| ---
|
| pretty_name: AudioSet
|
| license: other
|
| license_name: youtube-derived-audio
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| license_link: https://research.google.com/audioset/download.html
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| language:
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| - en
|
| task_categories:
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| - audio-classification
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| tags:
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| - audioset
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| - audio
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| - sound-event-detection
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| - audio-tagging
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| - 48khz
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| - flac
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| - webdataset
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| - deduplication
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| size_categories:
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| - 1M<n<10M
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| configs:
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| - config_name: preview
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| default: true
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| data_files:
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| - split: balanced_train
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| path: preview/*.parquet
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| - config_name: metadata
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| data_files:
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| - split: all
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| path: metadata/clips.parquet
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| - config_name: duplicates
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| data_files:
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| - split: all
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| path: metadata/duplicates.parquet
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| - config_name: noise_bank
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| data_files:
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| - split: all
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| path: subsets/noise_bank.parquet
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| gated: manual
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| extra_gated_prompt: "AudioSet's audio is YouTube content: Google publishes only the labels. Access is granted for non-commercial research. By requesting access you confirm that you will use the audio for non-commercial research only, will not redistribute it, and will respect the YouTube Terms of Service and the rights of the content owners."
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| extra_gated_fields:
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| Affiliation: text
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| Intended use: text
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| I will use the audio for non-commercial research only and will not redistribute it: checkbox
|
| ---
|
|
|
| <p align="center">
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| <img src="assets/banner.png" alt="AudioSet" width="100%">
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| </p>
|
|
|
| # AudioSet
|
|
|
| **Google's AudioSet with the audio: 1,780,876 of its 2,084,320 labelled 10 s YouTube segments as 48 kHz FLAC, each with a
|
| record of where its audio came from, measured quality, duplicate and eval-overlap flags, and a reason for every segment
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| that could not be found.**
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|
|
| | clips with audio | hours | classes | format | size |
|
| |:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
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| | **1,780,876** of 2,084,320 (85.4%) | **4,904** | **527** | 48 kHz, 24-bit FLAC | 2.25 TiB |
|
|
|
| The 48 kHz release in `audio48k/` is the only audio in this repository. The first download's 44.1 kHz AAC copy
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| (`audio_v1/`) was removed on 2026-09-30; where a clip exists only as AAC on YouTube, its audio here is that AAC stream
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| resampled to 48 kHz and flagged `native_48k = false`.
|
|
|
| ## Highlights
|
|
|
| - **48 kHz throughout.** 87.9% of the clips are decoded from Opus streams (full band to 20 kHz). The rest
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| exist only as AAC on YouTube; they are resampled to 48 kHz and flagged, never passed off as native.
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| - **Provenance on every clip.** Where the audio came from, which codec it was decoded from, and whether it was resampled.
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| - **Measured.** Bandwidth, energy above 16 kHz, peak and RMS level, clipping and silence for every clip.
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| - **Deduplicated.** Audio fingerprinting finds re-uploads and flags train clips whose audio also appears in the eval set.
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| - **Accounted for.** Each of the 303,444 missing segments carries one specific reason (removed, private, blocked, ...).
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|
|
| ## Contents
|
|
|
| - [Quick start](#quick-start)
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| - [How it compares](#how-it-compares)
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| - [Dataset structure](#dataset-structure)
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| - [How the audio was built](#how-the-audio-was-built)
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| - [Quality measurements](#quality-measurements)
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| - [Duplicates and eval overlap](#duplicates-and-eval-overlap)
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| - [Missing segments](#missing-segments)
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| - [Limitations](#limitations)
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| - [Licence and terms](#licence-and-terms)
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| - [Citation](#citation)
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|
|
| ## Quick start
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|
|
| Access is gated: accept the terms on this page, then log in with `huggingface-cli login`.
