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1,400 | Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt W... | Protein nuclear magnetic resonance | 0.839531 |
1,401 | In 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word "chemistry" to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. This definition further evolved until, in 1947, it came to mean the science of substances: their structure, their properties, and the reactions that change them into other substa... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,402 | The definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term "chymistry", in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, meant the subject of the material principles of mixed bodies. In 1663, the chemist Christopher Glaser described "chymistr... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,403 | Scientists engaged in chemical research are known as chemists. Most chemists specialize in one or more sub-disciplines. Several concepts are essential for the study of chemistry; some of them are: | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,404 | Such behaviors are studied in a chemistry laboratory. The chemistry laboratory stereotypically uses various forms of laboratory glassware. However glassware is not central to chemistry, and a great deal of experimental (as well as applied/industrial) chemistry is done without it. | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,405 | Despite being unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry by performing experiments and recording the results. Robert Boyle, although skeptical of elements and convinced of alchemy, played a key part in elevating the "sacred art" as an independe... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,406 | The history of chemistry spans a period from very old times to the present. Since several millennia BC, civilizations were using technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extr... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,407 | Physical chemistry is a distinct discipline from chemical physics, but again, there is very strong overlap. Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum che... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,408 | Physical chemistry is the study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistic... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,409 | Modern Transmutation is a large component of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an important result and tool for this field. Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on a ca... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,410 | Primary systems of study include the chemistry of condensed phases (solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases. Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, ma... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,411 | The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry. Materials chemistry is the preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function. The field is a new breadth of study i... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,412 | Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology and genetics. Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,413 | Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry. Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and interactions that take place in living organisms. | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,414 | Chemistry is typically divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,415 | It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environm... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,416 | Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science under natural sciences that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction w... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,417 | The current model of atomic structure is the quantum mechanical model. Traditional chemistry starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, crystals and other aggregates of matter. Matter can be studied in solid, liquid, gas and plasma states, in isolation or in combination. The in... | Chemical Science | 0.839518 |
1,418 | A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium. | Binary phase diagram | 0.839491 |
1,419 | This particular value of acceleration is typically denoted g {\displaystyle g}: If the body is not released from rest but instead launched upwards and/or horizontally with nonzero velocity, then free fall becomes projectile motion. When air resistance can be neglected, projectiles follow parabola-shaped trajectories, b... | Newton's Second Law | 0.83945 |
1,420 | For example, a free body diagram of a block sitting upon an inclined plane can illustrate the combination of gravitational force, "normal" force, friction, and string tension.Newton's second law is sometimes presented as a definition of force, i.e., a force is that which exists when an inertial observer sees a body acc... | Newton's Second Law | 0.83945 |
1,421 | : 47 In the following centuries, versions of impetus theory were advanced by individuals including Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji, Avicenna, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, John Buridan, and Albert of Saxony. In retrospect, the idea of impetus can be seen as a forerunner of the modern concept of momentum. (The intuition that objects... | Newton's Second Law | 0.839449 |
