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1,600 | AP Computer Science Principles is an introductory course to computer science, "with a focus on how computing powers the world". It is designed as a complement to AP Computer Science A, to emphasize computational thinking and fluency. It is meant to be the equivalent of a first-semester course in computing. | AP Computer Science | 0.838339 |
1,601 | In the United States, Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science (commonly shortened to AP Comp Sci) is a suite of Advanced Placement courses and examinations covering areas of computer science. They are offered by the College Board to high school students as an opportunity to earn college credit for college-level course... | AP Computer Science | 0.838339 |
1,602 | AP Computer Science AB included all the topics of AP Computer Science A, as well as a more formal and a more in-depth study of algorithms, data structures, and data abstraction. For example, binary trees were studied in AP Computer Science AB but not in AP Computer Science A. The use of recursive data structures and dy... | AP Computer Science | 0.838339 |
1,603 | AP Computer Science A is a programming class. The course emphasizes object-oriented programming methodology, especially problem solving and algorithm development, plus an overview of data structures and abstraction. The AP Computer Science A exam tests students on their knowledge of Java. It is meant to be the equivale... | AP Computer Science | 0.838339 |
1,604 | Berkson explains that Faraday's prediction of a physically measurable propagation delay (finite velocity) from his own conception of a physical field permeating space is one important difference separating this idea from that of Newton's (infinite velocity). All these field theories (Eintstein's, Faraday's, and Maxwell... | Fields of Force | 0.838333 |
1,605 | The book reconstructs theoretical frameworks originally used in building up the concept of a field. It shows that the field of Faraday's electricity and the field of Einstein's relativity are distinct; although both make different assumptions about physical reality, Berkson suggests that the assumptions of either conce... | Fields of Force | 0.838333 |
1,606 | In subsequent efforts to resolve these paradoxes since the time of the original formulation of naïve set theory, the properties of sets have been defined by axioms. Axiomatic set theory takes the concept of a set as a primitive notion. The purpose of the axioms is to provide a basic framework from which to deduce the t... | Mathematical set | 0.838298 |
1,607 | Their classification was the object of the programme of class field theory, which was initiated in the late 19th century (partly by Kronecker and Eisenstein) and carried out largely in 1900–1950. An example of an active area of research in algebraic number theory is Iwasawa theory. The Langlands program, one of the mai... | Higher arithmetic | 0.838284 |
1,608 | However, neither Bhāskara nor Gauss knew of number fields as such. The grounds of the subject as we know it were set in the late nineteenth century, when ideal numbers, the theory of ideals and valuation theory were developed; these are three complementary ways of dealing with the lack of unique factorisation in algebr... | Higher arithmetic | 0.838284 |
1,609 | An algebraic number is any complex number that is a solution to some polynomial equation f ( x ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(x)=0} with rational coefficients; for example, every solution x {\displaystyle x} of x 5 + ( 11 / 2 ) x 3 − 7 x 2 + 9 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{5}+(11/2)x^{3}-7x^{2}+9=0} (say) is an algebraic number. Field... | Higher arithmetic | 0.838284 |
1,610 | XLV) that x 4 + y 4 = z 4 {\displaystyle x^{4}+y^{4}=z^{4}} has no non-trivial solutions in the integers. Fermat also mentioned to his correspondents that x 3 + y 3 = z 3 {\displaystyle x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}} has no non-trivial solutions, and that this could also be proven by infinite descent. The first known proof is due ... | Higher arithmetic | 0.838284 |
1,611 | Pierre de Fermat (1607–1665) never published his writings; in particular, his work on number theory is contained almost entirely in letters to mathematicians and in private marginal notes. In his notes and letters, he scarcely wrote any proofs—he had no models in the area.Over his lifetime, Fermat made the following co... | Higher arithmetic | 0.838284 |
1,612 | Much of probabilistic number theory can be seen as an important special case of the study of variables that are almost, but not quite, mutually independent. For example, the event that a random integer between one and a million be divisible by two and the event that it be divisible by three are almost independent, but ... | Higher arithmetic | 0.838284 |
