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2,300 | One of the first general purpose computers, ENIAC, was used as a very simple type of physics engine. It was used to design ballistics tables to help the United States military estimate where artillery shells of various mass would land when fired at varying angles and gunpowder charges, also accounting for drift caused ... | Physics engines | 0.834981 |
2,301 | Engines that use bounding boxes or bounding spheres as the final shape for collision detection are considered extremely simple. Generally a bounding box is used for broad phase collision detection to narrow down the number of possible collisions before costly mesh on mesh collision detection is done in the narrow phase... | Physics engines | 0.834981 |
2,302 | It would thus be impossible to insert a rod or fire a projectile through the handle holes on the vase, because the physics engine model is based on the cylinder and is unaware of the handles. The simplified mesh used for physics processing is often referred to as the collision geometry. This may be a bounding box, sphe... | Physics engines | 0.834981 |
2,303 | Objects in games interact with the player, the environment, and each other. Typically, most 3D objects in games are represented by two separate meshes or shapes. One of these meshes is the highly complex and detailed shape visible to the player in the game, such as a vase with elegant curved and looping handles. For pu... | Physics engines | 0.834981 |
2,304 | An alternative to using bounding box-based rigid body physics systems is to use a finite element-based system. In such a system, a 3-dimensional, volumetric tessellation is created of the 3D object. The tessellation results in a number of finite elements which represent aspects of the object's physical properties such ... | Physics engines | 0.834981 |
2,305 | A primary limit of physics engine realism is the approximated result of the constraint resolutions and collision result due to the slow convergence of algorithms. Collision detection computed at a too low frequency can result in objects passing through each other and then being repelled with an abnormal correction forc... | Physics engines | 0.834981 |
2,306 | However, during the last two decades further knowledge has highlighted the great intricacy of dinoflagellate life histories. More than 10% of the approximately 2000 known marine dinoflagellate species produce cysts as part of their life cycle (see diagram on the right). These benthic phases play an important role in th... | Dinophyte algae | 0.834973 |
2,307 | Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis).In terms of number of species, dinoflagellates are one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes, although substantially smaller than diatoms. So... | Dinophyte algae | 0.834973 |
2,308 | This can introduce both nonfatal and fatal illnesses. One such poison is saxitoxin, a powerful paralytic neurotoxin.Human inputs of phosphate further encourage these red tides, so strong interest exists in learning more about dinoflagellates, from both medical and economic perspectives. Dinoflagellates are known to be ... | Dinophyte algae | 0.834973 |
2,309 | More modern-looking forms proliferate during the later Jurassic and Cretaceous. This trend continues into the Cenozoic, albeit with some loss of diversity.Molecular phylogenetics show that dinoflagellates are grouped with ciliates and apicomplexans (=Sporozoa) in a well-supported clade, the alveolates. | Dinophyte algae | 0.834973 |
2,310 | He was ordained as a deacon in 1819, a priest in 1822 and appointed Vicar of Wymeswold in Leicestershire in 1826 (until 1835).In 1839 he was appointed Dean of Ely cathedral, Cambridgeshire, a position he held for the rest of his life, some 20 years. Together with the architect George Gilbert Scott he undertook a major ... | Arithmetical algebra | 0.834947 |
2,311 | George Peacock FRS (9 April 1791 – 8 November 1858) was an English mathematician and Anglican cleric. He founded what has been called the British algebra of logic. | Arithmetical algebra | 0.834947 |
2,312 | Peacock's principle says that the form on the left side is equivalent to the form on the right side, not only when the said restrictions of being less are removed, but when a {\displaystyle a} , b {\displaystyle b} , c {\displaystyle c} , d {\displaystyle d} denote the most general algebraic symbol. It means that a {\d... | Arithmetical algebra | 0.834947 |
2,313 | All the results of arithmetical algebra which are deduced by the application of its rules, and which are general in form though particular in value, are results likewise of symbolical algebra where they are general in value as well as in form; thus the product of a m {\displaystyle a^{m}} and a n {\displaystyle a^{n}} ... | Arithmetical algebra | 0.834947 |