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|
|
| **Browse and filter the metadata**
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|
|
| ```python
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| import pandas as pd
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| from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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|
|
| clips = pd.read_parquet(hf_hub_download("Muno459/AudioSet", "metadata/clips.parquet", repo_type="dataset"))
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| audio = clips[clips.available]
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|
|
| # a clean training pool: no overlap with eval, native 48 kHz only, one clip per group of identical audio
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| train = audio[(audio.split != "eval") & ~audio.eval_overlap & audio.native_48k]
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| train = train[train.dup_group.isna() | ~train.duplicated("dup_group")]
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| ```
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|
|
| **Read a clip**
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|
|
| ```python
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| import io, tarfile, soundfile as sf
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|
|
| row = train.iloc[0]
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| with tarfile.open(hf_hub_download("Muno459/AudioSet", row.shard, repo_type="dataset")) as tar:
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| wav, sr = sf.read(io.BytesIO(tar.extractfile(row.member).read())) # sr == 48000
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| ```
|
|
|
| **Stream the shards with WebDataset**
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|
|
| ```python
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| import webdataset as wds
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| from huggingface_hub import get_token, hf_hub_url
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|
|
| auth = f"-H 'Authorization:Bearer {get_token()}'"
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| urls = [f"pipe:curl -s -L {auth} {hf_hub_url('Muno459/AudioSet', shard, repo_type='dataset')}" for shard in audio.shard.unique()]
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| dataset = wds.WebDataset(urls, shardshuffle=True).decode(wds.torch_audio) # key "<ytid>_<start_ms>", audio under "flac"
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| ```
|
|
|
| **Listen in the viewer, or load the preview with `datasets`**
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|
|
| ```python
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| from datasets import load_dataset
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| preview = load_dataset("Muno459/AudioSet", "preview", split="balanced_train") # 5,000 clips with embedded audio and label names
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| ```
|
|
|
| ## How it compares
|
|
|
| [agkphysics/AudioSet](https://huggingface.co/datasets/agkphysics/AudioSet) is the most complete earlier release, and this
|
| one builds on it (it is the source of 1,284,135 of the clips here).
|
|
|
| | | this dataset | agkphysics/AudioSet |
|
| |---|---|---|
|
| | segments with audio | **1,780,876** | 1,774,481 |
|
| | sample rate | 48 kHz for every clip | as downloaded; 44.1 kHz AAC for at least 214,890 clips |
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| | source and codec per clip | recorded (`source`, `source_codec`, `native_48k`) | not recorded |
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| | AAC-only clips | resampled and flagged (216,123) | mixed in, not distinguished |
|
| | quality measurements | bandwidth, level, clipping, silence | none |
|
| | digitally silent clips | removed | 1,185 (replaced here from YouTube where possible) |
|
| | missing segments | one specific reason each | not listed |
|
| | duplicates and eval overlap | 2,609 train clips overlap eval, flagged | not flagged |
|
|
|
| ## Dataset structure
|
|
|
| ### Files
|
|
|
| | path | contents |
|
| |---|---|
|
| | `audio48k/<split>/<split>-NNNN.tar` | **this release**: one FLAC per clip, members `<ytid>_<start_ms>.flac`, about 4 GB per shard |
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| | `metadata/clips.parquet` | one row per AudioSet segment, all 2,084,320 |
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| | `metadata/duplicates.parquet` | every verified pair of clips with the same or partly the same audio |
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| | `metadata/*_segments.csv`, `class_labels_indices.csv`, `ontology.json`, `qa_true_counts.csv` | Google's release files, unchanged |
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| | `subsets/noise_bank.parquet` | clips labelled with neither speech nor music, with a coarse category; a clip can carry several |
|