1,422 | Aristotle divided motion into two types: "natural" and "violent". The "natural" motion of terrestrial solid matter was to fall downwards, whereas a "violent" motion could push a body sideways. Moreover, in Aristotelian physics, a "violent" motion requires an immediate cause; separated from the cause of its "violent" mo... | Newton's Second Law | 0.839449 |
1,423 | The subject of physics is often traced back to Aristotle; however, the history of the concepts involved is obscured by multiple factors. An exact correspondence between Aristotelian and modern concepts is not simple to establish: Aristotle did not clearly distinguish what we would call speed and force, and he used the ... | Newton's Second Law | 0.839449 |
1,424 | Radiative transfer codes are used in broad range of applications. They are commonly used as forward models for the retrieval of geophysical parameters (such as temperature or humidity). Radiative transfer models are also used to optimize solar photovoltaic systems for renewable energy generation. Another common field o... | Radiative transfer model | 0.839438 |
1,425 | Each of these subarrays is sorted with an in-place sorting algorithm such as insertion sort, to discourage memory swaps, and normal merge sort is then completed in the standard recursive fashion. This algorithm has demonstrated better performance on machines that benefit from cache optimization. (LaMarca & Ladner 1997) | Tiled merge sort | 0.839432 |
1,426 | On modern computers, locality of reference can be of paramount importance in software optimization, because multilevel memory hierarchies are used. Cache-aware versions of the merge sort algorithm, whose operations have been specifically chosen to minimize the movement of pages in and out of a machine's memory cache, h... | Tiled merge sort | 0.839432 |
1,427 | Available MKL libraries include SPG-GMKL: A scalable C++ MKL SVM library that can handle a million kernels. GMKL: Generalized Multiple Kernel Learning code in MATLAB, does ℓ 1 {\displaystyle \ell _{1}} and ℓ 2 {\displaystyle \ell _{2}} regularization for supervised learning. (Another) GMKL: A different MATLAB MKL code ... | Multiple kernel learning | 0.839372 |
1,428 | These approaches solve an optimization problem to determine parameters for the kernel combination function. This has been done with similarity measures and structural risk minimization approaches. For similarity measures such as the one defined above, the problem can be formulated as follows: max β , tr ( K t r a ′ )... | Multiple kernel learning | 0.839372 |
1,429 | Multiple kernel learning refers to a set of machine learning methods that use a predefined set of kernels and learn an optimal linear or non-linear combination of kernels as part of the algorithm. Reasons to use multiple kernel learning include a) the ability to select for an optimal kernel and parameters from a larger... | Multiple kernel learning | 0.839372 |
1,430 | E {\displaystyle \mathrm {E} } is typically the square loss function (Tikhonov regularization) or the hinge loss function (for SVM algorithms), and R {\displaystyle R} is usually an ℓ n {\displaystyle \ell _{n}} norm or some combination of the norms (i.e. elastic net regularization). This optimization problem can then ... | Multiple kernel learning | 0.839372 |
1,431 | In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electric current) in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors. The flow of negatively charged electrons generates electric current, positively charged holes, and po... | Electrical Conductor | 0.83937 |
1,432 | In probability theory and information theory, the variation of information or shared information distance is a measure of the distance between two clusterings (partitions of elements). It is closely related to mutual information; indeed, it is a simple linear expression involving the mutual information. Unlike the mutu... | Variation of information | 0.839353 |
1,433 | The first edition of Core-Plus Mathematics was designed to meet the curriculum, teaching, and assessment standards from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the broad goals outlined in the National Research Council report, Everybody Counts: A Report to the Nation on the Future of Mathematics Education. L... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,434 | Important theorems in geometry are not justified. Moreover, with the way the material is sequenced, some of these theorems cannot be justified".According to Prof. Harel, the Core-Plus program "excels in providing ample experience in solving application problems and in ensuring that students understand the meanings of t... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,435 | Like in the algebra texts, the geometry text does not lead to a clear logical structure of the material taught. Because theoretical material is concealed within the text of the problems, "a teacher must identify all the critical problems and know in advance the intended structure to establish the essential mathematical... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,436 | In the algebra section, fundamental theorems on linear functions and quadratic functions were found not justified, except for the quadratic formula. Theorems are often presented without proof. | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,437 | In 2009 professor of mathematics at the University of California in San Diego, Guershon Harel reviewed four high-school mathematics programs. The examined programs included Core-Plus Courses 1, 2, and 3. The examination focused on two topics in algebra and one topic in geometry, deemed by Prof. Harel central to the hig... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,438 | The percentages of students who eventually passed a technical calculus course showed a statistically significant decline averaging 27 percent a year; this trend was accompanied by an obvious and statistically significant increase in percentages of students who placed into low-level and remedial algebra courses. Except ... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,439 | Wilson says that the Core-Plus program "has a multitude of good problems, but never develops the core of the mathematics of linear functions. The problems are set in contexts and mathematics itself is rarely considered as a legitimate enterprise to investigate". The program lacks attention to algebraic manipulation" to... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,440 | Likewise, there is never an attempt to show that a line graph comes from the usual form of a linear equation". Prof. Wilson considered this approach to be "a significant flaw in the mathematical foundation".Quoting the textbook, "Linear functions relating two variables x and y can be represented using tables, graphs, s... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,441 | Professor W. Stephen Wilson from Johns Hopkins University evaluated the mathematical development and coherence of the Core-Plus program in 2009. In particular, he examined "the algebraic concepts and skills associated with linear functions because they are a critical foundation for the further study of algebra", and ev... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,442 | Mathematics programs initially developed in the 1990s that were based on the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics, like Core-Plus Mathematics, have been the subject of controversy due to their differences from more conventional mathematics programs. In the case of Core-Plus Mathematics, the... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,443 | The programs were obsessed with electronic calculators, and basic skills were disparaged.Specifically, Core-Plus Mathematics was criticized for exhibiting "too shallow a coverage of traditional algebra, and a focus on highly contextualized work". R. James Milgram, Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University, analyz... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,444 | The letter was co-signed by more than 200 American scientists and mathematicians.Prof. Klein asserts that the mathematics programs criticized by the open letter had common features: they overemphasized data analysis and statistics, while de-emphasizing far more important areas of arithmetic and algebra. Many of the "hi... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,445 | A study conducted by Schoen and Hirsch, two authors of Core-Plus Mathematics, reported that students using early versions of Core-Plus Mathematics did as well as or better than those in traditional single-subject curricula on all measures except paper-and-pencil algebra skills.A study on field-test versions of Core-Plu... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,446 | The course was re-organized around interwoven strands of algebra and functions, geometry and trigonometry, statistics and probability, and discrete mathematics. Lesson structure was updated, and technology tools, including CPMP-Tools software was introduced. | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,447 | The course was aligned with the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) mathematical practices and content expectations. Expanded and enhanced Teacher's Guides include a CCSS pathway and a CPMP pathway through each unit. Course 4 was split into two versions: one called Preparation for Calculus, for STEM-oriented students, a... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.839303 |
1,448 | The algorithm was developed by Google for use in machine translation.Similar earlier work includes Tomáš Mikolov's 2012 PhD thesis.In 2019, Facebook announced its use in symbolic integration and resolution of differential equations. The company claimed that it could solve complex equations more rapidly and with greater... | Seq2seq | 0.839299 |
1,449 | Seq2seq is a family of machine learning approaches used for natural language processing. Applications include language translation, image captioning, conversational models, and text summarization. | Seq2seq | 0.839299 |
1,450 | There are various proofs of this theorem, by either analytic methods such as Liouville's theorem, or topological ones such as the winding number, or a proof combining Galois theory and the fact that any real polynomial of odd degree has at least one real root. Because of this fact, theorems that hold for any algebraica... | Complex value | 0.83928 |
1,451 | Given any complex numbers (called coefficients) a0, ..., an, the equation has at least one complex solution z, provided that at least one of the higher coefficients a1, ..., an is nonzero. This is the statement of the fundamental theorem of algebra, of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Because of this f... | Complex value | 0.83928 |
1,452 | The complex number field is intrinsic to the mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics, where complex Hilbert spaces provide the context for one such formulation that is convenient and perhaps most standard. The original foundation formulas of quantum mechanics – the Schrödinger equation and Heisenberg's matrix me... | Complex value | 0.83928 |
