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train_16200 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On Wednesday, June 22, 2016, the House Committee on Education and the Workforce marked up and ordered reported five bills that would amend several of the programs and activities authorized under the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA). H.R. 5528, the Simplifying the Application for Student Aid Act, would amend procedure... | [
"The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329), authorizes the operation of programs and activities that make federal financial assistance available to individuals who are pursuing a postsecondary education and to institutions of higher education (IHEs). It also authorizes a number of other activities and fun... |
train_16201 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates a number of disability-related telecommunications services, including video relay service (VRS). VRS allows persons with hearing disabilities, using American Sign Language (ASL), to communicate with voice telephone users through video equipment rather than through t... | [
"The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates a number of disability-related telecommunications services, including video relay service (VRS). VRS is a form of telecommunications relay service (TRS). The service allows persons with hearing disabilities, using American Sign Language (ASL), to communicate wi... |
train_16202 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The House and Senate Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) appropriations subcommittees are charged with providing annual appropriations for the Department of Transportation (DOT), Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and related agencies. THUD programs receive both di... | [
"The Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) appropriations subcommittees are charged with drafting bills to provide annual appropriations for the Department of Transportation (DOT), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and six small related agencies. Typically, ... |
train_16203 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since at least 1973, the Justice Department (DOJ) has taken the position that any executive department or agency whose authorizing legislation vests all powers and functions of the agency in its head and allows the head to delegate such powers and functions to subordinates in her discretion, does not have to comply wit... | [
"The designation of Mr. Bill Lann Lee by the Attorney General on December 15, 1997, as Acting Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights in the Department of Justice (DOJ) revived a longstanding interbranch controversy over the legal propriety of the failure of executive branch departments and agencies to consiste... |
train_16204 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Runaway and Homeless Youth program is authorized by the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act, and funds organizations throughout the country to provide services to youth who have run away and/or experience homelessness. The program, which is administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), includes... | [
"The Runaway and Homeless Youth program is the largest targeted federal program that provides assistance to youth under age 23 who are homeless or have run a way. The program was established by the Runaway Youth Act as Title III of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA; P.L. 93-415 ), a... |
train_16205 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On February 2, 2015, the Obama Administration proposed a $93.7 billion budget for the Department of Transportation (DOT) for FY2016. That is about $22 billion (31%) more than was provided in FY2015. The budget request for DOT reflected the Administration's call for significant increases in funding for highway, transit,... | [
"The Obama Administration released its FY2016 budget request on February 2, 2015. It requested $93.7 billion for the Department of Transportation (DOT), $22 billion (31%) more than DOT received in FY2015. This request reflected the Administration's proposal for reauthorizing the federal surface transportation progr... |
train_16206 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Posse Comitatus Act states that "Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two ye... | [
"T he Posse Comitatus Act, enacted in 1878 and now codified at 18 U.S.C. § 1385, is perhaps the most tangible expression of an American tradition, born in England and developed in the early years of our nation, that rebels against military involvement in civilian affairs. The Declaration of Independence listed amon... |
train_16207 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA, P.L. 109-171 ) includes a scaled-back version of welfare reauthorization. More extensive versions were considered during the preceding four-year debate. (See CRS Report RL33418, Welfare Reauthorization in the 109 th Congress: An Overview , by [author name scrubbed], [author name ... | [
"The DRA continues the TANF block grant created in the 1996 welfare reform law through FY2010. In general, TANF funding levels, rules for use of funds, and program requirements continue unchanged through FY2010. With respect to funding, there are some exceptions: Supplemental grants paid to 17 states that have met ... |
train_16208 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | When there is a catastrophe in the United States, state and local governments lead response activities, invoking state and local legal authorities to support them. When state and local response capabilities are overwhelmed, the President, acting through the Secretary of Homeland Security, can provide assistance to stri... | [
"Three important themes support an understanding of public health and medical preparedness and response. First, preparedness and response are different. At each level of government, they involve different leadership roles, legal authorities, organizational structures, and funding mechanisms. Generally, during an in... |
train_16209 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Record voting in the House of Representatives appears to be a straightforward process but is an activity steeped in parliamentary complexity. While this report analyzes the evolution of voting beginning with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 (LRA), some House rules related to voting have existed since the Firs... | [
"Member voting is perhaps the most important activity of any legislature—determining the fate of bills, resolutions, amendments, and other matters. With record votes, legislators and their parties put themselves on the public record for or against specific questions. The action of voting in the House of Representat... |
train_16210 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration of full-year or interim appropriations, the agencies and programs experience a funding gap. If funding does not resume in time to continue government operations, then, under the Antideficiency Act, an agency must cease operations, except in certain si... | [
"It has been said that \"conflict is endemic to budgeting.\" If conflict within Congress or between Congress and the President impedes the timely enactment of annual appropriations acts or continuing resolutions, a government shutdown may occur. Along these lines, several options may present themselves to Congress ... |
train_16211 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Roughly every five years, Congress debates and revises omnibus legislation governing federal farm policy. Commodity provisions in the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246) expire in 2012, and Congress is currently reviewing U.S. farm policy. The collection of federal farm programs, which make payments to farmers and landlords,... | [
"Roughly every five years, Congress debates and revises omnibus legislation—referred to as the \"farm bill\"—governing federal farm and food policy. Congress is currently reviewing U.S. farm policy before commodity provisions in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 ( P.L. 110-246 ; the 2008 farm bill) exp... |
train_16212 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In July 2003, computer scientists from Johns Hopkins and Rice Universities released a security analysis of software purportedly from a direct recording electronic (DRE) touchscreen votingmachine of a major voting-system vendor. The study drew public attention to a long-simmeringcontroversy about whether current DREs ar... | [
"Many innovations that have become familiar features of modern elections originated at leastin part as a way to reduce election fraud such as tampering with ballots to change the vote count fora candidate or party. For example, in much of nineteenth century America, a voter typically wouldpick up a paper ballot pre... |
