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2,000 | Division algebras, in which multiplicative inverses exist. The finite-dimensional alternative division algebras over the field of real numbers have been classified. They are the real numbers (dimension 1), the complex numbers (dimension 2), the quaternions (dimension 4), and the octonions (dimension 8). | Quadratic representation | 0.836343 |
2,001 | It is known that most roots of the nth derivatives of J ν ( n ) ( x ) {\displaystyle J_{\nu }^{(n)}(x)} (where n < 18 and J ν ( x ) {\displaystyle J_{\nu }(x)} is the Bessel function of the first kind of order ν {\displaystyle \nu } ) are transcendental. The only exceptions are the numbers ± 3 {\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt... | Square root of 3 | 0.836342 |
2,002 | Named joint distributions that arise frequently in statistics include the multivariate normal distribution, the multivariate stable distribution, the multinomial distribution, the negative multinomial distribution, the multivariate hypergeometric distribution, and the elliptical distribution. | Joint probability | 0.836325 |
2,003 | The fundamental prevalence-independent statistics are sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity or True Positive Rate (TPR), also known as recall, is the proportion of people that tested positive and are positive (True Positive, TP) of all the people that actually are positive (Condition Positive, CP = TP + FN). It can ... | Evaluation of binary classifiers | 0.836278 |
2,004 | The evaluation of binary classifiers compares two methods of assigning a binary attribute, one of which is usually a standard method and the other is being investigated. There are many metrics that can be used to measure the performance of a classifier or predictor; different fields have different preferences for speci... | Evaluation of binary classifiers | 0.836278 |
2,005 | The contingency table and the most common derived ratios are summarized below; see sequel for details. Note that the rows correspond to the condition actually being positive or negative (or classified as such by the gold standard), as indicated by the color-coding, and the associated statistics are prevalence-independe... | Evaluation of binary classifiers | 0.836278 |
2,006 | The basic marginal ratio statistics are obtained by dividing the 2×2=4 values in the table by the marginal totals (either rows or columns), yielding 2 auxiliary 2×2 tables, for a total of 8 ratios. These ratios come in 4 complementary pairs, each pair summing to 1, and so each of these derived 2×2 tables can be summari... | Evaluation of binary classifiers | 0.836278 |
2,007 | Given a data set, a classification (the output of a classifier on that set) gives two numbers: the number of positives and the number of negatives, which add up to the total size of the set. To evaluate a classifier, one compares its output to another reference classification – ideally a perfect classification, but in ... | Evaluation of binary classifiers | 0.836278 |
2,008 | An F-score is a combination of the precision and the recall, providing a single score. There is a one-parameter family of statistics, with parameter β, which determines the relative weights of precision and recall. The traditional or balanced F-score (F1 score) is the harmonic mean of precision and recall: F 1 = 2 ⋅ p ... | Evaluation of binary classifiers | 0.836278 |
2,009 | Precision and recall can be interpreted as (estimated) conditional probabilities: Precision is given by P ( C = P | C ^ = P ) {\displaystyle P(C=P|{\hat {C}}=P)} while recall is given by P ( C ^ = P | C = P ) {\displaystyle P({\hat {C}}=P|C=P)} , where C ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {C}}} is the predicted class and C {\displ... | Evaluation of binary classifiers | 0.836278 |
2,010 | In radiological physics, charged-particle equilibrium (CPE) occurs when the number of charged particles leaving a volume is equal to the number entering, for each energy and type of particle. When CPE exists in an irradiated medium, the absorbed dose in the volume is equal to the collision kerma. In order for this to o... | Charged particle equilibrium | 0.836266 |
2,011 | Translatomics is the study of all open reading frames (ORFs) that are being actively translated in a cell or organism. This collection of ORFs is called the translatome. Characterizing a cell's translatome can give insight into the array of biological pathways that are active in the cell. According to the central dogma... | Translatomics | 0.836264 |
2,012 | Nearing the completion of the Human Genome Project the field of genetics was shifting its focus toward determining the functions of genes. This involved cataloguing other collections of biological materials, like RNA and proteins in cells. These collections of materials were called -omes, evoking the widespread excitem... | Translatomics | 0.836264 |