1,453 | The definition of the complex numbers involving two arbitrary real values immediately suggests the use of Cartesian coordinates in the complex plane. The horizontal (real) axis is generally used to display the real part, with increasing values to the right, and the imaginary part marks the vertical (imaginary) axis, wi... | Complex value | 0.83928 |
1,454 | These puzzles are based on algebra with binary variables taking a pair of values, for example, (no, yes), (false, true), (not exists, exists), (0, 1). It invites the player quickly establish some equations, and inequalities for the solution. The partitioning can be used to reduce the complexity of the problem. Moreover... | Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables | 0.839276 |
1,455 | In algebraic form we have two equations: a + b + c + d = 1a + b + c + d + e + f + g = 1Here a, b, c, and d correspond to the top four grayed cells in Figure 6. The cell with Δ is represented by the variable f, and the other two grayed cells are marked as e and g. If we set f = 1, then a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0, e = 0,... | Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables | 0.839276 |
1,456 | Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables ask players to locate the hidden objects based on a set of clue cells and their neighbors marked as variables (unknowns). A variable with value of 1 corresponds to a cell with an object. Contrary, a variable with value of 0 corresponds to an empty cell—no hidden object. | Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables | 0.839276 |
1,457 | This leads to the fact that c must be 1. The modification of a large equation into smaller form is not difficult. However, an equation set with binary variables cannot be always solved by applying linear algebra. | Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables | 0.839276 |
1,458 | A game based on the algebra with binary variables can be visualized in many different ways. One generic way is to represent the right side of an equation as a clue in a cell (clue cell), and the neighbors of a clue cell as variables. A simple case is shown in Figure 1. The neighbors can be assumed to be the up/down, le... | Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables | 0.839276 |
1,459 | Lodovico Ferrari is attributed with the discovery of the solution to the quartic in 1540, but since this solution, like all algebraic solutions of the quartic, requires the solution of a cubic to be found, it could not be published immediately. The solution of the quartic was published together with that of the cubic b... | Quartic equation | 0.839272 |
1,460 | The unifying characteristic is that there was some definition based on some standard. Eventually cubits and strides gave way to "customary units" to meet the needs of merchants and scientists. In the metric system and other recent systems, underlying relationships between quantities, as expressed by formulae of physics... | Measurement system | 0.83927 |
1,461 | Preface Advertisement Chapter 1: Vector Analysis Chapter 2: Electrostatics Chapter 3: Potentials Chapter 4: Electric Fields in Matter Chapter 5: Magnetostatics Chapter 6: Magnetic Fields in Matter Chapter 7: Electrodynamics Chapter 8: Conservation Laws Chapter 9: Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 10: Potentials and Fields ... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839254 |
1,462 | It contains no computer exercises. Nevertheless, it is perfectly adequate for undergraduate instruction in physics. As of June 2005, Inglefield has taught three semesters using this book.Physicists Yoni Kahn of Princeton University and Adam Anderson of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory indicated that Griffiths'... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839254 |
1,463 | The first chapter offers a valuable review of vector calculus, which is essential for understanding this subject. While most other authors, including those aimed at a more advanced audience, denote the distance from the source point to the field point by | x − x ′ | {\displaystyle |\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x} '|} , Griffi... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839254 |
1,464 | Moreover, the tone is clear and entertaining. Using this book "rejuvenated" his enthusiasm for teaching the subject.Colin Inglefield, an associate professor of physics at Weber State University (Utah), commented that the third edition is notable for its informal and conversational style that may appeal to a large class... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839254 |
1,465 | According to Robert W. Scharstein from the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Alabama, the mathematics used in the third edition is just enough to convey the subject and the problems are valuable teaching tools that do not involve the "plug and chug disease." Although students of electrical engin... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839254 |
1,466 | The author sometimes referred to the reader directly. Physics received the primary focus. Equations are derived and explained, and common misconceptions are addressed. | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839254 |
1,467 | Paul D. Scholten, a professor at Miami University (Ohio), opined that the first edition of this book offers a streamlined, though not always in-depth, coverage of the fundamental physics of electrodynamics. Special topics such as superconductivity or plasma physics are not mentioned. Breaking with tradition, Griffiths ... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839254 |