train_16213 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Islamic State (IS, aka the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIL/ISIS, or the Arabic acronym Da'esh) is a transnational Sunni Islamist insurgent and terrorist group that controlled large areas of Iraq and Syria from 2014 through 2017. The group attracted a network of global supporters and its leader, Abu Bakr ... | [
"The Islamic State organization (IS, aka the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIL/ISIS, or the Arabic acronym Da'esh ) emerged as a major international security threat amid more than a decade of conflict in Iraq after 2003 and the outbreak of unrest and conflict in Syria in 2011 (see Appendix A ). The group's... |
train_16214 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers (TAAF) program provides technical assistance and cash benefits to producers of farm commodities and fishermen who experience adverse economic effects from increased imports. Congress first authorized this program in 2002, and made significant changes to it in the 2009 economi... | [
"The origin of the Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers (TAAF) program can be traced back to a 2000 Department of Labor report recommending that a separate program be enacted \"to assist agricultural producers and workers affected adversely by imports\" if the objective is to assist them to remain in their curre... |
train_16215 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Navigating the Internet requires using addresses and corresponding names that identify the location of individual computers. The Domain Name System (DNS) is the distributed set of databases residing in computers around the world that contain address numbers mapped to corresponding domain names, making it possible to se... | [
"The Internet is often described as a \"network of networks\" because it is not a single physical entity but, in fact, hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks linking hundreds of millions of computers around the world. Computers connected to the Internet are identified by a unique Internet Protocol (IP) nu... |
train_16216 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) is designed to assist the bioenergy industry to overcome the hurdle of continuous biomass availability—viewed as a critical deterrent to private sector investment in the cellulosic biofuels industry. To accomplish this, BCAP is charged with two tasks: (1) to support the establ... | [
"The Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) is intended to assist with some of the feedstock supply challenges facing the cellulosic biofuels industry. One ongoing hurdle for cellulosic biofuels development and manufacturing is the need for a constant supply of available biomass. However, the cellulosic biofuels in... |
train_16217 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Determining the future role of U.S. nuclear weapons within the U.S. national security strategy is currently a topic of much debate. Many senior leaders are determined to design a strategy that defines a new role for U.S. nuclear weapons and makes those weapons responsive and relevant in today's global threat environmen... | [
"The United States is currently facing two key challenges related to the U.S. intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) force. The first is sustainment of the current force and the implementation of needed improvements in operations and support. The second is the planned modernization of the ICBM force, including b... |
train_16218 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | An "inherently governmental function" is one that, as a matter of law and policy, must be performed by federal government employees and cannot be contracted out because it is "intimately related to the public interest." Two main definitions of "inherently governmental functions" currently exist within federal law and p... | [
"An \"inherently governmental function\" is one that, as a matter of law and policy, must be performed by federal government employees and cannot be contracted out because it is \"intimately related to the public interest.\" Concerned that the existence of multiple and/or inconsistent definitions of \"inherently go... |
train_16219 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | U.S. policy makers have closely followed the 2012 elections in Mexico, a key ally with whom the United States shares a nearly 2,000-mile border and some $460 billion in annual bilateral trade. On July 1, 2012, Mexico held federal (presidential and legislative) elections. Turnout reached record levels as 63% of eligible... | [
"On July 1, 2012, a record number of Mexican voters headed to the polls to elect a president who will serve a six-year term beginning on December 1, 2012. All 128 seats in the Mexican Senate and 500 seats in the lower house of congress, known as the Chamber of Deputies, were also up for election. Senators will serv... |
train_16220 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Kyrgyzstan is a small and poor country that gained independence in 1991 with the breakupof the Soviet Union. It was long led by Askar Akayev -- who many observers warned was becomingincreasingly autocratic -- but the country was still considered "the most open, progressive andcooperative in Central Asia," according to ... | [
"Kyrgyzstan is a small and poor country that gained independence in 1991 with the breakupof the Soviet Union. (1) Itwas long led by Askar Akayev, who initially was widely regarded as a reformer but in recent yearsappeared increasingly autocratic. Despite this, the country was still considered \"the most open,progre... |
train_16221 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Historically, Central California's San Joaquin River supported large Chinook salmon populations. Since the Bureau of Reclamation's Friant Dam on the San Joaquin River became fully operational in the 1940s, much of the river's water has been diverted for off-stream agricultural uses. As a result, approximately 60 miles ... | [
"Historically, Central California's San Joaquin River supported large Chinook salmon populations. Since the Bureau of Reclamation's Friant Dam on the San Joaquin River became fully operational in the 1940s, much of the river's water has been diverted for agricultural uses. As a result, approximately 60 miles of the... |
train_16222 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress has at times expressed concern regarding ballistic missile and nuclear programs in Iran, North Korea, and Syria. This report focuses primarily on unclassified and declassified U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) assessments over the past two decades. These assessments indicate that there is no evidence that Iran ... | [
"Congress has at times expressed concern regarding ballistic missile and nuclear programs in Iran, North Korea, and Syria. For decades, most in Congress have viewed these three countries with unease because these programs, coupled with the governments' strong anti-U.S. positions and their antagonism toward U.S. reg... |
train_16223 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Japan is a significant partner of the United States in a number of foreign policy areas, particularly in security concerns, which range from hedging against Chinese military modernization to countering threats from North Korea. The U.S.-Japan military alliance, formed in 1952, grants the U.S. military the right to base... | [
"T his report contains two main parts: a section describing recent events and a longer background section on key elements of the U.S.-Japan relationship. Shinzo Abe has been Japan's prime minister since December 2012, and in 2017 he succeeded in extending the LDP's term-limit rules for party president from two cons... |
train_16224 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) specifies a complex set of numerical limits and preference categories for admitting lawful permanent residents (LPRs) that include economic priorities among the criteria for admission. Employment-based immigrants are admitted into the United States through one of the five avail... | [
"Four major principles currently underlie U.S. policy on legal permanent immigration: the reunification of families, the admission of legal permanent residents (LPRs) with needed skills, the protection of refugees, and the diversity of admissions by country of origin. These principles are embodied in federal law, t... |
