down, although the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has ... |
train_15073 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congressional oversight of policy implementation and administration has occurred throughout the history of the United States government under the Constitution. Oversight—the review, monitoring, and supervision of operations and activities—takes a variety of forms and utilizes various techniques. These range from specia... | [
"Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation. Congress exercises this power largely through its standing committee system. However, oversight, which dates to the earliest days of the Republic, also occurs in a wide va... |
train_15074 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On December 31, 2011, President Obama signed the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2012. This act amends Title 41 of the United States Code to extend the Government Accountability Office's (GAO's) jurisdiction over protests involving "large" orders issued under civilian agency contracts and clarifies that protes... | [
"This report discusses recent legislation and decisions by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and the U.S. Court of Federal Claims regarding jurisdiction over orders issued under civilian agency contracts. On December 31, 2011, President Obama signed legislation that effectively overturned two recent decisi... |
train_15075 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | High prices for crude oil in 2004 and into 2005 have reduced consumers' purchasing powerand raised costs for businesses while providing billions of dollars to the oil industry and oil exportingcountries. The industry's increased revenues have led to record profit levels. As the 109th Congressengages in oversight of rec... | [
"Profit analysis may be carried out using total profits and their yearly growth, or with profitrates. Total profit analysis is useful in evaluating the effect of the industry's profitability onexpenditure flows within the economy as well as the potential command over resources held bycompanies in the industry. Year... |
train_15076 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report details the Jubilee of Liberty Medal awarded to U.S. veterans by the French government to commemorate the 50 th anniversary of the invasion of Normandy by the Allied forces on June 6, 1994 (D-Day). These medals are no longer distributed by the French government. Included is information on how to obtain this... | [
"The invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, was the largest air, land, and sea invasion ever undertaken, including over 5,000 ships, 10,000 airplanes, and over 150,000 American, British, Canadian, Free French, and Polish troops. There are no exact figures for the total number of D-Day participants nor exact casualty... |
train_15077 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The four major land management agencies have numerous special funds and trust funds that have mandatory spending authority, with the money available to be spent without further action by Congress. The four agencies have 81 accounts with mandatory spending authority, averaging $2.7 billion in annual budget authority for... | [
"Land management is a principal mission for four federal agencies: the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the National Park Service (NPS), and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) in the Department of the Interior (DOI); and the Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture. Together, these agencies administer ... |
train_15078 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress and the executive branch are currently considering changes to the officer personnel management system. Some of these proposed changes would require changes to the laws, including provision enacted by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA) and the Goldwater-Nichols Act (GNA). Contemporary debates ... | [
"In the past several years, senior policymakers in both Congress and the executive branch have proposed various changes to the way in which officers in the armed forces are managed, most notably with respect to assignment and promotion. Supporters of these proposals typically deem them to be essential to building a... |
train_15079 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148) and the Reconciliation Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-152) impose an annual fee on certain for-profit health insurers, starting in 2014. The aggregate amount of the ACA fee, to be collected across all covered insurers, will be $8.0 billion in 2014, $11.3 billion in 2... | [
"The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA, P.L. 111-148 ) and the Reconciliation Act of 2010 ( P.L. 111-152 ) impose a fee on certain for-profit health insurers, starting in 2014. The aggregate ACA fee, to be collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) across all affected insurers operating in the Un... |
train_15080 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In a nationwide address on September 7, 2003, the President announced that he would request an additional $87 billion for ongoing military operations and for reconstruction assistance in Iraq,Afghanistan, and elsewhere. On September 17, the White House submitted a formal request forFY2004 supplemental appropriations of... | [
"On October 29, House and Senate appropriators announced a conference agreement, H.Rept.108-337 , on H.R. 3289 , a bill providing supplemental appropriations for militaryoperations and for reconstruction assistance in Iraq and Afghanistan. The House approved the billby a vote of 298-121 on October 31, and the Senat... |
train_15081 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Under the Multiemployer Pension Reform Act (MPRA), enacted as Division O in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 113-235) on December 16, 2014, certain multiemployer defined benefit (DB) pension plans that are projected to become insolvent and therefore have insufficient funds from whi... | [
"The Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pension Plan (Central States) is a multiemployer defined benefit (DB) pension plan and is projected to become insolvent by 2026 and then will be unable to pay benefits. On September 26, 2015, Central States submitted an application to the U.S. Department of the Tre... |