1,613 | This paper assesses a candidate’s ability to apply their knowledge of mathematics in new situations. It comprises a core set of ideas from Pure Mathematics. These ideas reflect those that would be met early on in a typical A Level Mathematics course: algebra, basic functions, sequences and series, coordinate geometry, ... | Test of Mathematics for University Admission | 0.838206 |
1,614 | These are conceptual ranking-task questions that help the student before embarking on numerical calculations. The textbook covers most of the basic topics in physics: Mechanics Waves Thermodynamics Electromagnetism Optics Special RelativityThe extended edition also contains introductions to topics such as quantum mecha... | Fundamentals of Physics | 0.838148 |
1,615 | In 2002, the American Physical Society named the work the most outstanding introductory physics text of the 20th century. The first edition of the book to bear the title Fundamentals of Physics, first published in 1970, was revised from the original text by Farrell Edwards and John J. Merrill. (Editions for sale outsid... | Fundamentals of Physics | 0.838148 |
1,616 | Fundamentals of Physics is a calculus-based physics textbook by David Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker. The textbook is currently in its 12th edition (published October, 2021). The current version is a revised version of the original 1960 textbook Physics for Students of Science and Engineering by Halliday an... | Fundamentals of Physics | 0.838148 |
1,617 | A copy of Fundamentals of Physics (3rd edition) appears on the bookshelf in Leonard and Sheldon's apartment in The Big Bang Theory. | Fundamentals of Physics | 0.838148 |
1,618 | Arithmetic circuits Algorithm Procedure, recursion Finite state automaton Mealy machine Minsky register machine Moore machine State diagram State transition system Deterministic finite automaton Nondeterministic finite automaton Generalized nondeterministic finite automaton Regular language Pumping lemma Myhill-Nerode ... | List of computability and complexity topics | 0.838143 |
1,619 | Advice (complexity) Amortized analysis Arthur–Merlin protocol Best and worst cases Busy beaver Circuit complexity Constructible function Cook's theorem Exponential time Function problem Linear time Linear speedup theorem Natural proof Polynomial time Polynomial-time many-one reduction Polynomial-time Turing reduction S... | List of computability and complexity topics | 0.838143 |
1,620 | Probabilistic algorithm, randomized algorithm Las Vegas algorithm Non-determinism Non-deterministic Turing machine Interactive computation Interactive proof system Probabilistic Turing Machine Approximation algorithm Simulated annealing Ant colony algorithm Game semantics Generalized game Multiple-agent system Paramete... | List of computability and complexity topics | 0.838143 |
1,621 | Any model which is not pure white-box contains some parameters that can be used to fit the model to the system it is intended to describe. If the modeling is done by an artificial neural network or other machine learning, the optimization of parameters is called training, while the optimization of model hyperparameters... | Mathematical models in physics | 0.838143 |
1,622 | Dynamic models typically are represented by differential equations or difference equations. Explicit vs. implicit: If all of the input parameters of the overall model are known, and the output parameters can be calculated by a finite series of computations, the model is said to be explicit. But sometimes it is the outp... | Mathematical models in physics | 0.838143 |
1,623 | (elements 1–104) Also subsection Periodic Table of the Elements, (elements 1–103) based on: G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 1999, Pure Appl. Chem., 73, 667, 2001. | Atomic electron configuration table | 0.838111 |
1,624 | David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 1, Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors; Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State. | Atomic electron configuration table | 0.838111 |
1,625 | J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), online version, McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4, Table 4.1 Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements. (Elements 1–103) 97 Bk: 5f8 6d 7s2 103 Lr: 4f14 6d 7s2 | Atomic electron configuration table | 0.838111 |
1,626 | Numerical semigroups are commutative monoids and are also known as numerical monoids.The definition of numerical semigroup is intimately related to the problem of determining nonnegative integers that can be expressed in the form x1n1 + x2 n2 + ... + xr nr for a given set {n1, n2, ..., nr} of positive integers and for ... | Numerical monoid | 0.838105 |
1,627 | Let A = {n1, n2, ..., nr} be a nonempty set of positive integers. The set of all integers of the form x1 n1 + x2 n2 + ... + xr nr is the subset of N generated by A and is denoted by ⟨ A ⟩. The following theorem fully characterizes numerical semigroups. | Numerical monoid | 0.838105 |