train_16225 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Funding authorization for aviation programs set forth in Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act (P.L. 108-176) and authorization for taxes and fees that provide revenue for the aviation trust fund expired at the end of FY2007. While Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reauthorization legislation was consi... | [
"The report is intended to provide a brief summary and analysis of major legislative provisions in bills related to reauthorization of the Federal Aviation Administration and related aviation programs that were considered during the 110 th Congress. While Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reauthorization legisl... |
train_16226 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Summary On September 30, 2003, the President signed into law H.R. 2657 , the FY2004 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act ( P.L. 108-83 ). The Act contains $3.548 billion for FY2004legislative branch activities, and $937.6 million for FY2003 emergency supplemental appropriations(for executive and judicial programs). Du... | [
"Conferees agreed to a FY2004 legislative branch appropriation of $3.548 billion contained in H.R. 2547 . The President signed the bill into law on September 30, 2003, P.L. 108-83 ,117 Stat. 1007. The act also contains $937.6 million for FY2003 emergency supplementalappropriations (for non-legislative branch progra... |
train_16227 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill includes funding for the Department of the Treasury, the Executive Office of the President (EOP), the judiciary, the District of Columbia, and 26 independent agencies. Among the independent agencies funded by the bill are the General Services Admi... | [
"On March 11, 2009, President Obama signed the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 ( P.L. 111-8 ), which provides $44.6 billion for FSGG programs and agencies, an increase of $385 million above the FY2009 requested amount and $58 million less than FY2008 enacted appropriations. The House Appropriations Committee had r... |
train_16228 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Successive U.S. administrations since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution have viewed Iran as a potential threat to U.S. allies and forces in the Persian Gulf andin the broader Middle East and have sought to limit its strategic capabilities. The greater visibility of moderateelements inside Iran since 1997 led theUnited Sta... | [
"Iran has sought Russian assistance partly because of the limited alternatives and not necessarily because ofstrategic or ideological affinity between the twocountries. Iran's relationship with Russia is tempered by a lingering fear of Russian power and intentions. In 1907, Russia concluded a treaty with Britain di... |
train_16229 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Budget authority—the amount of money a federal department or agency can spend or obligate to spend by law—for veterans' benefits and services has increased significantly since FY1940. In FY1940, the budget authority for veterans' benefits and services was $561.1 million, and in FY2012 the budget authority was $125.3 bi... | [
"Because of the annual budget and appropriation process in Congress and the current conflicts involving U.S. servicemembers overseas, there is a strong interest in the levels of spending by the federal government for veterans' benefits and services among members of Congress and the public. For this report, veterans... |
train_16230 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Growth in North American crude oil and natural gas production has led to efforts to expand the domestic oil and natural gas pipeline network. Pipeline developers are required to obtain authorizations from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) before constructing certain pipeline segments. Under the agency's regulato... | [
"Growth in North American crude oil and natural gas production has resulted in efforts to expand the domestic oil and natural gas pipeline network. Pipelines can be a cost-effective and comparatively safe means of hydrocarbon transport. Pipelines and their routes also can be controversial locally, regionally, or na... |
train_16231 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Unified Command Plan (UCP) and associated Combatant Commands (COCOMs) provide operational instructions and command and control to the Armed Forces and have a significant impact on how they are organized, trained, and resourced—areas over which Congress has constitutional authority. The UCP is a classified executive... | [
"The Unified Command Plan (UCP) and associated Combatant Commands (COCOMs) provide operational instructions and command and control to the Armed Forces and have a significant impact on how they are organized, trained, and resourced—areas over which Congress has constitutional authority. In a grand strategic sense, ... |
train_16232 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 (P.L. 104-191), provided for changes in the health insurance market. It guaranteed the availability and renewability of health insurance coverage for certain employees and individuals, and limited the use of preexisting condition restrictions. The ... | [
"The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( P.L. 104-191 , HIPAA) provided for changes in the health insurance market and imposed certain federal requirements on health insurance plans offered by public and private employers. It guaranteed the availability and renewability of health insurance... |
train_16233 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), created in 1974, regulates futures, most options, and swaps markets. The CFTC administers the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA; P.L. 74-765, 7 U.S.C. §1 et seq) enacted in 1936 to monitor trading in certain derivatives markets. The CEA contains a sunset provision, meaning Con... | [
"The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) was created in 1974 through enactment of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act to regulate commodities futures and options markets. At the time these markets were poised to expand beyond their traditional base in agricultural commodities to encompass contracts... |
train_16234 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | President Obama's budget outline for FY2010—in the context of fiscal discipline—includes several proposals to reduce federal spending by $16 billion over 10 years on the farm commodity and crop insurance programs. Reaction to the proposal has been generally negative from groups that are affiliated with or supportive of... | [
"President Obama's budget outline for FY2010 includes several proposals to reduce federal spending by $16 billion over 10 years on the farm commodity and crop insurance programs. The issue was highlighted in the President's address to Congress on February 24, 2009, when he said, \"In this budget, we will ... end di... |
train_16235 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The President makes appointments to positions within the federal government, either using the authorities granted to the President alone or with the advice and consent of the Senate. There are some 349 full-time leadership positions in the 15 executive departments for which the Senate provides advice and consent. This ... | [
"The President is responsible for appointing individuals to positions throughout the federal government. In some instances, the President makes these appointments using authorities granted to the President alone. Other appointments, generally referred to with the abbreviation PAS, are made by the President with the... |
train_16236 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The FY2010 budget resolution (S.Con.Res. 13) included two reconciliation instructions directing the House Committee on Education and Labor to report changes in laws within their jurisdictions to reduce the deficit by $1 billion each for the period of fiscal year (FY) 2009 through FY2014. The reconciliation instructions... | [
"The 111 th Congress enacted the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (HCERA; P.L. 111-152 ) to make changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( P.L. 111-148 ), to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (HEA; P.L. 89-329), and for other purposes. Aside from health care-re... |
train_16237 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Medicaid rehabilitation includes a full range of treatments that licensed health practitioners may recommend to reduce physical or mental disability or restore eligible beneficiaries to their best possible functional levels. Over the last seven years of available data (1999-2005), reported Medicaid expenditures for reh... | [