2,314 | When m {\displaystyle m} and / n {\displaystyle /n} are compounded we get the idea of a rational fraction; for in general m / n {\displaystyle m/n} will not reduce to a number nor to the reciprocal of a number. Suppose, however, that we pass over this objection; how does Peacock lay the foundation for general algebra? ... | Arithmetical algebra | 0.834947 |
2,315 | For instance, in a b {\displaystyle ab} , a {\displaystyle a} can denote only an integer number, but b {\displaystyle b} may denote a rational fraction. Now there is no more fundamental principle in arithmetical algebra than that a b = b a {\displaystyle ab=ba} ; which would be illegitimate on Peacock's principle. | Arithmetical algebra | 0.834947 |
2,316 | Hence the following dilemma: Either a b {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{b}}} must be held to be an impossible expression in general, or else the meaning of the fundamental symbol of algebra must be extended so as to include rational fractions. If the former horn of the dilemma is chosen, arithmetical algebra becomes a mere s... | Arithmetical algebra | 0.834947 |
2,317 | Peacock's principle may be stated thus: the elementary symbol of arithmetical algebra denotes a digital, i.e., an integer number; and every combination of elementary symbols must reduce to a digital number, otherwise it is impossible or foreign to the science. If a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are numbers,... | Arithmetical algebra | 0.834947 |
2,318 | Peacock's main contribution to mathematical analysis is his attempt to place algebra on a strictly logical basis. He founded what has been called the British algebra of logic; to which Gregory, De Morgan and Boole belonged. His answer to Maseres and Frend was that the science of algebra consisted of two parts—arithmeti... | Arithmetical algebra | 0.834947 |
2,319 | DnaSP — DNA Sequence Polymorphism, is a software package for the analysis of nucleotide polymorphism from aligned DNA sequence data. MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, is a software package used for estimating rates of molecular evolution, as well as generating phylogenetic trees, and aligning DNA sequence... | Nucleotide diversity | 0.834935 |
2,320 | Nucleotide diversity is a concept in molecular genetics which is used to measure the degree of polymorphism within a population. One commonly used measure of nucleotide diversity was first introduced by Nei and Li in 1979. This measure is defined as the average number of nucleotide differences per site between two DNA ... | Nucleotide diversity | 0.834935 |
2,321 | A p-dimensional submanifold Σ of M is said to be a calibrated submanifold with respect to φ (or simply φ-calibrated) if TΣ lies in G(φ). A famous one line argument shows that calibrated p-submanifolds minimize volume within their homology class. Indeed, suppose that Σ is calibrated, and Σ ′ is a p submanifold in the sa... | Calibrated geometry | 0.834927 |
2,322 | In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a calibrated manifold is a Riemannian manifold (M,g) of dimension n equipped with a differential p-form φ (for some 0 ≤ p ≤ n) which is a calibration, meaning that: φ is closed: dφ = 0, where d is the exterior derivative for any x ∈ M and any oriented p-dimensional su... | Calibrated geometry | 0.834927 |
2,323 | His work heavily influenced computer pioneer John von Neumann, information theorist Claude Shannon, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, and others. Norbert Wiener is credited as being one of the first to theorize that all intelligent behavior was the result of feedback mechanisms, that could possibly be ... | I Am a Mathematician | 0.834912 |
2,324 | We have decided to call the entire field of control and communication theory, whether in the machine or in the animal, by the name Cybernetics, which we form from the Greek κυβερνήτης or steersman. with implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, neuroscience, philosophy, and the organizat... | I Am a Mathematician | 0.834912 |
2,325 | The MATH domain, in molecular biology, is a binding domain that was defined originally by a region of homology between otherwise functionally unrelated domains, the intracellular TRAF-C domains of TRAF proteins and a C-terminal region of extracellular meprins A and B. Although apparently functionally unrelated, intrace... | MATH domain | 0.834893 |
2,326 | Changes in quaternary structure can occur through conformational changes within individual subunits or through reorientation of the subunits relative to each other. It is through such changes, which underlie cooperativity and allostery in "multimeric" enzymes, that many proteins undergo regulation and perform their phy... | Protein multimer | 0.834839 |