1,628 | At the machine level, few machines can add three numbers together in a single instruction, and so the compiler will have to translate this expression into two addition operations. If the semantics of the program language restrict the compiler into translating the expression in left-to-right order (for example), then th... | Memory ordering | 0.838098 |
1,629 | The original value of what we originally wrote as *c is lost upon assignment to *sum, and so is the original value of *sum but this was overwritten in the first place and it's of no special concern. // what the program becomes with *c and *sum aliased *sum = *a + *b; *sum = *sum + *sum; Here the original value of *sum ... | Memory ordering | 0.838098 |
1,630 | It is the responsibility of the programmer to consult the language specification to avoid writing ill-formed programs where the semantics are potentially changed as a result of any legal compiler optimization. Fortran traditionally places a high burden on the programmer to be aware of these issues, with the systems pro... | Memory ordering | 0.838098 |
1,631 | Modern compilers sometimes take this a step further by means of an as-if rule, in which any reordering is permitted (even across statements) if no effect on the visible program semantics results. Under this rule, the order of operations in the translated code can vary wildly from the specified program order. If the com... | Memory ordering | 0.838098 |
1,632 | That formula always gives the roots of the quadratic equation, but the solutions are expressed in a form that often involves a quadratic irrational number, which is an algebraic fraction that can be evaluated as a decimal fraction only by applying an additional root extraction algorithm. If the roots are real, there is... | Solving quadratic equations with continued fractions | 0.83803 |
1,633 | But it can still be used to obtain the convergents in our simple example. Notice also that the set obtained by forming all the combinations a + b√2, where a and b are integers, is an example of an object known in abstract algebra as a ring, and more specifically as an integral domain. The number ω is a unit in that int... | Solving quadratic equations with continued fractions | 0.83803 |
1,634 | By the fundamental theorem of algebra, if the monic polynomial equation x2 + bx + c = 0 has complex coefficients, it must have two (not necessarily distinct) complex roots. Unfortunately, the discriminant b2 − 4c is not as useful in this situation, because it may be a complex number. Still, a modified version of the ge... | Solving quadratic equations with continued fractions | 0.83803 |
1,635 | Merlino and Wolff, two such researchers, report that in their several studies IMP students consistently outperformed traditionally taught students on both the math and verbal sections of the PSAT, as well as on the SAT-9. Kramer reported that grade 12 IMP students in his study performed better on all areas of mathemati... | Interactive Mathematics Program | 0.838021 |
1,636 | Self-supervised learning is particularly suitable for speech recognition. For example, Facebook developed wav2vec, a self-supervised algorithm, to perform speech recognition using two deep convolutional neural networks that build on each other.Google's Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) mode... | Contrastive learning | 0.838008 |
1,637 | Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a paradigm in machine learning for processing data of lower quality, rather than improving ultimate outcomes. Self-supervised learning more closely imitates the way humans learn to classify objects.The typical SSL method is based on an artificial neural network or other model such as a... | Contrastive learning | 0.838008 |
1,638 | Protein Engineering Design & Selection is indexed in Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Abstracts, Biotechnology Citation Index, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents, EMBASE, Environmental Science and Pollution Management, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, Journa... | Protein Engineering Design & Selection | 0.838006 |
1,639 | Protein Engineering Design & Selection is a publication of Oxford University Press. Created in 1986, the Journal covers topics related the engineering, design and selection of proteins for use in biotechnology and therapy, and for understanding the fundamental link between protein sequence, structure, dynamics, functio... | Protein Engineering Design & Selection | 0.838006 |
1,640 | Indeed, many doctors exhibit innumeracy when attempting to explain a graph or statistics to a patient. A misunderstanding between a doctor and patient, due to either the doctor, patient, or both being unable to comprehend numbers effectively, could result in serious harm to health. Different presentation formats of num... | Numeracy | 0.837999 |
1,641 | Substantial aspects of numeracy also include number sense, operation sense, computation, measurement, geometry, probability and statistics. A numerically literate person can manage and respond to the mathematical demands of life.By contrast, innumeracy (the lack of numeracy) can have a negative impact. Numeracy has an ... | Numeracy | 0.837999 |