"The Medicaid program covers a range of mandatory and optional health care services for low-income populations, primarily individuals with disabilities, the elderly, members of families with dependent children, and some pregnant women and children. Rehabilitation is an optional Medicaid service, meaning that states... |
train_16238 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since the enactment of the Travel and Transportation Reform Act (TTRA) of 1998 (P.L. 105-264), which required federal employees to use travel charge cards to pay for the expenses of official government travel, the dollar volume of travel card transactions has increased significantly, growing from $4.39 billion in FY199... | [
"The General Services Administration (GSA) manages the government's charge card program, known as SmartPay2. Through SmartPay2, agencies are able to select charge card products from contracts that GSA has negotiated with major banks. The contracts allow agencies to select different types of charge cards, depending ... |
train_16239 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In his FY2010 budget request, President Obama sought $147.620 billion for R&D, a $555 million (0.4%) increase from the estimated FY2009 R&D funding level of $147.065 billion (not including FY2009 R&D funding provided under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5). According to the Obama Administration, p... | [
"The 111 th Congress continues to take a strong interest in the health of the U.S. research and development (R&D) enterprise and in providing sustained support for federal R&D activities. The United States government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering research and development. Its purposes include... |
train_16240 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | New information that adds to the mix of labor market indicators may be useful to Congress. The ratio of unemployed persons per job opening provides information on how many unemployed persons on average there are for every job opening. It adds to the current mix of labor market indicators such as the unemployment rate, ... | [
"The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) publishes job openings data from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). Data on job openings provide information on the number of workers that employers intend to hire in the near future. This information enriches knowledge of the U.S. labor market adding to curren... |
train_16241 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Office of Infrastructure Protection (OIP) in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has been developing and maintaining a National Asset Database. The Database contains information on over 77,000 individual assets, ranging from dams, hazardous materials sites, and nuclear power plants to local festivals, petting... | [
"The Office of Infrastructure Protection (OIP) in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has been developing and maintaining a National Asset Database. The Database contains information on a wide range of individual assets, from dams, hazardous materials sites, and nuclear power plants to local festivals, pettin... |
train_16242 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On April 5, 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act; P.L. 112-106) was enacted with bipartisan support in the 112th Congress. The statute, examined in depth in the CRS Report R42427, U.S. Initial Public Stock Offerings and the JOBS Act, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed], aims to boost... | [
"On April 5, 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act; P.L. 112-106 ) was enacted with bipartisan support in the 112 th Congress. The statute, examined in depth in the CRS Report R42427, U.S. Initial Public Stock Offerings and the JOBS Act , by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed], aims ... |
train_16243 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | During the 110th Congress, several House and Senate committees have engaged in oversight activities, including hearings and requests for expeditious production of documents and information regarding the Administration's warrantless foreign intelligence surveillance programs, as possible changes to the Foreign Intellige... | [
"Recent media reports suggest possible movement in the negotiations on legislation to amend the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). These negotiations are the most recent development in a wide range of legislative and oversight activity in the 110 th Congress regarding FISA. During the 110 th Congress, se... |
train_16244 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | American voters elect the President and Vice President of the United States indirectly, through presidential electors chosen by voters in the states—the electoral college. For further information see CRS Report RL32611, The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections. Article II, Section 1 of... | [
"Article II Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution, as modified by the 12 th Amendment, provides for an indirect election of the President and Vice President by presidential electors. Although the states are authorized to appoi nt them \"in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct,\" today, presidential electo... |
train_16245 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a nonreciprocal trade preference program that provides duty-free treatment to U.S. imports of certain products from eligible sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. There are 49 candidate SSA countries with 39 currently eligible for the preference benefits. Congress first a... | [
"In 2000, Congress passed the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), a U.S. trade preference program, in order to help spur market-led economic growth and development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and deepen U.S. trade and investment ties with the region. Since its enactment, Congress has amended AGOA several tim... |
train_16246 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), previously named the Veterans Administration, has been providing veterans educational assistance (GI Bill®) benefits since 1944. The benefits have been intended, at various times, to compensate for compulsory service, encourage voluntary service, avoid unemployment, provide... | [
"This report provides a detailed description of five of the six educational assistance programs (GI Bills ® ) that are currently available to veterans or other eligible individuals through the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The GI Bills provide financial assistance while enrolled in approved programs of ... |
train_16247 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Islamic finance is based on principles of shariah, or "Islamic law." Major financial principles of shariah are a ban on interest, a ban on contractual uncertainty, adherence to risk-sharing and profit-sharing, promotion of ethical investments that enhance society, and asset-backing. While the Islamic finance industry r... | [
"Islamic finance is based on shariah , an Arabic term that often is translated to \"Islamic law.\" Shariah provides guidelines for aspects of Muslim life, including religion, politics, economics, banking, business, and law. Shariah -compliant financing (SCF) constitutes financial practices that conform to Islamic l... |
train_16248 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report's focus is on vaccination, one of the most cost-effective methods available toprevent infectious diseases. Whether a vaccine's target is naturally occurring or present because ofhostile intent, the issues policy makers must deal with include vaccine development, production,availability, safety, effectivenes... | [
"Vaccines are biologics -- their basic components begin as living material -- that introduce\"weakened or killed disease-causing bacteria, viruses, their components\" (1) (such as proteins, recombinantproteins, or polysaccharides) or toxoids into a person or animal to stimulate an immune reaction thatthe body will ... |
train_16249 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Wireless communications capacity and capability provide essential support to emergency workers. First responders, state, local, tribal and federal emergency officials, utility workers, ambulance drivers, hospital personnel, forest fire fighters, federal law enforcement agents, the National Guard, and members of all bra... | [
"Through various acts of Congress, the public safety community is poised to develop a national, wireless, emergency communications capacity with unencumbered spectrum, a mechanism for planning, and funding. With the passage of the Deficit Reduction Act, Congress established an important milestone toward improving e... |