2,327 | The analysis of the internal dynamics of structurally different, but functionally similar enzymes has highlighted a common relationship between the positioning of the active site and the two principal protein sub-domains. In fact, for several members of the hydrolase superfamily, the catalytic site is located close to ... | Protein dynamics | 0.834826 |
2,328 | Steering may be supplied by a rider or, under certain circumstances, by the bike itself. This self-stability is generated by a combination of several effects that depend on the geometry, mass distribution, and forward speed of the bike. Tires, suspension, steering damping, and frame flex can also influence it, especial... | Bike physics | 0.834815 |
2,329 | Then they constructed a physical model to validate that prediction. This may require some of the details provided below about steering geometry or stability to be re-evaluated. Bicycle dynamics was named 26 of Discover's 100 top stories of 2011.In 2013, Eddy Merckx Cycles was awarded over €150,000 with Ghent University... | Bike physics | 0.834815 |
2,330 | Thus, by the end of the 19th century, Carlo Bourlet, Emmanuel Carvallo, and Francis Whipple had showed with rigid-body dynamics that some safety bicycles could actually balance themselves if moving at the right speed. Bourlet won the Prix Fourneyron, and Whipple won the Cambridge University Smith Prize. It is not clear... | Bike physics | 0.834815 |
2,331 | Capsize is the word used to describe a bike falling over without oscillation. During capsize, an uncontrolled front wheel usually steers in the direction of lean, but never enough to stop the increasing lean, until a very high lean angle is reached, at which point the steering may turn in the opposite direction. A caps... | Bike physics | 0.834815 |
2,332 | This AVI movie shows weave. For most bikes, depending on geometry and mass distribution, weave is unstable at low speeds, and becomes less pronounced as speed increases until it is no longer unstable. While the amplitude may decrease, the frequency actually increases with speed. | Bike physics | 0.834815 |
2,333 | J. Phys. 42, 701–702 The Physics of Everyday Phenomena, W. T. Griffith, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1998, pp. 149–150. The Way Things Work., Macaulay, Houghton-Mifflin, New York, NY, 1989 | Bike physics | 0.834815 |
2,334 | Of the two, lateral dynamics has proven to be the more complicated, requiring three-dimensional, multibody dynamic analysis with at least two generalized coordinates to analyze. At a minimum, two coupled, second-order differential equations are required to capture the principal motions. Exact solutions are not possible... | Bike physics | 0.834815 |
2,335 | Conversely, distinct elements of the kernel violate injectivity directly: if there would exist an element g ≠ e G ∈ ker f {\displaystyle g\neq e_{G}\in \ker f} , then f ( g ) = f ( e G ) = e H {\displaystyle f(g)=f(e_{G})=e_{H}} , thus f would not be injective. ker f is a subgroup of G and further it is a normal subg... | Kernel of a homomorphism | 0.834805 |
2,336 | In 1992, 1996 and 2001, the following descriptions were used for each of the ratings. These ratings have been applied to "units of assessment", such as French or Chemistry, which often broadly equate to university departments. Various unofficial league tables have been created of university research capability by aggre... | Research Assessment Exercise | 0.834746 |
2,337 | It was announced in the 2006 Budget that after the 2008 exercise a system of metrics would be developed in order to inform future allocations of QR funding. Following initial consultation with the higher education sector, it is thought that the Higher Education Funding Councils will introduce a metrics based system of ... | Research Assessment Exercise | 0.834746 |
2,338 | The differential and integral formulations are mathematically equivalent; both are useful. The integral formulation relates fields within a region of space to fields on the boundary and can often be used to simplify and directly calculate fields from symmetric distributions of charges and currents. On the other hand, t... | Maxwell's laws | 0.834745 |
2,339 | In the electric and magnetic field formulation there are four equations that determine the fields for given charge and current distribution. A separate law of nature, the Lorentz force law, describes how, conversely, the electric and magnetic fields act on charged particles and currents. A version of this law was inclu... | Maxwell's laws | 0.834745 |
2,340 | It is manifestly rotation invariant, and therefore mathematically much more transparent than Maxwell's original 20 equations in x,y,z components. The relativistic formulations are even more symmetric and manifestly Lorentz invariant. For the same equations expressed using tensor calculus or differential forms, see § Al... | Maxwell's laws | 0.834745 |