1,642 | Biological secondary abilities are attained through personal experiences and cultural customs, such as reading or high level mathematics learned through schooling. Literacy and numeracy are similar in the sense that they are both important skills used in life. However, they differ in the sorts of mental demands each ma... | Numeracy | 0.837999 |
1,643 | The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) in which children at fourth-grade (average 10 to 11 years) and eighth-grade (average 14 to 15 years) from 49 countries were tested on mathematical comprehension. The assessment included tests for number, algebra (also called patterns and relationships at... | Numeracy | 0.837999 |
1,644 | The surface energy balance is internally calibrated using ground-based reference ET that is based on local weather or gridded weather data sets to reduce computational biases inherent to remote sensing-based energy balance. Slope and aspect functions and temperature lapsing are used for application to mountainous terra... | METRIC | 0.837982 |
1,645 | In multivariable calculus, an initial value problem (IVP) is an ordinary differential equation together with an initial condition which specifies the value of the unknown function at a given point in the domain. Modeling a system in physics or other sciences frequently amounts to solving an initial value problem. In th... | Initial-value problem | 0.837977 |
1,646 | In science, and most specifically chemistry, the accepted value denotes a value of a substance accepted by almost all scientists and the experimental value denotes the value of a substance's properties found in a localized lab. | Accepted and experimental value | 0.83797 |
1,647 | In statistics, a c+-probability is the probability that a contrast variable obtains a positive value. Using a replication probability, the c+-probability is defined as follows: if we get a random draw from each group (or factor level) and calculate the sampled value of the contrast variable based on the random draws, t... | C+-probability | 0.837945 |
1,648 | Lord Kelvin devised the thermodynamic scale based on the efficiency of heat engines as shown below: The efficiency of an engine is the work divided by the heat introduced to the system or η = w cy q H = q H − q C q H = 1 − q C q H ( 1 ) , {\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {w_{\text{cy}}}{q_{H}}}={\frac {q_{\text{H}}-q_{\text... | Scale of temperature | 0.837942 |
1,649 | In the early twentieth century, Alfred C. Redfield found the similarity of the phytoplankton's elemental composition to the major dissolved nutrients in the deep ocean. Redfield proposed that the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus (106:16:1) in the ocean was controlled by the phytoplankton's requirements, as phy... | Phytoplankton | 0.83792 |
1,650 | (Ds, Rg and Cn are still missing). These are the real-valued orbitals commonly used in chemistry. | Atomic orbitals | 0.83792 |
1,651 | The shapes of atomic orbitals in one-electron atom are related to 3-dimensional spherical harmonics. These shapes are not unique, and any linear combination is valid, like a transformation to cubic harmonics, in fact it is possible to generate sets where all the d's are the same shape, just like the px, py, and pz are ... | Atomic orbitals | 0.83792 |
1,652 | Simple pictures showing orbital shapes are intended to describe the angular forms of regions in space where the electrons occupying the orbital are likely to be found. The diagrams cannot show the entire region where an electron can be found, since according to quantum mechanics there is a non-zero probability of findi... | Atomic orbitals | 0.83792 |
1,653 | Incorrect optimizations are highly undesirable. So, in the context of program optimization, there are two main strategies to handle computationally undecidable analysis: An optimizer that is expected to complete in a relatively short amount of time, such as the optimizer in an optimizing compiler, may use a truncated v... | Program analyzer | 0.837903 |
1,654 | In computer science, program analysis is the process of automatically analyzing the behavior of computer programs regarding a property such as correctness, robustness, safety and liveness. Program analysis focuses on two major areas: program optimization and program correctness. The first focuses on improving the progr... | Program analyzer | 0.837903 |
1,655 | Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. Key pairs are generated with cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions. Security of pu... | Asymmetric Algorithms | 0.837902 |
1,656 | Since 1988, IUPAC calls it Group (V). Before that, in America it was called Group VA, owing to a text by H. C. Deming and the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company, while in Europe it was called Group VB and IUPAC recommended that in 1970. (Pronounced "group five A" and "group five B"; "V" is the Roman numeral 5). In semico... | Group 15 elements | 0.837899 |