train_16250 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The 2016 Olympic Games will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 5-21, 2016, and will be followed by the Paralympic Games, September 7-18, 2016. Notably, these are the first games to be hosted by a South American city. Reportedly, 10,500 athletes from 206 countries will participate in the Olympics, including 555 a... | [
"Jacques Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), announced on October 2, 2009, that Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, had been selected to host the Games of the XXXI Olympiad in 2016. The selection of Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 games marks the first time a South American city has been selected to ... |
train_16251 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Members of Congress continue to demonstrate an ongoing interest in the efficiency and effectiveness of United Nations (U.N.) development activities, both in the context of U.N. reform and broader U.S. development and foreign assistance efforts. Thirty-two U.N. agencies, funds, programs, and offices play a role in devel... | [
"Since the United Nations (U.N.) was established in 1945, Congress has demonstrated a continued interest in U.N. system development assistance. Thirty-two U.N. funds, programs, agencies, departments, and offices play a role in international development. These entities, which are referred to by many as the U.N. Deve... |
train_16252 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On June 25, 2013, President Obama announced a national "Climate Action Plan" to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHG), as well as to encourage adaptation to expected climate change. During his speech, the President made reference to the proposed Keystone XL Pipeline and stated that a... | [
"In 2008—and again in 2012—the Canadian company TransCanada submitted to the U.S. Department of State an application for a Presidential Permit authorizing construction and operation of pipeline facilities to import crude oil across the U.S.-Canada border. The proposed Keystone XL Pipeline would transport crude oil ... |
train_16253 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Analysis of publicly available information on homegrown violent jihadist activity in the United States since September 11, 2001, suggests that the Islamic State (IS) and its acolytes may pose broad challenges to domestic law enforcement and homeland security efforts. Homegrown IS-inspired plots can be broken into three... | [
"S ince 2014, the Islamic State (IS) has become the focal point for the bulk of homegrown violent jihadist terrorist plots. This includes instances in which people in the United States wanted to travel to Syria to fight with extremist groups in the nation's civil war as well as plots to strike domestic targets. Reg... |
train_16254 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Seven nations—China, France, India, Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—possess nuclear weapons. North Korea tested a nuclear explosive device in 2006, and announced that it had conducted a test in 2009 and another in 2013. Israel is widely thought to have nuclear weapons. As an aid to Congress ... | [
"Since 1945, seven nations—China, France, India, Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—have developed and currently deploy nuclear weapons. North Korea tested a low-yield nuclear explosive device in October 2006, announced that it had conducted a second nuclear test in May 2009, and announced ... |
train_16255 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The length of time a congressional staff member spends employed in a particular position in Congress—or congressional staff tenure—is a source of recurring interest to Members, staff, and the public. A congressional office, for example, may seek this information to assess its human resources capabilities, or for guidan... | [
"The length of time a congressional staff member spends employed in Congress, or job tenure, is a source of recurring interest among Members of Congress, congressional staff, those who study staffing in the House and Senate, and the public. There may be interest in congressional tenure information from multiple per... |
train_16256 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States and the European Union (EU) have engaged in a long-standing and acrimonious trade dispute over the EU's decision to ban hormone-treated meat. Despite an ongoing series of dispute settlement proceedings and decisions by the World Trade Organization (WTO), there is continued disagreement between the Uni... | [
"The United States and the European Union (EU) have engaged in a long-standing and acrimonious trade dispute over the EU's decision to ban hormone-treated meat, dating back to the early 1980s. Despite an ongoing series of dispute settlement proceedings and decisions by the World Trade Organization (WTO), there is c... |
train_16257 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In terms of federal spending, Medicaid is one of the largest major domestic entitlement programs in the U.S. today. During the 1980s and 1990s, steadily rising Medicaid costs were attributed to the economic incentive to provide more care under the traditional, widespread fee-for-service (FFS) delivery system in which p... | [
"In existence since 1965, Medicaid is a means-tested entitlement program that finances the delivery of primary and acute medical services, as well as long-term care, to nearly 60 million people at an estimated cost to the federal and state governments of roughly $333 billion in FY2006, making it as large as Medicar... |
train_16258 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A number of the appointments made by President Barack H. Obama to his Administration or by Cabinet secretaries to their departments have been referred to, especially by the news media, as "czars." For some, the term is used to convey an appointee's title (e.g., climate "czar") in shorthand. For others, it is being used... | [
"Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the President shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein... |
train_16259 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On August 16, 2004, President Bush announced a program of sweeping changes to thenumbers and locations of military basing facilities at overseas locations, now known as theIntegrated Global Presence and Basing Strategy (IGPBS) or Global Posture Review. Roughly 70,000personnel would return from overseas locations from E... | [
"On August 16, 2004, President Bush unveiled one of the most sweeping changes to the numbersand locations of military overseas basing facilities since the beginning of the Cold War. Announcing aplan that had been under study for approximately three years, the Department of Defense would movethousands of personnel f... |
train_16260 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Although the economy is recovering from the 2007-2009 recession, unemployment continues to be high and further stimulus may be considered in the 113th Congress. Recent legislation in the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-240) averted part of the so-called "fiscal cliff," a set of tax increases and spending... | [
"Congress may continue to consider fiscal stimulus as unemployment remains high even though the economy is recovering from the 2007-2009 recession and a recent provision has been acted to avert much of the so-called fiscal cliff, a set of tax increases and spending cuts. Several types of tax cuts were partially or ... |
train_16261 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In passing the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-458) in 2004, Congress approved the most comprehensive reform of the U.S. intelligence community since it was created over 50 years ago. Principal among enacted changes was the establishment of a new position of the Director of National I... | [
"As of January 2011, there have been four Directors of National Intelligence (DNIs). On April 21, 2005, Ambassador John Negroponte was confirmed as the first DNI, a position established by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 ( P.L. 108 - 458 ; hereinafter, the Intelligence Reform Act). Ther... |
train_16262 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | These FAQs examine the provisions in the Constitution and in permanent statute that define and limit federal authority to disestablish or diminish employment at defense sites. They do not discuss the special, temporary BRAC (Base Realignment and Closure) process that Congress has periodically authorized for the reducti... | [
"No. Congress wrote restrictions that would have prevented the closure of military installations without prior congressional action into several National Defense Authorization Acts during the 1960s and 1970s, but each of these bills was vetoed. Nevertheless, Congress has been able to place in statute provisions tha... |