train_15082 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Medicare is a federal program that covers medical services for qualified beneficiaries. Established in 1965 to provide health insurance to individuals age 65 and older, Medicare has been expanded to include disabled individuals under 65. Medicare now consists of four parts (A-D) that cover hospitalizations, physician s... | [
"Medicare is a federal program that covers medical services for qualified beneficiaries. Established in 1965 as Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to individuals aged 65 and older, Medicare has been expanded to include qualified disabled individuals under the age of 65, persons with ... |
train_15083 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The home mortgage foreclosure rate began to rise rapidly in the United States beginning around the middle of 2006 and remained elevated for several years thereafter. Losing a home to foreclosure can harm households in many ways; for example, those who have been through a foreclosure may have difficulty finding a new pl... | [
"The home mortgage foreclosure rate in the United States began to rise rapidly around the middle of 2006 and remained elevated for several years thereafter. The large increase in home foreclosures negatively impacted some individual households, local communities, and the economy as a whole. Consequently, an issue b... |
train_15084 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal government responded to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the subsequent anthrax attacks with increased focus on and funding for biodefense. A key consideration in this response was addressing shortages in diagnostic, clinical, and research laboratory capacity. Several departments and agencies h... | [
"The federal government responded to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the subsequent anthrax attacks with increased focus on and funding for biodefense. A key consideration in this response was addressing capacity shortages for diagnostic, clinical, and research laboratories. Since 2001, the Department... |
train_15085 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On January 13, 2012, President Barack Obama announced that he would ask Congress to reinstate so-called presidential reorganization authority, and his Administration conveyed a legislative proposal that would renew this authority to Congress on February 16, 2012. Bills based on the proposed language were subsequently i... | [
"On January 13, 2012, President Barack Obama announced that he would ask Congress to reinstate so-called presidential reorganization authority, and a legislative proposal that would renew this authority was conveyed to Congress on February 16, 2012. Bills based on the proposed language were subsequently introduced ... |
train_15086 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On January 18, 2017, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) published a final rule to amend the federal regulations known as "Part 2" that protect the privacy of patient records maintained by alcohol and drug treatment programs across the country. Part 2 was developed in the 1970s to allay the concerns of ind... | [
"On January 18, 2017, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) published a final rule that amends the federal regulations responsible for safeguarding the privacy of patient records maintained by substance use disorder treatment programs across the country. These regulations, known simply as Part 2 after th... |
train_15087 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Shortly after Hurricane Katrina, the federal government began a pilot test of KatrinaHealth.org, an online electronic health record (EHR) system that shared prescription drug information for hurricane evacuees with health care professionals. The website was available for a 90-day period. To allow health care providers ... | [
"Congress enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) to improve portability and continuity of health insurance coverage. The HIPAA Privacy Rule, issued by HHS to implement section 264 of HIPAA (42 U.S.C. § 1320d-2), regulates the use and disclosure of protected health informatio... |
train_15088 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Foreign investment in the United States is a matter of congressional concern. It is believed by some that the United States has an unusually liberal policy which allows foreigners to invest in virtually all American businesses and real estate and that these foreign investments undermine the American economy by making i... | [
"Traditionally accepted principles of international law state that the sovereign powers of a nation include the power to exclude alien persons and property. However, in most cases, so as to be mutually beneficial to commerce, nations usually do not fully exercise this power of exclusion. Sometimes a nation writes t... |
train_15089 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The following report describes information security and data breach notification requirements included in the Privacy Act, the Federal Information Security Management Act, Office of Management and Budget Guidance, the Veterans Affairs Information Security Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, th... | [
"Because of questions about the security of sensitive personal information, this report provides an overview of federal information security and data breach notification laws that are applicable to certain entities that collect, maintain, own, possess, or license sensitive personal information. Information security... |
train_15090 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Costa Rica is a politically stable Central American nation with a relatively well-developed economy. Former president (1986-1990) and Nobel-laureate Oscar Arias of the historically center-left National Liberation Party was elected President in 2006. Throughout his term, Arias has advanced so-called "third-way" policies... | [
"Figure 1. Map of Costa RicaSource: Map Resources. Adapted by CRS Graphics. Costa Rica is a politically stable Central American country of 4.3 million people with a relatively well-developed economy. The country gained its independence from Spain in 1821 as a part of the Central American Union, and became a soverei... |