| | `preview/*.parquet` | 5,000 balanced-split clips with embedded audio, label names and provenance, for the viewer |
|
|
|
| ### Splits
|
|
|
| | split | segments | with audio | share | shards |
|
| |---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|
| | `balanced_train` | 22,160 | 18,765 | 84.7% | 7 |
|
| | `unbalanced_train` | 2,041,789 | 1,744,882 | 85.5% | 566 |
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| | `eval` | 20,371 | 17,229 | 84.6% | 6 |
|
|
|
| ### `metadata/clips.parquet`
|
|
|
| | column | description |
|
| |---|---|
|
| | `ytid`, `split`, `start_s`, `end_s` | the AudioSet segment |
|
| | `labels` | ontology ids (`/m/...`), names in `class_labels_indices.csv` |
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| | `available` | the clip has audio in this release |
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| | `shard`, `member`, `bytes` | tar shard, member name and FLAC size |
|
| | `source` | `youtube_2026` (fetched from YouTube, August to September 2026) or `agkphysics_2023` (from agkphysics/AudioSet) |
|
| | `source_codec` | `opus` or `aac`: the stream the audio was decoded from |
|
| | `native_48k` | `false` if resampled from 44.1 kHz AAC (no content above the AAC encoder's cutoff, typically about 16 kHz) |
|
| | `sample_rate`, `channels`, `duration_s` | as stored; sample rate is always 48000 |
|
| | `peak_dbfs`, `rms_dbfs` | sample peak and RMS level over all channels |
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| | `clipped_fraction` | share of samples at or above 0.999 of full scale |
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| | `silent_fraction` | share of 50 ms frames of the mono mix below -60 dBFS |
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| | `bandwidth_hz` | highest frequency whose smoothed level is within 50 dB of the 90th percentile level between 200 Hz and 4 kHz |
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| | `hf16_energy_db` | energy above 16 kHz relative to the total, in dB |
|
| | `dup_group`, `dup_group_size` | near-identical clips (the same audio at the same position, within 1 s) share a group id |
|
| | `same_audio_in`, `partial_audio_in` | splits of the clips this clip matches over the whole overlap, or over at least 3 s of it |
|
| | `eval_overlap` | a train clip that matches an eval clip, or an eval clip that matches a train clip |
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| | `reason`, `reason_group`, `reason_checked` | for missing segments: why, the group it counts under, and the date it was last checked |
|
|
|
| ## How the audio was built
|
|
|
| Google publishes AudioSet as YouTube ids with time stamps; the audio has to be fetched per segment. It was fetched in
|
| August and September 2026 and then rebuilt clip by clip, preferring Opus (48 kHz, full band to 20 kHz) over AAC (44.1 kHz,
|
| typically low-passed near 16 kHz), since a paired comparison on the same segments found the Opus stream never measurably worse:
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|
|
| 1. **Opus copy from agkphysics/AudioSet**, accepted only if it is the same recording as the 2026 download (normalised
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| cross-correlation of at least 0.5 after alignment), not silent, not shorter, and not narrower below 20 kHz.
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| 2. **Opus stream from YouTube**, fetched again under the same checks when agkphysics had no usable copy. Noisy recordings
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| lose waveform shape through two different codecs, so a correlation between 0.3 and 0.5 is also accepted when the
|
| audio fingerprints match (bit error rate at most 0.20 at the aligned offset).
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| 3. **Resampled AAC**, only when no Opus version exists (older uploads often have none) or the Opus copy failed the checks:
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| polyphase resampling from 44.1 to 48 kHz (Kaiser window, beta 10), flagged `native_48k = false`.
|
|
|
| Segments YouTube no longer serves were filled from agkphysics/AudioSet under the same checks. Every file was decoded
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| back, its sample rate and duration verified, and rejected if its peak was at or below -70 dBFS. Nothing is normalised,
|
| and the channel layout is as served.
|
|
|
| | audio | `source` | `source_codec` | `native_48k` | clips | share |
|
| |---|---|---|---|---:|---:|
|
| | Opus copy from agkphysics/AudioSet (2023) | `agkphysics_2023` | `opus` | `true` | 1,268,580 | 71.2% |
|
| | Opus stream from YouTube (2026) | `youtube_2026` | `opus` | `true` | 296,173 | 16.6% |
|
| | AAC stream from YouTube (2026), resampled | `youtube_2026` | `aac` | `false` | 200,568 | 11.3% |
|
| | AAC copy from agkphysics/AudioSet (2023), resampled | `agkphysics_2023` | `aac` | `false` | 15,555 | 0.9% |
|
|
|
| ## Quality measurements
|
|
|
| Every clip was measured from the final file (definitions in the column table above).