1,657 | Viral metagenomics is the metagenomic study of viral genetic material obtained from environmental DNA samples or clinical DNA samples obtained from a host or natural reservoir. Metagenomic methods can be applied to study viruses in any system and has been used to describe various viruses associated with cancerous tumor... | Viral metagenomics | 0.837883 |
1,658 | Viral metagenomics has been used to test for virus related cancers and difficult to diagnose cases in clinical diagnostics. This method is most often used when conventional and advanced molecular testing cannot find a causative agent for disease. Metagenomic sequencing can also be used to detect pathogenic viruses in c... | Viral metagenomics | 0.837883 |
1,659 | Plant viruses pose a global threat to crop production but through metagenomic sequencing and viral database creation, modified plant viruses can be used to aid in plant immunity as well as alter physical appearance. Data obtained on plant virus genomes from metagenomic sequencing can be used to create clone viruses to ... | Viral metagenomics | 0.837883 |
1,660 | PCR amplicon enrichment enriches a portion of the viral genome prior to sequencing. This is done via PCR amplification of primers that are complementary to a known, highly conserved nucleotide sequence. PCR amplicon enrichment is then followed by whole genome sequencing methods and has been used to track the Ebola viru... | Viral metagenomics | 0.837883 |
1,661 | The journal is indexed and abstracted in the following bibliographic databases: Chemical Abstracts Service EBSCO databases Emerging Sources Citation Index INSPIRE-HEPThe journal was indexed in Current Contents/Physical, Chemical, and Earth Sciences and the Science Citation Index Expanded until it was dropped in 2015. I... | Physics Essays | 0.837877 |
1,662 | Beginning in 2009, and for some period of time, the journal was affiliated with the American Institute of Physics, which managed subscriptions.In 2003, the journal published a paper describing Randell Mills' hydrino theory, which is both at odds with quantum mechanics and widely rejected by physicists. In 2004, the jou... | Physics Essays | 0.837877 |
1,663 | Physics Essays is a quarterly journal supposedly covering theoretical and experimental physics. It was established in 1988 and the editor-in-chief is Emilio Panarella. The journal has a reputation for being a "free forum where extravagant views on physics (in particular, those involving parapsychology) are welcome". Th... | Physics Essays | 0.837877 |
1,664 | Most bacterial strains will be sequenced and assembled as draft genomes; however, the project has also produced closed genomes for a variety of enteric pathogens in the 100K bioproject.This strategy enables worldwide collaboration to identify sets of genetic biomarkers associated with important pathogen traits. This fi... | 100K Pathogen Genome Project | 0.837867 |
1,665 | Quantum mechanics is another domain where there is a continuity equation related to conservation of probability. The terms in the equation require the following definitions, and are slightly less obvious than the other examples above, so they are outlined here: The wavefunction Ψ for a single particle in position space... | Continuity of charge | 0.837863 |
1,666 | In hypothesis testing in statistics, two types of error are distinguished. Type I errors which consist of rejecting a null hypothesis that is true; this amounts to a false positive result. Type II errors which consist of failing to reject a null hypothesis that is false; this amounts to a false negative result.The prob... | Probability of error | 0.837857 |
1,667 | In statistics, the term "error" arises in two ways. Firstly, it arises in the context of decision making, where the probability of error may be considered as being the probability of making a wrong decision and which would have a different value for each type of error. Secondly, it arises in the context of statistical ... | Probability of error | 0.837857 |
1,668 | The fitting of many models in statistics and econometrics usually seeks to minimise the difference between observed and predicted or theoretical values. This difference is known as an error, though when observed it would be better described as a residual. The error is taken to be a random variable and as such has a pro... | Probability of error | 0.837857 |
1,669 | It forms an important part of current academic research in the fields of membrane biophysics (polymorphism), biochemistry (biological impact) and organic chemistry (synthesis). Determination of the topology of a lipid system is possible by a number of methods, the most reliable of which is x-ray diffraction. This uses ... | Phase behaviour | 0.837834 |
1,670 | Polymorphism in biophysics is the ability of lipids to aggregate in a variety of ways, giving rise to structures of different shapes, known as "phases". This can be in the form of spheres of lipid molecules (micelles), pairs of layers that face one another (lamellar phase, observed in biological systems as a lipid bila... | Phase behaviour | 0.837834 |