2,013 | Some representations, such as pictures, videos and manipulatives, can motivate because of their richness, possibilities of play, use of technologies, or connections with interesting areas of life. Tasks that involve multiple representations can sustain intrinsic motivation in mathematics, by supporting higher-order thi... | Multiple representations (mathematics education) | 0.836262 |
2,014 | Several curricula use extensively developed systems of manipulatives and the corresponding representations. For example, Cuisinaire rods, Montessori beads, Algebra Tiles, Base-10 blocks, counters. | Multiple representations (mathematics education) | 0.836262 |
2,015 | Visual representations, manipulatives, gestures, and to some degree grids, can support qualitative reasoning about mathematics. Instead of only emphasizing computational skills, multiple representations can help students make the conceptual shift to the meaning and use of, and to develop algebraic thinking. By focusing... | Multiple representations (mathematics education) | 0.836262 |
2,016 | GeoGebra is free software dynamically linking geometric constructions, graphs, formulas, and grids. It can be used in a browser and is light enough for older or low-end computers.Project Interactivate has many activities linking visual, verbal and numeric representations. There are currently 159 different activities av... | Multiple representations (mathematics education) | 0.836262 |
2,017 | Genoinformatics refers to genome and chromosome dynamics, quantitative biology and modeling, molecular and cellular pathologies. Genome informatics also includes the field of genome design. | Genome informatics | 0.83626 |
2,018 | Methods of studying a large genomic data include variant-calling, transcriptomic analysis, and variant interpretation. Genome informatics can analyze DNA sequence information and to predict protein sequence and structure. Genome informatics dealing with microbial and metagenomics, sequencing algorithms, variant discove... | Genome informatics | 0.83626 |
2,019 | Molecular Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It publishes original research papers and review articles on the application of molecular biology to biotechnology. It was established in 1994 with John M. Walker as founding editor-in-chief. Prof Aydin Berenjian... | Molecular Biotechnology | 0.83622 |
2,020 | Physics First began as an organized movement among educators around 1990, and has been slowly catching on throughout the United States. The most prominent movement championing Physics First is Leon Lederman's ARISE (American Renaissance in Science Education). Many proponents of Physics First argue that turning this ord... | Physics First | 0.836176 |
2,021 | Physics First is an educational program in the United States, that teaches a basic physics course in the ninth grade (usually 15-year-olds), rather than the biology course which is more standard in public schools. This course relies on the limited math skills that the students have from pre-algebra and algebra I. With ... | Physics First | 0.836176 |
2,022 | Others point out that, for example, secondary school students will never study the advanced physics that underlies chemistry in the first place. "nclined planes (frictionless or not) didn't come up in ... high school chemistry class ... and the same can be said for some of the chemistry that really makes sense of biolo... | Physics First | 0.836175 |
2,023 | They suggest that instead students first take biology and chemistry which are less mathematics-intensive so that by the time they are in their junior year, students will be advanced enough in mathematics with either an algebra 2 or pre-calculus education to be able to fully grasp the concepts presented in physics. Some... | Physics First | 0.836175 |
2,024 | American public schools traditionally teach biology in the first year of high school, chemistry in the second, and physics in the third. The belief is that this order is more accessible, largely because biology can be taught with less mathematics, and will do the most toward providing some scientific literacy for the l... | Physics First | 0.836175 |
2,025 | Due to the tangible nature of most introductory physics experiments, Physics First also lends itself well to an introduction to inquiry-based science education, where students are encouraged to probe the workings of the world in which they live.The majority of high schools which have implemented "physics first" do so b... | Physics First | 0.836175 |
2,026 | On January 19 2021, the College Board discontinued all SAT Subject tests, including the SAT Subject Test in Chemistry. This was effective immediately in the United States, and the tests were to be phased out by the following summer for international students. This was done as a response to changes in college admissions... | SAT Subject Test in Chemistry | 0.836168 |
2,027 | The SAT Subject Test in Chemistry was a one-hour multiple choice test given on chemistry by The College Board. A student chose whether to take the test depending upon college entrance requirements for the schools in which the student was planning to apply. Until 1994, the SAT Subject Tests were known as Achievement Tes... | SAT Subject Test in Chemistry | 0.836168 |