|
|
|
| | | value |
|
| |---|---|
|
| | clips with content up to at least 19 kHz | 26.0% |
|
| | median `bandwidth_hz`, native 48 kHz clips | 15,574 Hz |
|
| | median `bandwidth_hz`, resampled AAC clips | 14,484 Hz |
|
| | clips with more than 0.1% clipped samples | 116,646 |
|
|
|
| Many recordings are narrower than their codec allows (phone and camera microphones, old uploads); `bandwidth_hz` shows
|
| this directly, so band-limited audio can be filtered out or used on purpose.
|
|
|
| ## Duplicates and eval overlap
|
|
|
| Every clip was fingerprinted (32-bit sub-fingerprints from band-energy differences of the 8 kHz mono mix, 32 ms hop,
|
| after Haitsma and Kalker) and looked up against every other clip at any time offset. A pair is **the same audio** when
|
| the bit error rate over the whole overlap (at least 3 s of active audio) is at most 0.25, and **partly shared** when some
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| 3 s stretch matches at 0.12 or less; unrelated audio sits near 0.5. In an audit of 100 random accepted pairs across the
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| full dataset, 75 were confirmed as the same recording by local waveform correlation (19 of 20 below a bit error rate of
|
| 0.05); most of the rest are the same music with tempo, mix or phase differences that waveform correlation cannot follow.
|
| Treat matches near the 0.25 limit as likely rather than certain: `metadata/duplicates.parquet` carries the error rate.
|
|
|
| | | clips |
|
| |---|---|
|
| | clips in a group of near-identical clips | 53,772 in 19,425 groups |
|
| | extra copies (dropped by keeping one per group) | 34,347 |
|
| | train clips with the same audio as an eval clip | 2,425 |
|
| | train clips sharing at least 3 s with an eval clip (`eval_overlap`) | 2,609 |
|
| | eval clips sharing at least 3 s with a train clip (`eval_overlap`) | 922 |
|
|
|
| The overlaps come from YouTube itself: one video uploaded under several ids, compilations that reuse clips, popular music
|
| reused across many videos, and channel intros, each labelled by AudioSet as an independent segment.
|
|
|
| Groups (`dup_group`) hold near-identical clips: every member matches the group's representative clip directly (bit error
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| rate at most 0.20, offset within 1 s, at least 8 s of overlap), so songs reused at different offsets across many videos
|
| cannot chain unrelated clips into one group. `same_audio_in`, `partial_audio_in` and `eval_overlap` use every verified pair.
|
| `metadata/duplicates.parquet` lists every pair with its bit error rate, offset and overlap.
|
|
|
| ## Missing segments
|
|
|
| 303,415 of the 303,444 missing segments were retried from YouTube between 2026-09-14 and 2026-09-15; each missing segment carries the single most specific reason YouTube gave.
|
|
|
| | reason group | segments | share of AudioSet |
|
| |---|---:|---:|
|
| | removed | 206,398 | 9.9% |
|
| | private or restricted | 88,600 | 4.3% |
|
| | blocked by region or claim | 6,457 | 0.3% |
|
| | stream refused | 1,024 | <0.1% |
|
| | no usable audio | 936 | <0.1% |
|
| | other | 29 | <0.1% |
|
|
|
| <details>
|
| <summary>All reasons</summary>
|
|
|
| | group | reason | segments |
|
| |---|---|---:|
|
| | removed | video unavailable, no reason given (removed) | 136,969 |
|
| | removed | uploader account terminated | 53,338 |
|
| | removed | removed for a Terms of Service violation | 6,676 |
|
| | removed | removed after a copyright claim | 4,997 |
|
| | removed | removed for a Community Guidelines violation | 2,794 |
|
| | removed | removed under YouTube's policy on violent or graphic content | 853 |
|
| | removed | removed under YouTube's policy on nudity or sexual content | 274 |
|
| | removed | removed under YouTube's policy on harassment and bullying | 163 |
|
| | removed | removed by the uploader | 153 |
|
| | removed | removed under YouTube's policy on spam, deceptive practices, and scams | 66 |
|
| | removed | removed after a privacy claim | 65 |
|
| | removed | removed as a duplicate of another video | 40 |
|
| | removed | removed after a trademark claim | 10 |
|
| | private or restricted | private video | 87,794 |
|
| | private or restricted | video not available, no reason given | 561 |
|
| | private or restricted | age-restricted, sign-in required | 134 |
|
| | private or restricted | sign-in required | 70 |
|
| | private or restricted | channel members only | 41 |
|
| | blocked by region or claim | blocked by a content claim | 5,415 |
|
| | blocked by region or claim | rights holder blocked the fetch region | 788 |
|
| | blocked by region or claim | not available in the fetch region | 175 |
|
| | blocked by region or claim | uploader blocked the fetch region | 79 |
|
| | stream refused | audio stream refused by the CDN (HTTP 403) | 530 |
|
| | stream refused | stream served only up to its first MiB, segment lies past it | 486 |
|
| | stream refused | temporarily unavailable when fetched | 7 |
|
| | stream refused | audio fetch failed | 1 |
|
| | no usable audio | audio track is digital silence | 572 |
|
| | no usable audio | the labelled 10 s window is digital silence | 240 |
|
| | no usable audio | segment starts after the end of the video | 124 |
|
| | other | unplayable, no reason given | 20 |
|
| | other | YouTube error, no reason given | 9 |
|
|
|
| </details>
|
|
|
| ## Limitations
|
|
|
| - **Labels are Google's.** They are clip-level and weakly verified; `qa_true_counts.csv` is Google's own estimate of label
|
| quality per class.