train_15091 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for regulating medical devices. Medical devices are a wide range of products that are used to diagnose, treat, monitor, or prevent a disease or condition in a patient. A medical device company must obtain FDA's prior approval or clearance before marketing many medic... | [
"In 2002, the Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act (MDUFMA, also called MDUFA I) gave the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to collect fees from the medical device industry. User fees and annual discretionary appropriations from Congress fund the review of medical devices by the FDA. Medical... |
train_15092 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On June 30, 2007, U.S. and South Korean officials signed the Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) for their respective countries. It is one of three free trade agreements currently awaiting submission to Congress for approval and implementing legislation. In June 2010, the Obama Administration announced plans to seek... | [
"A free trade agreement is an agreement involving two or more trading partners under which tariffs and trade barriers are reduced or eliminated. Today, the United States has free trade agreements with 17 countries, including nations in Asia, the Middle East, South and Central America, and Africa. Historically, thes... |
train_15093 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The biotechnology industry is notable both for its heavy concentration of small businesses and its weighty research and development (R&D) expenditures. Given the small size and heavy expensesof many biotechnology firms, their ability to raise venture capital may be of some consequence. Thepatent law has been identified... | [
"Biotechnology may be broadly defined as the application of biological systems and organismsto technical and industrial processes. (1) The disciplineof biotechnology may be traced to the 1944identification of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (2) Thisdiscovery commenced a significant researcheffort that culminated in th... |
train_15094 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Some Social Security beneficiaries who were born from 1917 to 1921—the so-called notch babies—believe they are not receiving fair Social Security benefits. (The Social Security Administration (SSA) and a 1994 commission on the notch issue define the notch period as 1917 to 1921, though some advocates define the period ... | [
"Congress approved legislation in 1972 to adjust Social Security benefits for inflation automatically (P.L. 92-336). However, the formula for calculating the new cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) was flawed. Although intended to provide inflation adjustments only to people already receiving benefits, each increase f... |
train_15095 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Recently, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) has been in negotiations with the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC) and National Rural Letter Carriers Association (NRLCA). One issue that may or may not be settled is the Postal Service's use of non-USPS employees (i.e., contractors) to deliver mail. If the parties... | [
"Private individuals and firms, often called \"contractors\" and \"subcontractors,\" have transported mail between postal facilities since at least 1792 (1 Stat. 233), and according to the U.S. Postal Service (USPS), contractors have delivered mail to homes and businesses since 1900. Today, contractors transport ma... |
train_15096 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The national forests have been the focus of controversy for many years. Reduced timber harvests, increased wildfire risks, degraded forest health, and disagreements among users and other stakeholders have led to congressional disputes over appropriate management. Some interests have suggested third-party certification ... | [
"Nearly one-third of the land area of the United States is covered by forest land. The 750 million acres of U.S. forests are owned both privately—by individuals and corporations—and publicly—by federal, state, and local governments. At the federal level, the Forest Service—an agency within the U.S. Department of Ag... |
train_15097 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | High prescription drug prices have increased consumer interest in purchasing less costly medications abroad. Policymakers opposed to allowing prescription drugs to be imported from foreign countries argue that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cannot guarantee the safety or effectiveness of such drugs. Importation... | [
"This report explores the legal issues raised by prescription drug importation. Although this report is intended to focus on legal analysis, policy issues are also addressed because they are closely linked. For a more complete analysis of policy issues, see CRS Report RL32511, Importing Prescription Drugs: Objectiv... |
train_15098 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | More than a decade after the George W. Bush Administration announced its signature clean coal power initiative—FutureGen—the program is still in early development. Since its inception in 2003, FutureGen has undergone changes in scope and design. As initially conceived, FutureGen would have been the world's first coal-f... | [
"This report briefly summarizes the history of FutureGen, discusses why it has gained interest and support from some Members of Congress and the Administration while remaining in initial stages of development, and offers some policy considerations on barriers that challenge its further development as a model for a ... |
train_15099 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The First Amendment provides that "Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press." The First Amendment applies to pornography, in general. Pornography, here, is used to refer to any words or pictures of a sexual nature. There are two types of pornography to which the First Amendment do... | [
"To be legally obscene, and therefore unprotected by the First Amendment, pornography must, at a minimum, \"depict or describe patently offensive 'hard core' sexual conduct.\" The Supreme Court has created the three-part Miller test to determine whether a work is obscene. The Miller test asks (a) whether the \"aver... |
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