2,028 | Like most of the SAT Subject Tests, the Chemistry SAT Test was relatively difficult. It tested a very wide breadth of content and expected students to formulate answers in a very short period of time. Many high school students found themselves picking up extra resource material, like prep books and online aids, to help... | SAT Subject Test in Chemistry | 0.836168 |
2,029 | This test consisted of 85 questions. The first 23 questions numbered 1-23 were 'classification questions'. The next 15 questions, numbered 101-115, were called 'relationship analysis questions'. The SAT Subject Test in Chemistry was currently the only SAT that incorporates the relationship analysis questions. | SAT Subject Test in Chemistry | 0.836168 |
2,030 | The College Board's recommended preparation was a one-year college preparatory course in chemistry, a one-year course in algebra, and experience in the laboratory. However, some second-year algebra concepts (including logarithms) were tested on this subject test. Given the timed nature of the test, one of the keys of t... | SAT Subject Test in Chemistry | 0.836168 |
2,031 | Mixed potential theory is a theory used in electrochemistry that relates the potentials and currents from differing constituents into a 'weighted' potential at zero net current. In other words, it is an electrode potential resulting from a simultaneous action of more than a single redox couple, while the net electrode ... | Mixed potential theory | 0.836137 |
2,032 | The fallacy is the argument that two states or conditions cannot be considered distinct (or do not exist at all) because between them there exists a continuum of states. Strictly, the sorites paradox refers to situations where there are many discrete states (classically between 1 and 1,000,000 grains of sand, hence 1,0... | Paradox of the heap | 0.836114 |
2,033 | The basic experimental procedure of a study on naïve physics involves three steps: prediction of the infant's expectation, violation of that expectation, and measurement of the results. As mentioned above, the physically impossible event holds the infant's attention longer, indicating surprise when expectations are vio... | Naïve physics | 0.836087 |
2,034 | But research shows that infants, who do not yet have such expansive knowledge of the world, have the same extended reaction to events that appear physically impossible. Such studies hypothesize that all people are born with an innate ability to understand the physical world. Smith and Cassati (1994) have reviewed the e... | Naïve physics | 0.836087 |
2,035 | The increasing sophistication of technology makes possible more research on knowledge acquisition. Researchers measure physiological responses such as heart rate and eye movement in order to quantify the reaction to a particular stimulus. Concrete physiological data is helpful when observing infant behavior, because in... | Naïve physics | 0.836087 |
2,036 | Naïve physics or folk physics is the untrained human perception of basic physical phenomena. In the field of artificial intelligence the study of naïve physics is a part of the effort to formalize the common knowledge of human beings.Many ideas of folk physics are simplifications, misunderstandings, or misperceptions o... | Naïve physics | 0.836087 |
2,037 | It is underpinned by relevant basic sciences including anatomy and physiology, cell biology, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics and molecular biology, pharmacology, immunology, mathematics and statistics, and bioinformatics. As such the biomedical sciences have a much wider range of academic and research activities a... | Biomedical science | 0.836077 |
2,038 | Biomedical sciences are a set of sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to develop knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in healthcare or public health. Such disciplines as medical microbiology, clinical virology, clinical epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, and biom... | Biomedical science | 0.836077 |
2,039 | A sub-set of biomedical sciences is the science of clinical laboratory diagnosis. This is commonly referred to in the UK as 'biomedical science' or 'healthcare science'. There are at least 45 different specialisms within healthcare science, which are traditionally grouped into three main divisions: specialisms involvin... | Biomedical science | 0.836077 |
2,040 | Molecular toxicology Molecular pathology Blood transfusion science Cervical cytology Clinical biochemistry Clinical embryology Clinical immunology Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics Electron microscopy External quality assurance Haematology Haemostasis and thrombosis Histocompatibility and immunogenetics Histopatho... | Biomedical science | 0.836077 |
2,041 | The premier example is photosynthesis, in which most plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, disposing of oxygen as a side-product. Humans rely on photochemistry for the formation of vitamin D, and vision is initiated by a photochemical reaction of rhodopsin. In fireflies, an enzyme in... | Reaction mixture | 0.836054 |