2,341 | The only difference would be the order in which the topics are taught. Supporters of using integrated curricula in the United States believe that students will be able to see the connections between algebra and geometry better in an integrated curriculum. General mathematics is another term for a mathematics course org... | Integrated mathematics | 0.834744 |
2,342 | Precalculus is the exception to the rule, as it usually integrates algebra, trigonometry, and geometry topics. Statistics may be integrated into all the courses or presented as a separate course. New York State began using integrated math curricula in the 1980s, but recently returned to a traditional curriculum. | Integrated mathematics | 0.834744 |
2,343 | Integrated mathematics is the term used in the United States to describe the style of mathematics education which integrates many topics or strands of mathematics throughout each year of secondary school. Each math course in secondary school covers topics in algebra, geometry, trigonometry and functions. Nearly all cou... | Integrated mathematics | 0.834744 |
2,344 | In signal processing and electronics, the frequency response of a system is the quantitative measure of the magnitude and phase of the output as a function of input frequency. The frequency response is widely used in the design and analysis of systems, such as audio and control systems, where they simplify mathematical... | Frequency responses | 0.834719 |
2,345 | Advanced Placement (AP) Physics 1 is a year-long introductory physics course administered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program. It is intended to proxy a one-semester algebra-based university course in mechanics. Along with AP Physics 2, the first AP Physics 1 exam was administered in 2015. In... | AP Physics 1 | 0.834718 |
2,346 | Multiple Choice and Free Response Sections of the AP® Physics 1 exam are also assessed on scientific practices. Below are tables representing the practices assessed and their weighting for both parts of the exam | AP Physics 1 | 0.834718 |
2,347 | The heavily computational AP Physics B course served for four decades as the College Board's algebra-based offering. As part of the College Board's redesign of science courses, AP Physics B was discontinued; therefore, AP Physics 1 and 2 were created with guidance from the National Research Council and the National Sci... | AP Physics 1 | 0.834718 |
2,348 | AP Physics 1 is an algebra-based, introductory college-level physics course that includes mechanics topics such as motion, force, momentum, energy, harmonic motion, and rotation; The College Board published a curriculum framework that includes seven big ideas on which the AP Physics 1 and 2 courses are based, along wit... | AP Physics 1 | 0.834718 |
2,349 | It is thus common to find local energy minimization methods combined with global energy optimization, to find the global energy minimum (and other low energy states). At finite temperature, the molecule spends most of its time in these low-lying states, which thus dominate the molecular properties. Global optimization ... | Molecular mechanics | 0.834703 |
2,350 | Another application of molecular mechanics is energy minimization, whereby the force field is used as an optimization criterion. This method uses an appropriate algorithm (e.g. steepest descent) to find the molecular structure of a local energy minimum. These minima correspond to stable conformers of the molecule (in t... | Molecular mechanics | 0.834703 |
2,351 | The system is divided into two regions - one of which is treated with quantum mechanics (QM) allowing breaking and formation of bonds and the rest of the protein is modeled using molecular mechanics (MM). MM alone does not allow the study of mechanisms of enzymes, which QM allows. QM also produces more exact energy cal... | Molecular mechanics | 0.834703 |
2,352 | The dihedral or torsional terms typically have multiple minima and thus cannot be modeled as harmonic oscillators, though their specific functional form varies with the implementation. This class of terms may include improper dihedral terms, which function as correction factors for out-of-plane deviations (for example,... | Molecular mechanics | 0.834703 |
2,353 | The following functional abstraction, termed an interatomic potential function or force field in chemistry, calculates the molecular system's potential energy (E) in a given conformation as a sum of individual energy terms. E = E covalent + E noncovalent {\displaystyle \ E=E_{\text{covalent}}+E_{\text{noncovalent}}\,} ... | Molecular mechanics | 0.834703 |
2,354 | ISBN 978-0-387-95404-2. Krishnan Namboori; Ramachandran, K. S.; Deepa Gopakumar (2008). Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling: Principles and Applications. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-77302-3. | Molecular mechanics | 0.834703 |
2,355 | Becker OM (2001). Computational biochemistry and biophysics. New York, N.Y. | Molecular mechanics | 0.834703 |