train_16263 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal public transportation program, administered by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), is the primary means by which the federal government funds and regulates public transportation, such as local buses, subways, and ferries. The program was reauthorized through FY2014 as part of the Moving Ahead for Prog... | [
"Federal assistance to public transportation is provided primarily through the public transportation program administered by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The federal public transportation program was authorized through FY2014 as part of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21 st Century Act (MAP-21; P.... |
train_16264 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On October 22, 2004, the tobacco quota buyout was signed into law. Title VI of P.L. 108-357 is known as the Fair and Equitable Tobacco Reform Act of 2004. This legislation eliminated thetobacco quota program and compensated active producers and absentee quota owners for the lostvalue. The concept of a quota buyout was ... | [
"The federal tobacco support program has worked through a combination of commodity pricesupport loans and marketing quotas. Price support loans guaranteed farmers minimum set prices fortobacco (the 2004 loan prices for the two principal types, flue-cured and burley, are $1.69 and$1.873/lb. respectively). These pric... |
train_16265 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | "Lame duck" sessions of Congress take place whenever one Congress meets after its successor is elected but before the term of the current Congress ends. Their primary purpose is to complete action on legislation. They have also been used to prevent recess appointments and pocket vetoes, to consider motions of censure o... | [
"A \"lame duck\" session of Congress takes place whenever one Congress meets after its successor is elected but before the term of the current Congress ends. From 1940 to 2016, there were 21 lame duck sessions. The most recent la me duck session, which commenced on November 13, 2018, is not included in the data pre... |
train_16266 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States has seen resurgence in petroleum production, mainly driven by technology improvements—especially hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling—developed for natural gas production from shale formations. Application of these technologies enabled natural gas to be economically produced from shale and ot... | [
"In the past, the oil and natural gas industry considered resources locked in tight, impermeable formations such as shale uneconomical to produce. Advances in directional well drilling and reservoir stimulation have dramatically changed this perspective. It is production from these unconventional formations that ha... |
train_16267 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Legislative interest in the patent system has been evidenced by the introduction of reform legislation in the 111th and predecessor Congresses. These bills would have amended existing patent law in numerous respects. Although none of these bills were enacted, discussion of patent reform may continue in the 112th Congre... | [
"Legislative interest in the patent system was evidenced by the introduction of reform legislation in earlier sessions of Congress. In the 111 th Congress, bills would have amended existing patent law in numerous respects, including changes to the right of a patent owner to obtain compensatory damages, the standard... |
train_16268 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This CRS Report, updated through the 113th Congress, provides an overview with analysis of the major issues in U.S. policy on Taiwan. Taiwan formally calls itself the Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in... | [
"The purpose and scope of this CRS report is to provide a succinct overview with analysis of the major issues in the U.S. policy on Taiwan. Taiwan has been of significant security, economic, and political interest to the United States. While the United States does not diplomatically recognize Taiwan, it is an impor... |
train_16269 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Immigration reform has been hotly debated in recent years. Broadly construed, it encompasses a range of issues, including the highly controversial question of legalizing large numbers of unauthorized immigrants in the United States. A historically less controversial, more targeted legalization proposal has been include... | [
"Immigration reform has been hotly debated in recent years. Although many component issues are controversial, the question of legalizing large numbers of unauthorized immigrants in the United States has been a focal point of debate, galvanizing both support for and opposition to reform proposals. Historically less ... |
train_16270 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since 2009, a series of large natural gas discoveries in the Levant Basin have altered the dynamics of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Israel's discovery of the Tamar Field and subsequent discovery of the larger Leviathan Field created the potential for the country to become a regional player in the natural gas marke... | [
"Interest in the Eastern Mediterranean as a natural gas resource base has been growing since Israel made its first large-scale natural gas discovery in 2009. (See Figure 1 .) The Tamar Field off the Israeli coast was the first of a series of large-scale natural gas discoveries in the region. Significant subsequent ... |
train_16271 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress has enacted major legislation related to the employment of individuals with disabilities. In 1938, the Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which, among other provisions, established a reduced wage for the employment of individuals whose earning capacity was impaired by age or physical or menta... | [
"The Congress enacted major legislation concerning the employment of people with disabilities as early as the 1930s through the establishment of wage rates for such individuals below the federal minimum wage. This and subsequent laws share a focus on individuals with disabilities as current or potential workers. Le... |
train_16272 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Everglades is a unique network of subtropical wetlands in South Florida that is approximately half of its historical size, due in part to degradation from federal water projects built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (the Corps). In 2000, Congress authorized a plan, termed the Comprehensive Everglades Restoratio... | [
"The Florida Everglades is a unique network of subtropical wetlands that is currently half its historical size. The federal government has a long history of involvement in the Everglades, beginning in the 1940s with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (the Corps) constructing flood control projects that shunted water ... |
train_16273 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament and local government entities. King Mohammed VI, who inherited the throne in 1999, maintains overarching political authority but has taken some liberalizing steps. In 2011, amid domestic and regional protests, the king introduced a new constitution providi... | [
"Successive U.S. Administrations have viewed Morocco as an important regional partner on security, trade, and development. Historically warm ties expanded after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, when President George W. Bush sought the cooperation of moderate Arab governments in countering terrorism. His... |
train_16274 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | During the last few decades, consumers in the United States have shown a significant interest in purchasing consumer products and packaging that appear to be beneficial—or at least not harmful—to the natural environment. In response to consumers' willingness to pay a premium for these products, manufacturers and others... | [
"During the last few decades, consumers in the United States have shown a significant interest in purchasing consumer products and packaging that appear to be beneficial—or at least not harmful—to the natural environment. In response to consumers' willingness to pay a premium for these products, manufacturers and o... |
train_16275 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The term "services" refers to a broad and widening range of economic activities such as accounting and legal services, banking, transportation, tourism, and telecommunications. Services are a significant sector of the U.S. economy, accounting for almost 70% of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) and for over 80% of U.S. ... | [