1,468 | The front cover has a picture of the handwritten Poisson's equations for electricity and magnetism on a chalkboard. The first inner cover contains vector identities, vector derivatives in Cartesian, spherical, and cylindrical coordinates, and the fundamental theorems of vector calculus. The second inner cover contains ... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839254 |
1,469 | This book uses SI units (the mks convention) exclusively. A table for converting between SI and Gaussian units is given in Appendix C.Griffiths said he was able to reduce the price of his textbook on quantum mechanics simply by changing the publisher, from Pearson to Cambridge University Press. He has done the same wit... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839254 |
1,470 | As noted above, for small deformations, most elastic materials such as springs exhibit linear elasticity and can be described by a linear relation between the stress and strain. This relationship is known as Hooke's law. A geometry-dependent version of the idea was first formulated by Robert Hooke in 1675 as a Latin an... | Elasticity (solid mechanics) | 0.839249 |
1,471 | In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initia... | Elasticity (solid mechanics) | 0.839249 |
1,472 | In molecular biology, protein fold classes are broad categories of protein tertiary structure topology. They describe groups of proteins that share similar amino acid and secondary structure proportions. Each class contains multiple, independent protein superfamilies (i.e. are not necessarily evolutionarily related to ... | Protein fold class | 0.839248 |
1,473 | In mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins, knowledge of the masses of the residues is useful. The mass of the peptide or protein is the sum of the residue masses plus the mass of water (Monoisotopic mass = 18.01056 Da; average mass = 18.0153 Da). The residue masses are calculated from the tabulated chemical formula... | Proteinogenic amino acids | 0.839244 |
1,474 | Modern x86 processors are heavily optimized with techniques such as instruction pipelines, out-of-order execution, memory prefetching, memory dependence prediction, and branch prediction to preemptively load memory from RAM (and other caches) to speed up execution even further. With this amount of complexity from perfo... | Memory timing | 0.839215 |
1,475 | Modern pharmacology is interdisciplinary and involves biophysical and computational sciences, and analytical chemistry. A pharmacist needs to be well-equipped with knowledge on pharmacology for application in pharmaceutical research or pharmacy practice in hospitals or commercial organisations selling to customers. Pha... | Therapeutic drugs | 0.839182 |
1,476 | The study of chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of receptors, to design chemicals that act on specific cellul... | Therapeutic drugs | 0.839182 |
1,477 | Receptors are typically categorised based on structure and function. Major receptor types studied in pharmacology include G protein coupled receptors, ligand gated ion channels and receptor tyrosine kinases. Network pharmacology is a subfield of pharmacology that combines principles from pharmacology, systems biology, ... | Therapeutic drugs | 0.839182 |
1,478 | The field encompasses drug composition and properties, functions, sources, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capab... | Therapeutic drugs | 0.839182 |
1,479 | The study of pharmacology overlaps with biomedical sciences and is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms. Pharmacological research can lead to new drug discoveries, and promote a better understanding of human physiology. Students of pharmacology must have a detailed working knowledge of aspects in physi... | Therapeutic drugs | 0.839182 |
1,480 | Pharmacology is a branch of medicine, biology, and pharmaceutical sciences concerned with drug or medication action, where a drug may be defined as any artificial, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes... | Therapeutic drugs | 0.839182 |
1,481 | A mathematical object is an abstract concept arising in mathematics. In the usual language of mathematics, an object is anything that has been (or could be) formally defined, and with which one may do deductive reasoning and mathematical proofs. Typically, a mathematical object can be a value that can be assigned to a ... | Mathematical objects | 0.839165 |
1,482 | The benefit of the through and across analogy is that when the through Hamiltonian variable is chosen to be a conserved quantity, Kirchhoff's node rule can be used, and the model will have the same topology as the real system. Thus, in the electrical domain the across variable is voltage and the through variable is cur... | Mechanical–electrical analogies | 0.839141 |
1,483 | Mobility analogies, also called the Firestone analogy, are the electrical duals of impedance analogies. That is, the effort variable in the mechanical domain is analogous to current (the flow variable) in the electrical domain, and the flow variable in the mechanical domain is analogous to voltage (the effort variable)... | Mechanical–electrical analogies | 0.839141 |
1,484 | In the impedance analogy, the ratio of the power conjugate variables is always a quantity analogous to electrical impedance. For instance force/velocity is mechanical impedance. The mobility analogy does not preserve this analogy between impedances across domains, but it does have another advantage over the impedance a... | Mechanical–electrical analogies | 0.839141 |