1,671 | Instrumentation engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments that are used in design and configuration of automated systems in areas such as electrical and pneumatic domains, and the control of quantities being measured. They typically work for industries... | Measuring instruments | 0.837807 |
1,672 | The popularity of the field rose when the book What Is Life? by Erwin Schrödinger was published. Since 1957, biophysicists have organized themselves into the Biophysical Society which now has about 9,000 members over the world.Some authors such as Robert Rosen criticize biophysics on the ground that the biophysical met... | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,673 | Some of the earlier studies in biophysics were conducted in the 1840s by a group known as the Berlin school of physiologists. Among its members were pioneers such as Hermann von Helmholtz, Ernst Heinrich Weber, Carl F. W. Ludwig, and Johannes Peter Müller. Biophysics might even be seen as dating back to the studies of ... | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,674 | These studies imply applications in quantum computing. Agronomy and agricultureMany biophysical techniques are unique to this field. Research efforts in biophysics are often initiated by scientists who were biologists, chemists or physicists by training. | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,675 | Physics – negentropy, stochastic processes, and the development of new physical techniques and instrumentation as well as their application. Quantum biology – The field of quantum biology applies quantum mechanics to biological objects and problems. Decohered isomers to yield time-dependent base substitutions. | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,676 | Biophysics is taught as a preclinical subject in many medical schools, mainly in Europe. Neuroscience – studying neural networks experimentally (brain slicing) as well as theoretically (computer models), membrane permittivity. Pharmacology and physiology – channelomics, electrophysiology, biomolecular interactions, cel... | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,677 | Medical biophysics is a field closely related to physiology. It explains various aspects and systems of the body from a physical and mathematical perspective. Examples are fluid dynamics of blood flow, gas physics of respiration, radiation in diagnostics/treatment and much more. | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,678 | Computational chemistry – molecular dynamics simulation, molecular docking, quantum chemistry Bioinformatics – sequence alignment, structural alignment, protein structure prediction Mathematics – graph/network theory, population modeling, dynamical systems, phylogenetics. Medicine – biophysical research that emphasizes... | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,679 | Structural biology – Ångstrom-resolution structures of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and complexes thereof. Biochemistry and chemistry – biomolecular structure, siRNA, nucleic acid structure, structure-activity relationships. Computer science – Neural networks, biomolecular and drug databases. | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,680 | Nor does each subject of study belong exclusively to any particular department. Each academic institution makes its own rules and there is much overlap between departments. Biology and molecular biology – Gene regulation, single protein dynamics, bioenergetics, patch clamping, biomechanics, virophysics. | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,681 | While some colleges and universities have dedicated departments of biophysics, usually at the graduate level, many do not have university-level biophysics departments, instead having groups in related departments such as biochemistry, cell biology, chemistry, computer science, engineering, mathematics, medicine, molecu... | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,682 | Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. Biophysical research shares significant overlap with biochemistry, molecular ... | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,683 | Medical physics, a branch of biophysics, is any application of physics to medicine or healthcare, ranging from radiology to microscopy and nanomedicine. For example, physicist Richard Feynman theorized about the future of nanomedicine. He wrote about the idea of a medical use for biological machines (see nanomachines).... | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,684 | In addition to traditional (i.e. molecular and cellular) biophysical topics like structural biology or enzyme kinetics, modern biophysics encompasses an extraordinarily broad range of research, from bioelectronics to quantum biology involving both experimental and theoretical tools. It is becoming increasingly common f... | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,685 | Molecular biophysics typically addresses biological questions similar to those in biochemistry and molecular biology, seeking to find the physical underpinnings of biomolecular phenomena. Scientists in this field conduct research concerned with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, inclu... | Biophysics | 0.837804 |