"The term \"services\" refers to a broad and widening range of economic activities such as accounting and legal services, banking, transportation, tourism, and telecommunications. Services are a significant sector of the U.S. economy, accounting for almost 70% of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) and for over 80% o... |
train_16276 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A concept that is fundamental to understanding the economy is that there is an equilibrium,market-clearing rate of unemployment determined by labor market characteristics, policy, andconditions. This rate of unemployment is referred to as the "natural rate" or "full employment rate"of unemployment or the NAIRU (non-acc... | [
"Decisions to tighten or ease fiscal or monetary policy rely heavily on the economy's positionrelative to a concept of \"full employment,\" or how much of the economy's labor and capital resourcesare employed compared to potential resources. Central to determining full employment is theconcept of a natural rate of ... |
train_16277 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A health savings account (HSA) is a tax-advantaged account that individuals can use to pay for unreimbursed medical expenses (e.g., deductibles, co-payments, coinsurance, and services not covered by insurance). Individuals may establish and contribute to an HSA for each month that they are covered under an HSA-qualifie... | [
"Health savings accounts (HSAs) were first authorized in the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernizati on Act of 2003 ( P.L. 108-173 ). HSAs are one type of health-related tax-advantaged account that individuals can use to pay for unreimbursed medical expenses (e.g., deductibles, co-payments, coinsur... |
train_16278 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report discusses the existing claims procedure required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974(ERISA), and legislative efforts in the 106th Congress to amend ERISA to provide for the mandatoryexternal review of denied benefits. Although most of thepatient protection bills introduced in the 106th Co... | [
"RS20258 -- Patient Protection and Mandatory External Review: Amending ERISA's Claims Procedure Updated January 19, 2001 The Patients' Bill of Rights Plus Act of 1999, S. 1344 , was introduced by Senator Trent Lott (R-MS) on July 8, 1999, and passed by the Senate onJuly 15, 1999. S. 1344 sought to amend ERISA to pr... |
train_16279 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Climate change is generally viewed as a global issue, but proposed responses generallyrequire action at the national level. In 1992, the United States ratified the United Nations'Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which called on industrialized countries totake the lead in reducing greenhouse gases to 1990... | [
"Climate change is generally viewed as a global issue, but proposed responses generallyrequire action at the national level. In 1992, the United States ratified the United Nations'Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which called on industrialized countries totake the lead in reducing the six primary gre... |
train_16280 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | An estate tax is a tax levied on the assets left behind by a decedent. The federal government and many state governments levy estate taxes or some type of tax on the transfer of assets at death. In 2012, the federal estate tax allows for a $5.12 million exclusion and a top rate of 35%. The federal estate tax is schedul... | [
"An estate tax is a tax levied on the assets left behind by a decedent. The federal government and many state governments levy estate taxes or some type of tax on the transfer of assets at death. Under current law, the estate tax is scheduled to revert to the pre-2001 structure on January 1, 2013, with a $1 million... |
train_16281 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Every year, Congress considers numerous pieces of legislation that would create or modify federal government programs and activities. The variety of approaches used across the federal budget to fund these programs and activities involve different timelines for budgetary decisionmaking, and different processes (and comm... | [
"Every year, Congress considers numerous pieces of legislation that would create or modify federal government programs and activities. In many instances, the scope, duration, and area of focus intended for a program are factors that may influence how it will be funded. The reverse can also be the case—that how Cong... |
train_16282 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report discusses the campaign and results of Russia's December 2, 2007, election to the State Duma (the lower legislative chamber), and implications for Russia and U.S. interests. Many observers viewed the election as a setback to democratization. Unprecedented for modern Russia, President Vladimir Putin placed hi... | [
"Most analysts agree that Russia's democratic progress was uneven at best during the 1990s, and that the previous two cycles of legislative and presidential elections held under the leadership of President Vladimir Putin (those in 1999-2000 and 2003-2004) demonstrated further setbacks for democratization. After the... |
train_16283 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The House of Representatives has several different parliamentary procedures through which it can bring legislation to the chamber floor. Which of these will be used in a given situation depends on many factors, including the type of measure being considered, its cost, the amount of political or policy controversy surro... | [
"The House of Representatives has several different parliamentary procedures through which it can bring legislation to the chamber floor. Which will be used in a given situation depends on many factors, including the type of measure being considered, its cost, the amount of political or policy controversy surroundi... |
train_16284 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The political activities of Section 501(c)(3) organizations are often in the news, with allegations made that some groups engaged in impermissible activities. These groups are absolutely prohibited from participating in campaign activity under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). On the other hand, they are permitted to en... | [
"Charities, houses of worship, and private schools are among the organizations that qualify for tax-exempt status as organizations described in Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Benefits that arise from this status include exemption from federal income taxes and eligibility to receive tax-deduct... |
train_16285 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A provision in immigration law that allows for the admission of immigrants to performreligious work is scheduledto sunset on September 30, 2003. Although the provision has a broad base of support, some have expressed concernthat the provision is vulnerable to fraud. The foreign religious worker must be a member of a re... | [
"RS21630 -- Immigration of Religious Workers: Background and Legislation September 30, 2003 Permanent legal immigration to the United States is regulated by a set of numerical limits and systems of preference categories delineated in the Immigrationand Nationality Act (INA), and employment-based immigration compris... |
train_16286 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Pakistan's nuclear arsenal probably consists of approximately 110-130 nuclear warheads, although it could have more. Islamabad is producing fissile material, adding to related production facilities, and deploying additional nuclear weapons and new types of delivery vehicles. Pakistan's nuclear arsenal is widely regarde... | [
"Chronic political instability in Pakistan and Islamabad's military efforts against the Taliban and al-Qaeda have raised concerns about the security of the country's nuclear weapons. Some observers fear that Pakistan's strategic nuclear assets could be obtained by terrorists or used by elements in the Pakistani gov... |
train_16287 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Relief after a natural or man-made disaster may come from what many might consider an unlikely source: the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). The IRC includes several tax relief provisions that apply to affected taxpayers. Some of these provisions are permanent. The following are among the permanent provisions discussed in t... | [