1,485 | The usual choice for a translational mechanical system is force (F) and velocity (u) but it is not the only choice. A different pair may be more appropriate for a system with a different geometry, such as a rotational system.Even after the mechanical fundamental variables have been chosen, there is still not a unique s... | Mechanical–electrical analogies | 0.839141 |
1,486 | The closest pair of points problem or closest pair problem is a problem of computational geometry: given n {\displaystyle n} points in metric space, find a pair of points with the smallest distance between them. The closest pair problem for points in the Euclidean plane was among the first geometric problems that were ... | Closest pair problem | 0.839133 |
1,487 | Parallel coordinates were often said to be invented by Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne in 1885, but even though the words "Coordonnées parallèles" appear in the book title this work has nothing to do with the visualization techniques of the same name; the book only describes a method of coordinate transformation. But even be... | Parallel coordinates | 0.839058 |
1,488 | A pair of lines intersects at a unique point which has two coordinates and, therefore, can correspond to a unique line which is also specified by two parameters (or two points). By contrast, more than two points are required to specify a curve and also a pair of curves may not have a unique intersection. Hence by using... | Parallel coordinates | 0.839058 |
1,489 | Part B of the book discusses the potential-based method by which the Erdős–Selfridge theorem was proven, and extends it to additional examples, including some in which the maker wins. Part C covers more advanced techniques of determining the outcome of a positional game, and introduces more complex games of this type, ... | Combinatorial Games: Tic-Tac-Toe Theory | 0.83903 |
1,490 | Part A looks at the distinction between weak wins (the player can force the existence of a winning configuration) and strong wins (the winning configuration can be forced to exist before the other player gets a win). It shows that, for maker-breaker games over the points on the plane in which the players attempt to cre... | Combinatorial Games: Tic-Tac-Toe Theory | 0.83903 |
1,491 | A positional game is a game in which players alternate in taking possession of a given set of elements, with the goal of forming a winning configuration of elements; for instance, in tic-tac-toe and gomoku, the elements are the squares of a grid, and the winning configurations are lines of squares. These examples are s... | Combinatorial Games: Tic-Tac-Toe Theory | 0.83903 |
1,492 | In 2019, Haojia et al compared both scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq in a genomic study around the kidney. They found snRNA-seq accomplishes an equivalent gene detection rate to that of scRNA-seq in adult kidney with several significant advantages (including compatibility with frozen samples, reduced dissociation bias and so on... | SnRNA-seq | 0.83901 |
1,493 | In neuroscience, neurons have an interconnected nature which makes it extremely hard to isolate intact single neurons. As snRNA-seq has emerged as an alternative method of assessing a cell's transcriptome through the isolation of single nuclei, it has been possible to conduct single-neuron studies from postmortem human... | SnRNA-seq | 0.83901 |
1,494 | In geometry, line coordinates are used to specify the position of a line just as point coordinates (or simply coordinates) are used to specify the position of a point. | Line coordinates | 0.838934 |
1,495 | z = ( tanh d 2 ) ( sinh s + j cosh s ) {\displaystyle z=\left(\tanh {\frac {d}{2}}\right)(\sinh s+j\cosh s)} denotes the ultraparallel line. : 118 The motions of the line geometry are described with linear fractional transformations on the appropriate complex planes. : 87, 123 | Line coordinates | 0.838934 |
1,496 | The angular momentum problem is a problem in astrophysics identified by Leon Mestel in 1965.It was found that the angular momentum of a protoplanetary disk is misappropriated when compared to models during stellar birth. The Sun and other stars are predicted by models to be rotating considerably faster than they actual... | Angular momentum problem | 0.838918 |
1,497 | Testing is trying something to find out about it ("To put to the proof; to prove the truth, genuineness, or quality of by experiment" according to the Collaborative International Dictionary of English) and to validate is to prove that something is valid ("To confirm; to render valid" Collaborative International Diction... | Training data | 0.838889 |
1,498 | In 1968 these journals were merged to form part of the Journal of Physics series of journals, A to E, the fifth journal in the series being Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments. In 1990 the journal was renamed as Measurement Science and Technology to reflect the shift away from many scientists making their own ... | Measurement Science and Technology | 0.838884 |
1,499 | The Institute of Physics merged with the Physical Society of London in 1960. By this time the Proceedings of the Physical Society had grown in size and the quality of the applied journals, British Journal of Applied Physics and Journal of Scientific Instruments, had been improved. | Measurement Science and Technology | 0.838884 |
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