1,686 | In September 2017, a number of large American technology firms collectively pledged to donate $300 million for computer science education in the U.S.PEW findings revealed in 2018 that Americans identified several issues that hound STEM education which included unconcerned parents, disinterested students, obsolete curri... | STEM education | 0.837758 |
1,687 | A-STEM (arts, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics); more focus and based on humanism and arts. eSTEM (environmental STEM) GEMS (girls in engineering, math, and science); used for programs to encourage women to enter these fields. MINT (mathematics, informatics, natural sciences, and technology) SHTEAM (sc... | STEM education | 0.837758 |
1,688 | Many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the National Science Foundation on what constitutes a STEM field. The NSF uses a broader definition of STEM subjects that includes subjects in the fields of chemistry, computer and information technology science, engineering, geosciences, life sciences, m... | STEM education | 0.837758 |
1,689 | The alternative strategy is de novo modeling of RNA secondary structure which uses physics-based principles such as molecular dynamics or random sampling of the conformational landscape followed by screening with a statistical potential for scoring. These methods either use an all-atom representation of the nucleic aci... | Nucleic acid structure prediction | 0.837752 |
1,690 | For synthetic biology, it is critical to have inducible promoters, or genes that can be turned on/off on demand. Several popular inducible promoters in E. coli are the pBad, pTet, and pLac promoters, all of which repress gene expression by a repressor molecule that binds the gene operator and blocks RNAP progression. P... | Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 | 0.837748 |
1,691 | PCC 6803. Additionally, SynechoNET provides transmembrane topology and domain information, as well as interaction networks in graphical web interfaces. | Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 | 0.837748 |
1,692 | The expression of many genes can be determined by measuring mRNA levels with multiple techniques including microarrays, expressed cDNA sequence tag (EST) sequencing, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) tag sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS), RNA-Seq, also known as "Whole Transcriptome Shot... | Bio informatics | 0.837745 |
1,693 | Finding the structure of proteins important application of bioinformatics. The Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) is an open competition where worldwide research groups submit protein models for evaluating unknown protein models. | Bio informatics | 0.837745 |
1,694 | It also plays a role in the analysis of gene and protein expression and regulation. Bioinformatics tools aid in comparing, analyzing and interpreting genetic and genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. At a more integrative level, it helps analyze and catalogue... | Bio informatics | 0.837745 |
1,695 | Bioinformatics also includes proteomics, which tries to understand the organizational principles within nucleic acid and protein sequences.Image and signal processing allow extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data. In the field of genetics, it aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their obser... | Bio informatics | 0.837745 |
1,696 | Bioinformatics ( ) is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex. Bioinformatics uses biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, computer programming, information engineering, mathematics and s... | Bio informatics | 0.837745 |
1,697 | Biodiversity informatics deals with the collection and analysis of biodiversity data, such as taxonomic databases, or microbiome data. Examples of such analyses include phylogenetics, niche modelling, species richness mapping, DNA barcoding, or species identification tools. A growing area is also macro-ecology, i.e. th... | Bio informatics | 0.837745 |
1,698 | For example, there are methods to locate a gene within a sequence, to predict protein structure and/or function, and to cluster protein sequences into families of related sequences.The primary goal of bioinformatics is to increase the understanding of biological processes. What sets it apart from other approaches is it... | Bio informatics | 0.837745 |
1,699 | In order to study how normal cellular activities are altered in different disease states, raw biological data must be combined to form a comprehensive picture of these activities. Therefore, the field of bioinformatics has evolved such that the most pressing task now involves the analysis and interpretation of various ... | Bio informatics | 0.837745 |
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