"The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) includes several permanent provisions that become relevant when taxpayers are affected by disasters. For example, individuals are generally not taxed on disaster relief payments, and taxpayers whose homes are destroyed by disasters may be able to defer any gain arising from an invol... |
train_16288 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Reconnaissance satellites, first deployed in the early 1960s to peer into denied regions of the Soviet Union and other secretive enemy states, have from time to time been used by civilian agencies of the federal government to assist with mapping, disaster relief, and environmental concerns. These uses have been coordin... | [
"The development of satellite reconnaissance systems is one of the major and enduring accomplishments of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Beginning in the Eisenhower Administration, officials in the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) developed \"remote sensing\" devices that would... |
train_16289 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | History and geography have given Mexico a unique status in the U.S. immigration system, and have made the Mexico-U.S. migration flow the largest in the world. Mexicans are the largest group of U.S. migrants across most types of immigration statuses—a fact that may have important implications for how Congress makes U.S.... | [
"Immigration policy has been an ongoing subject of congressional attention in recent years and a topic of concern for the U.S. public at large. Mexicans are by far the largest group of U.S. migrants, and about 1 in 10 Mexicans now live (legally or illegally) in the United States. Indeed, Mexico-U.S. migration repre... |
train_16290 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Sixth Amendment entitles an accused in a criminal prosecution to "Assistance of Counsel for his defense." This right to counsel implies a right to "effective assistance." Effective assistance has dimensions of both breadth and depth: breadth in the sense of what considerations beyond those immediately at issue in t... | [
"Imposing criminal punishment is the province of the criminal justice system, but how cases are resolved within that system inevitably can affect rights and benefits beyond it. Congress and state legislatures often attach additional legal consequences to criminal activity. At times, these consequences may be at lea... |
train_16291 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is the largest correctional agency in the country in terms of the number of prisoners under its jurisdiction. BOP must confine any offender convicted and sentenced to a term of imprisonment in a federal court. Changes in federal criminal justice policy since the early 1980s spurred growth in... | [
"T he Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is the largest correctional agency in the country in terms of the number of prisoners under its jurisdiction. BOP was established in 1930 to house federal inmates, professionalize the prison service, and ensure consistent and centralized administration of the federal prison system. BOP... |
train_16292 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On October 10, 2017, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed to repeal the Clean Power Plan (CPP), the Obama Administration rule that would limit carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from existing fossil-fuel-fired power plants. The action came in response to Executive Order 13783, in which President Trump di... | [
"O n October 10, 2017, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed to repeal the Clean Power Plan (CPP), an Obama Administration rule that would limit carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from existing fossil-fuel-fired power plants. The action came in response to Executive Order 13783, in which President T... |
train_16293 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Mercosur is the Common Market of the South established by Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay in 1991 to promote economic integration and political cooperation among the four countries. Since then, Mercosur has struggled to achieve deep economic integration, but has maintained a cooperative economic and political ... | [
"On March 26, 1991, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay signed the Treaty of Asunción, establishing the Common Market of the South (Mercado Común del Sur—Mercosur) with the intention of strengthening sub-regional development and cooperation through economic integration. Since then, Mercosur has struggled to ac... |
train_16294 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (HEA; P.L. 89-329), authorizes the operation of numerous federal aid programs that provide support both to individuals pursuing a postsecondary education and to institutions of higher education (IHEs). It also authorizes certain activities and functions. The HEA was first en... | [
"The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (HEA; P.L. 89-329), authorizes the operation of numerous federal aid programs that provide support both to individuals pursuing a postsecondary education and to institutions of higher education (IHEs). It also authorizes certain activities and functions. The most recent... |
train_16295 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Justice Department enjoys prosecutorial discretion to bring criminal charges against a corporation, its culpable officers or employees, or both. For a corporation, indictment alone can be catastrophic, if not fatal, in some instances. The Thompson Memorandum, since replaced with guidelines in the U. S. Attorneys Ma... | [
"The attorney-client privilege and work product protection are federal evidentiary privileges. The attorney-client privilege is one of the oldest common law privileges. The purpose of the privilege is to encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public in... |
train_16296 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process consisting of bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon achieved mixed results. Milestones included the Israeli-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Declaration of Principles (DOP) of September 13, 1993, providing for... | [
"On November 25, 2009, to help \"launch meaningful negotiations,\" Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu proposed \"a policy of restraint regarding a suspension of new permits and new construction in Judea and Samaria (West Bank) for a period of ten months.\" The \"freeze\" or \"moratorium\" does not apply to 3... |
train_16297 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 2013, 32,000 Americans were killed in crashes involving motor vehicles. Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death for Americans overall, and the number one cause of death for teenagers. Millions of people are injured in crashes annually, and motor vehicle crashes are estimated to have cost some $242 billion... | [
"There are several ways to measure traffic safety: the number of highway fatalities; the number of serious injuries from crashes; the economic loss to people involved in crashes; and the social cost of emergency response and accident-induced traffic delays. To understand these numbers in context, other measures are... |
train_16298 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Iran has an active interest in developing, acquiring, and deploying a broad range of ballistic missiles, as well as developing a space launch capability. This was spotlighted several times since 2008. In mid-July 2008, Iran launched a number of ballistic missiles during military exercises, reportedly including the medi... | [
"Iran's ballistic missile program dates to the late 1970s after the Shah was overthrown and the Islamic Republic of Iran established. The new Iranian government embarked on a ballistic missile program marked by considerable secrecy. Many consider that Iran's ballistic missile development was in full force by the mi... |
train_16299 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The useful properties of chemicals provide many benefits to consumers and bolster the U.S. economy, but these benefits may come with a price, as exposure to certain chemicals can lead to adverse effects on human health or the environment. This report briefly describes selected issues related to regulation of chemicals ... | [
"The useful properties of thousands of chemicals provide a wide range of benefits to American consumers and bolster the U.S. economy. These benefits occasionally come with a price, however, as exposure to certain substances, such as lead, pesticides, or asbestos, may lead to adverse effects on human health or the e... |
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