2,042 | In photochemical reactions, atoms and molecules absorb energy (photons) of the illumination light and convert it into an excited state. They can then release this energy by breaking chemical bonds, thereby producing radicals. Photochemical reactions include hydrogen–oxygen reactions, radical polymerization, chain react... | Reaction mixture | 0.836054 |
2,043 | This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as a reaction with oxygen from the air.Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other. Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton, Joseph Pr... | Reaction mixture | 0.836053 |
2,044 | Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in the 1880s, and the Haber process was developed in 1909–1910 for ammonia synthesis.From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of experimentally observe... | Reaction mixture | 0.836053 |
2,045 | Uzan, Jean-Philippe (2003-04-07). "The fundamental constants and their variation: observational and theoretical status". Reviews of Modern Physics. | Fundamental physical constants | 0.836028 |
2,046 | Physics Letters B. 585 (1–2): 29–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0302295. | Fundamental physical constants | 0.836028 |
2,047 | Physical Review Letters. 90 (15): 150801. arXiv:physics/0212112. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90o0801M. | Fundamental physical constants | 0.836028 |
2,048 | Immediately you would like to know where this number for a coupling comes from: is it related to pi or perhaps to the base of natural logarithms? Nobody knows. It's one of the greatest damn mysteries of physics: a magic number that comes to us with no understanding by man. You might say the "hand of God" wrote that num... | Fundamental physical constants | 0.836028 |
2,049 | In computing, a memory barrier, also known as a membar, memory fence or fence instruction, is a type of barrier instruction that causes a central processing unit (CPU) or compiler to enforce an ordering constraint on memory operations issued before and after the barrier instruction. This typically means that operations... | Memory barrier | 0.83602 |
2,050 | Memory barrier instructions address reordering effects only at the hardware level. Compilers may also reorder instructions as part of the program optimization process. Although the effects on parallel program behavior can be similar in both cases, in general it is necessary to take separate measures to inhibit compiler... | Memory barrier | 0.83602 |
2,051 | Similarly, if P(A) is not zero, then P ( B ∣ A ) = P ( B ) {\displaystyle P(B\mid A)=P(B)} is also equivalent. Although the derived forms may seem more intuitive, they are not the preferred definition as the conditional probabilities may be undefined, and the preferred definition is symmetrical in A and B. Independence... | Conditional probabilities | 0.835981 |
2,052 | It should be apparent now that falsely equating the two probabilities can lead to various errors of reasoning, which is commonly seen through base rate fallacies. While conditional probabilities can provide extremely useful information, limited information is often supplied or at hand. Therefore, it can be useful to re... | Conditional probabilities | 0.835981 |
2,053 | In probability theory, conditional probability is a measure of the probability of an event occurring, given that another event (by assumption, presumption, assertion or evidence) has already occurred. This particular method relies on event B occurring with some sort of relationship with another event A. In this event, ... | Conditional probabilities | 0.835981 |
2,054 | Without the Good, we would only be able to see with our physical eyes and not the "mind's eye". The sun bequeaths its light so that we may see the world around us. If the source of light did not exist we would be in the dark and incapable of learning and understanding the true realities that surround us.Incidentally, t... | Analogy of the sun | 0.835949 |
2,055 | : 171 Socrates also makes it clear that the sun cannot be looked at, so it cannot be known from sense perception alone. Even today, we still use all kinds of mathematical models, the physics of electromagnetic measurements, deductions, and logic to further know and understand the real sun as a fascinating being. | Analogy of the sun | 0.835949 |
2,056 | Labeling studies establish the following regiochemistry: RCDO + CH2=CHR' → RC(O)CH2CHDR'In terms of the reaction mechanism, hydroacylation begins with oxidative addition of the aldehydic carbon-hydrogen bond. The resulting acyl hydride complex next binds the alkene. The sequence of oxidative addition and alkene coordin... | Hydroacylation | 0.835936 |
2,057 | Humans have known about stress inside materials since ancient times. Until the 17th century, this understanding was largely intuitive and empirical, though this did not prevent the development of relatively advanced technologies like the composite bow and glass blowing.Over several millennia, architects and builders in... | Stress (mechanics) | 0.835889 |