2,356 | In molecular mechanics, several ways exist to define the environment surrounding a molecule or molecules of interest. A system can be simulated in vacuum (termed a gas-phase simulation) with no surrounding environment, but this is usually undesirable because it introduces artifacts in the molecular geometry, especially... | Molecular mechanics | 0.834703 |
2,357 | In mathematics, a polynomial Diophantine equation is an indeterminate polynomial equation for which one seeks solutions restricted to be polynomials in the indeterminate. A Diophantine equation, in general, is one where the solutions are restricted to some algebraic system, typically integers. (In another usage ) Dioph... | Polynomial Diophantine equation | 0.834673 |
2,358 | Since NUMA largely influences memory access performance, certain software optimizations are needed to allow scheduling threads and processes close to their in-memory data. Microsoft Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 added support for NUMA architecture over 64 logical cores. Java 7 added support for NUMA-aware memory... | Non-Uniform Memory Access | 0.834668 |
2,359 | However, a competing meeting forced ISMB to change venues at short notice. The conference was held at Stanford University in August 1994 and was organised by Russ Altman, a research scientist at Stanford University School of Medicine. To emphasise the international aspect of the conference, ISMB 1995 was held at Robins... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,360 | Having successfully applied for grants from AAAI, NIH and the Department of Energy Office of Health and Environmental Research, the first ISMB conference was held in July 1993, at the NLM. The conference was chaired by Hunter, David Searls (research associate professor at University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine) ... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,361 | The origins of the ISMB conference lie in a workshop for artificial intelligence researchers with an interest in molecular biology held in November 1991. The workshop was organised by American researcher Lawrence Hunter, then director of the Machine Learning Project at the United States National Institutes of Health's ... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,362 | Keynote talks are presented in a single track and generally attract the largest audience. These presentations are chosen to highlight outstanding research in the field of bioinformatics. Notable ISMB keynote speakers have included eight Nobel laureates: Richard J. Roberts (keynote speaker in 1994, 2006), John Sulston (... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,363 | Since ISMB 2001, proceedings have been published in the journal Bioinformatics. The number of posters presented at ISMB has also increased dramatically. 25 posters were presented at ISMB 1994; at recent ISMB meetings, 500-1,000 posters have been presented in multiple poster sessions. | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,364 | The introduction of parallel tracks to ISMB was controversial. Christopher Rawlings (head of Computational and Systems Biology at Rothamsted Research and organiser of ISMB 1995) has said: "There were a lot of people who wanted to keep it more strongly in the AI intelligent systems model and have a meeting where everybo... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,365 | In 2004, ISMB was jointly held with the European Conference on Computational Biology for the first time. The conference was also co-located with the Genes, Proteins and Computers conference. This meeting, held in Glasgow, UK, was the largest bioinformatics conference ever held, attended by 2,136 delegates, submitting 4... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,366 | ISMB 1997 was held in Halkidiki, Greece and marked the foundation of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). ISCB was formed with a focus on managing all scientific, organizational and financial aspects of the ISMB conference and to provide a forum for scientists to address the emerging role of comp... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,367 | Although the return to Vienna was only deemed partially successful due to price increases, Boston (which hosted ISMB 2010 and 2014) is predicted to become a 'safe' site which ISMB can periodically return to.ISMB celebrated its 20th meeting with ISMB 2012, held in Long Beach, California. This event attracted around 1,60... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,368 | Most presentations are given in multiple parallel tracks; however, keynote talks are presented in a single track and are chosen to reflect outstanding research in bioinformatics. Notable ISMB keynote speakers have included eight Nobel laureates. The recipients of the ISCB Overton Prize and ISCB Accomplishment by a Seni... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,369 | Since 2004, European meetings have been held jointly with the European Conference on Computational Biology (ECCB). The main ISMB conference is usually held over three days and consists of presentations, poster sessions and keynote talks. | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,370 | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) is an annual academic conference on the subjects of bioinformatics and computational biology organised by the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). The principal focus of the conference is on the development and application of advanced computational met... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,371 | Notable SIG meetings include the Bioinformatics Open Source Conference (BOSC), which has been held annually since 2000 and Bio-Ontologies, which has been held annually since 1998. Satellite meetings are usually two days long and are held in conjunction with ISMB. The 12th CAMDA conference and the 9th 3DSIG meeting were... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,372 | Pre-conference tutorials have played an important role in ISMB since the first conference. Tutorials at ISMB 1994 included introductions to genetic algorithms, neural networks, AI for molecular biologists and molecular biology for computer scientists. Tutorials on computational mass spectrometry-based proteomics and EN... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.834662 |
2,373 | The insights gained from these breakthrough studies led Pace to propose the idea of cloning DNA directly from environmental samples as early as 1985. This led to the first report of isolating and cloning bulk DNA from an environmental sample, published by Pace and colleagues in 1991 while Pace was in the Department of ... | Metagenomics | 0.834643 |
2,374 | The sequence-driven approach to screening is limited by the breadth and accuracy of gene functions present in public sequence databases. In practice, experiments make use of a combination of both functional and sequence-based approaches based upon the function of interest, the complexity of the sample to be screened, a... | Metagenomics | 0.834643 |
2,375 | Microbial communities play a key role in preserving human health, but their composition and the mechanism by which they do so remains mysterious. Metagenomic sequencing is being used to characterize the microbial communities from 15–18 body sites from at least 250 individuals. This is part of the Human Microbiome initi... | Metagenomics | 0.834643 |
2,376 | Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes. The use of the nuclides produced is varied. The largest variety is used in research (e.g. in chemistry where atoms of "marker" nuclide are used to figure out reaction mechanisms). By tonnage, separatin... | Electromagnetic separation | 0.834626 |
2,377 | scikit-learn, an open source machine learning library for Python Orange, a free data mining software suite, module Orange.ensemble Weka is a machine learning set of tools that offers variate implementations of boosting algorithms like AdaBoost and LogitBoost R package GBM (Generalized Boosted Regression Models) impleme... | Boosting (meta-algorithm) | 0.834605 |
2,378 | AdaBoost is very popular and the most significant historically as it was the first algorithm that could adapt to the weak learners. It is often the basis of introductory coverage of boosting in university machine learning courses. There are many more recent algorithms such as LPBoost, TotalBoost, BrownBoost, xgboost, M... | Boosting (meta-algorithm) | 0.834605 |
2,379 | The recognition of object categories in images is a challenging problem in computer vision, especially when the number of categories is large. This is due to high intra class variability and the need for generalization across variations of objects within the same category. Objects within one category may look quite dif... | Boosting (meta-algorithm) | 0.834605 |
2,380 | Robert Schapire's affirmative answer in a 1990 paper to the question of Kearns and Valiant has had significant ramifications in machine learning and statistics, most notably leading to the development of boosting.When first introduced, the hypothesis boosting problem simply referred to the process of turning a weak lea... | Boosting (meta-algorithm) | 0.834605 |
2,381 | In machine learning, boosting is an ensemble meta-algorithm for primarily reducing bias, and also variance in supervised learning, and a family of machine learning algorithms that convert weak learners to strong ones. Boosting is based on the question posed by Kearns and Valiant (1988, 1989): "Can a set of weak learner... | Boosting (meta-algorithm) | 0.834605 |