|
| - **Resampled clips are not full band.** The 216,123 clips with `native_48k = false` are 48 kHz files carrying
|
| AAC audio, with nothing above the AAC cutoff. Filter on `native_48k` when that matters.
|
| - **The audio is today's YouTube audio**, checked against our own 2026 download, not against what Google's raters heard in
|
| 2017. Uploaders can re-edit videos; a small number of segments may no longer match their labels.
|
| - **Duplicate detection is a threshold.** An audit confirmed 75 of 100 random matches as the same recording by waveform
|
| correlation, with the rest mostly music the check cannot follow; the pair table carries the bit error rate so stricter
|
| cut-offs are one filter away. Eval-overlap flags err on the side of excluding a clip.
|
|
|
| ## Licence and terms
|
|
|
| The labels and the ontology are © Google, released under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The
|
| audio is YouTube content owned by its uploaders and is not covered by that licence. It is shared for non-commercial
|
| research under gated access, and requesters agree not to redistribute it. Rights holders who want a clip removed can open
|
| a discussion on this repository with the YouTube id.
|
|
|
| ## Citation
|
|
|
| If you use this dataset, please cite AudioSet:
|
|
|
| ```bibtex
|
| @inproceedings{gemmeke2017audioset,
|
| title = {Audio Set: An ontology and human-labeled dataset for audio events},
|
| author = {Gemmeke, Jort F. and Ellis, Daniel P. W. and Freedman, Dylan and Jansen, Aren and
|
| Lawrence, Wade and Moore, R. Channing and Plakal, Manoj and Ritter, Marvin},
|
| booktitle = {2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
|
| pages = {776--780},
|
| year = {2017},
|
| doi = {10.1109/ICASSP.2017.7952261}
|
| }
|
| ```
|
|
|
| and this release:
|
|
|
| ```bibtex
|
| @misc{audioset48k2026,
|
| title = {AudioSet at 48 kHz: audio, provenance, quality measurements and duplicate flags for the AudioSet segments},
|
| author = {Muno459},
|
| year = {2026},
|
| howpublished = {Hugging Face},
|
| url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/Muno459/AudioSet}
|
| }
|
| ```
|
|
|
| The duplicate search follows:
|
|
|
| ```bibtex
|
| @inproceedings{haitsma2002robust,
|
| title = {A Highly Robust Audio Fingerprinting System},
|
| author = {Haitsma, Jaap and Kalker, Ton},
|
| booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR)},
|
| year = {2002}
|
| }
|
| ```
|
|
|
| ## Acknowledgements
|
|
|
| AudioSet was created by the Sound Understanding group at Google Research ([research.google.com/audioset](https://research.google.com/audioset/)).
|
| Clips with `source = agkphysics_2023` come from [agkphysics/AudioSet](https://huggingface.co/datasets/agkphysics/AudioSet),
|
| without which many segments whose videos have since disappeared would be lost.
|
|
|