2,058 | Stress analysis is a branch of applied physics that covers the determination of the internal distribution of internal forces in solid objects. It is an essential tool in engineering for the study and design of structures such as tunnels, dams, mechanical parts, and structural frames, under prescribed or expected loads.... | Stress (mechanics) | 0.835889 |
2,059 | In three dimensions, angular displacement is an entity with a direction and a magnitude. The direction specifies the axis of rotation, which always exists by virtue of the Euler's rotation theorem; the magnitude specifies the rotation in radians about that axis (using the right-hand rule to determine direction). This e... | Angles of rotation | 0.835828 |
2,060 | The following are a few known oracle complexity results (up to numerical constants), for obtaining optimization error ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } for some small enough ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } , and over the domain R d {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}} where d {\displaystyle d} is not fixed and can be arbitrarily lar... | Oracle complexity (optimization) | 0.835816 |
2,061 | This is known as the oracle complexity of this class of optimization problems: Namely, the number of iterations such that on one hand, there is an algorithm that provably requires only this many iterations to succeed (for any function in F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} ), and on the other hand, there is a proof that n... | Oracle complexity (optimization) | 0.835816 |
2,062 | This algorithm can be modeled in the framework above, where given any x t {\displaystyle \mathbf {x_{t}} } , the oracle returns the gradient ∇ f ( x t ) {\displaystyle \nabla f(\mathbf {x_{t}} )} , which is then used to choose the next point x t + 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {x_{t+1}} } . In this framework, for each choic... | Oracle complexity (optimization) | 0.835816 |
2,063 | Some common choices include convex vs. strongly-convex vs. non-convex functions, smooth vs. non-smooth functions (say, in terms of Lipschitz properties of the gradients or higher-order derivatives), domains with bounded dimension d {\displaystyle d} , vs. domains with unbounded dimension, and sums of two or more functi... | Oracle complexity (optimization) | 0.835816 |
2,064 | Oracle complexity has been applied to quite a few different settings, depending on the optimization criterion, function class F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} , and type of oracle O {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} . In terms of optimization criterion, by far the most common one is finding a near-optimal point, namely ma... | Oracle complexity (optimization) | 0.835816 |
2,065 | In mathematical optimization, oracle complexity is a standard theoretical framework to study the computational requirements for solving classes of optimization problems. It is suitable for analyzing iterative algorithms which proceed by computing local information about the objective function at various points (such as... | Oracle complexity (optimization) | 0.835816 |
2,066 | Medical algorithms are part of a broader field which is usually fit under the aims of medical informatics and medical decision-making. Medical decisions occur in several areas of medical activity including medical test selection, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis, and automatic control of medical equipment. In relation ... | Medical algorithms | 0.835807 |
2,067 | The second phase of the $170 million Human Microbiome Project was focused on integrating patient data to different omic datasets, considering host genetics, clinical information and microbiome composition. The phase one focused on characterization of communities in different body sites. Phase 2 focused in the integrati... | Multiomics | 0.835784 |
2,068 | A major limitation of classical omic studies is the isolation of only one level of biological complexity. For example, transcriptomic studies may provide information at the transcript level, but many different entities contribute to the biological state of the sample (genomic variants, post-translational modifications,... | Multiomics | 0.835784 |
2,069 | In parallel to the advances in highthroughput biology, machine learning applications to biomedical data analysis are flourishing. The integration of multi-omics data analysis and machine learning has led to the discovery of new biomarkers. For example, one of the methods of the mixOmics project implements a method base... | Multiomics | 0.835784 |
2,070 | The OmicTools service lists more than 99 softwares related to multiomic data analysis, as well as more than 99 databases on the topic. Systems biology approaches are often based upon the use of panomic analysis data. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) defines panomics as referring to "the interaction of a... | Multiomics | 0.835784 |
2,071 | The wave function can also be written in the complex exponential (polar) form: where R, S are real functions of r and t. Written this way, the probability density is and the probability current is: The exponentials and R∇R terms cancel: Finally, combining and cancelling the constants, and replacing R2 with ρ, If we tak... | Probability current | 0.835734 |
2,072 | If the particle has spin, it has a corresponding magnetic moment, so an extra term needs to be added incorporating the spin interaction with the electromagnetic field. According to Landau-Lifschitz's Course of Theoretical Physics the electric current density is in Gaussian units: And in SI units: Hence the probability ... | Probability current | 0.835734 |
2,073 | The definition of probability current and Schrödinger's equation can be used to derive the continuity equation, which has exactly the same forms as those for hydrodynamics and electromagnetism: where the probability density ρ {\displaystyle \rho \,} is defined as If one were to integrate both sides of the continuity eq... | Probability current | 0.835734 |
2,074 | Probability currents are analogous to mass currents in hydrodynamics and electric currents in electromagnetism. As in those fields, the probability current (i.e. the probability current density) is related to the probability density function via a continuity equation. The probability current is invariant under gauge tr... | Probability current | 0.835734 |
2,075 | In quantum mechanics, the probability current (sometimes called probability flux) is a mathematical quantity describing the flow of probability. Specifically, if one thinks of probability as a heterogeneous fluid, then the probability current is the rate of flow of this fluid. It is a real vector that changes with spac... | Probability current | 0.835734 |
2,076 | Since the 1980s, artificial neural networks have been applied to the prediction of protein structures. The evolutionary conservation of secondary structures can be exploited by simultaneously assessing many homologous sequences in a multiple sequence alignment, by calculating the net secondary structure propensity of a... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,077 | AlphaFold2, was introduced in CASP14, and is capable of predicting protein structures to near experimental accuracy. AlphaFold was swiftly followed by RosettaTTAFold and later by OmegaFold and the ESM Metagenomic Atlas. In a recent study, Sommer et al. 2022 demonstrated the application of protein structure prediction i... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,078 | AlphaFold was one of the first AIs to predict protein structures. It was introduced by Google's DeepMind in the 13th CASP competition, which was held in 2018. AlphaFold relies on a neural network approach, which directly predicts the 3D coordinates of all non-hydrogen atoms for a given protein using the amino acid sequ... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,079 | A great number of software tools for protein structure prediction exist. Approaches include homology modeling, protein threading, ab initio methods, secondary structure prediction, and transmembrane helix and signal peptide prediction. In particular, deep learning based on long short-term memory has been used for this ... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,080 | Protein structure prediction is the inference of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence—that is, the prediction of its secondary and tertiary structure from primary structure. Structure prediction is different from the inverse problem of protein design. Protein structure prediction is... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,081 | PSIPRED and JPRED are some of the most known programs based on neural networks for protein secondary structure prediction. Next, support vector machines have proven particularly useful for predicting the locations of turns, which are difficult to identify with statistical methods.Extensions of machine learning techniqu... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,082 | First artificial neural networks methods were used. As a training sets they use solved structures to identify common sequence motifs associated with particular arrangements of secondary structures. These methods are over 70% accurate in their predictions, although beta strands are still often underpredicted due to the ... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,083 | Weak contributions from each of many neighbors can add up to strong effects overall. The original GOR method was roughly 65% accurate and is dramatically more successful in predicting alpha helices than beta sheets, which it frequently mispredicted as loops or disorganized regions.Another big step forward, was using ma... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,084 | Proteins of very different amino acid sequences may fold into a structure that produces the same active site. Architecture is the relative orientations of secondary structures in a three-dimensional structure without regard to whether or not they share a similar loop structure. Fold (topology) a type of architecture th... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,085 | The more commonly used terms for evolutionary and structural relationships among proteins are listed below. Many additional terms are used for various kinds of structural features found in proteins. Descriptions of such terms may be found at the CATH Web site, the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) Web site, ... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,086 | Most tertiary structure modelling methods, such as Rosetta, are optimized for modelling the tertiary structure of single protein domains. A step called domain parsing, or domain boundary prediction, is usually done first to split a protein into potential structural domains. As with the rest of tertiary structure predic... | Protein structure prediction | 0.835717 |
2,087 | This topic emphasises systematic development of formulas for calculating expected values associated with the geometric objects derived from random points, and can in part be viewed as a sophisticated branch of multivariate calculus. Stochastic geometry emphasises the random geometrical objects themselves. For instance:... | Geometric probability | 0.835708 |
2,088 | What is the chance that three random points in the plane form an acute (rather than obtuse) triangle? What is the mean area of the polygonal regions formed when randomly oriented lines are spread over the plane?For mathematical development see the concise monograph by Solomon.Since the late 20th century, the topic has ... | Geometric probability | 0.835708 |
2,089 | A cDNA library represents a sample of the mRNA purified from a particular source (either a collection of cells, a particular tissue, or an entire organism), which has been converted back to a DNA template by the use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It thus represents the genes that were being actively transcribed i... | DNA library | 0.835704 |
2,090 | Typical examples of building block collections for medicinal chemistry are libraries of fluorine-containing building blocks. Introduction of the fluorine into a molecule has been shown to be beneficial for its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, therefore, the fluorine-substituted building blocks in drug de... | Molecular building blocks | 0.835694 |
2,091 | Building block is a term in chemistry which is used to describe a virtual molecular fragment or a real chemical compound the molecules of which possess reactive functional groups. Building blocks are used for bottom-up modular assembly of molecular architectures: nano-particles, metal-organic frameworks, organic molecu... | Molecular building blocks | 0.835694 |
2,092 | The building block approach to drug discovery changed the landscape of chemical industry which supports medicinal chemistry. Major chemical suppliers for medicinal chemistry like Maybridge, Chembridge, Enamine adjusted their business correspondingly. By the end of the 1990th the use of building block collections prepar... | Molecular building blocks | 0.835694 |
2,093 | Organic functionalized molecules (reagents), carefully selected for the use in modular synthesis of novel drug candidates, in particular, by combinatorial chemistry, or in order to realize the ideas of virtual screening and drug design are also called building blocks. To be practically useful for the modular drug or dr... | Molecular building blocks | 0.835694 |
2,094 | In medicinal chemistry, the term defines either imaginable, virtual molecular fragments or chemical reagents from which drugs or drug candidates might be constructed or synthetically prepared. | Molecular building blocks | 0.835694 |
2,095 | Every probability measure is a continuous submeasure, so as the corresponding Boolean algebra of measurable sets modulo measure zero sets is complete, it is a Maharam algebra. Michel Talagrand (2008) solved a long-standing problem by constructing a Maharam algebra that is not a measure algebra, i.e., that does not admi... | Maharam algebra | 0.83569 |
2,096 | A continuous submeasure or Maharam submeasure on a Boolean algebra is a real-valued function m such that m ( 0 ) = 0 , m ( 1 ) = 1 , {\displaystyle m(0)=0,m(1)=1,} and m ( x ) > 0 {\displaystyle m(x)>0} if x ≠ 0 {\displaystyle x\neq 0} . If x ≤ y {\displaystyle x\leq y} , then m ( x ) ≤ m ( y ) {\displaystyle m(x)\leq ... | Maharam algebra | 0.83569 |
2,097 | In mathematics, a Maharam algebra is a complete Boolean algebra with a continuous submeasure (defined below). They were introduced by Dorothy Maharam (1947). | Maharam algebra | 0.83569 |
2,098 | In statistics, the conditional probability table (CPT) is defined for a set of discrete and mutually dependent random variables to display conditional probabilities of a single variable with respect to the others (i.e., the probability of each possible value of one variable if we know the values taken on by the other v... | Conditional probability table | 0.835687 |
2,099 | Molecular modeling and design. It can solve distance geometry problems. SNLSDPclique. MATLAB code for locating sensors in a sensor network based on the distances between the sensors. | Distance geometry problem | 0.835686 |
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