2,382 | Boosting algorithms can be based on convex or non-convex optimization algorithms. Convex algorithms, such as AdaBoost and LogitBoost, can be "defeated" by random noise such that they can't learn basic and learnable combinations of weak hypotheses. This limitation was pointed out by Long & Servedio in 2008. However, by ... | Boosting (meta-algorithm) | 0.834605 |
2,383 | Object categorization is a typical task of computer vision that involves determining whether or not an image contains some specific category of object. The idea is closely related with recognition, identification, and detection. Appearance based object categorization typically contains feature extraction, learning a cl... | Boosting (meta-algorithm) | 0.834605 |
2,384 | The Collegiate Aerial Robotics Demonstration (CARD) is a robotics competition for college and university students inspired by FIRST. The inaugural event was held at the 2011 FIRST Championship in St. Louis, Missouri. | Collegiate Aerial Robotics Demonstration | 0.834604 |
2,385 | Trained models derived from biased or non-evaluated data can result in skewed or undesired predictions. Bias models may result in detrimental outcomes thereby furthering the negative impacts on society or objectives. Algorithmic bias is a potential result of data not being fully prepared for training. Machine learning ... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,386 | Interest related to pattern recognition continued into the 1970s, as described by Duda and Hart in 1973. In 1981 a report was given on using teaching strategies so that a neural network learns to recognize 40 characters (26 letters, 10 digits, and 4 special symbols) from a computer terminal.Tom M. Mitchell provided a w... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,387 | The term machine learning was coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel, an IBM employee and pioneer in the field of computer gaming and artificial intelligence. The synonym self-teaching computers was also used in this time period.By the early 1960s an experimental "learning machine" with punched tape memory, called Cybertron, ... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,388 | Embedded Machine Learning is a sub-field of machine learning, where the machine learning model is run on embedded systems with limited computing resources such as wearable computers, edge devices and microcontrollers. Running machine learning model in embedded devices removes the need for transferring and storing data ... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,389 | The self-learning algorithm updates a memory matrix W =||w(a,s)|| such that in each iteration executes the following machine learning routine: in situation s perform action a receive consequence situation s' compute emotion of being in consequence situation v(s') update crossbar memory w'(a,s) = w(a,s) + v(s')It is a s... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,390 | Performing machine learning can involve creating a model, which is trained on some training data and then can process additional data to make predictions. Various types of models have been used and researched for machine learning systems. | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,391 | Evaluated with respect to known knowledge, an uninformed (unsupervised) method will easily be outperformed by other supervised methods, while in a typical KDD task, supervised methods cannot be used due to the unavailability of training data. Machine learning also has intimate ties to optimization: many learning proble... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,392 | Some systems are so brittle that changing a single adversarial pixel predictably induces misclassification. Machine learning models are often vulnerable to manipulation and/or evasion via adversarial machine learning.Researchers have demonstrated how backdoors can be placed undetectably into classifying (e.g., for cate... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,393 | Typically, machine learning models require a high quantity of reliable data in order for the models to perform accurate predictions. When training a machine learning model, machine learning engineers need to target and collect a large and representative sample of data. Data from the training set can be as varied as a c... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,394 | The theory of belief functions, also referred to as evidence theory or Dempster–Shafer theory, is a general framework for reasoning with uncertainty, with understood connections to other frameworks such as probability, possibility and imprecise probability theories. These theoretical frameworks can be thought of as a k... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,395 | ".Modern-day machine learning has two objectives, one is to classify data based on models which have been developed, the other purpose is to make predictions for future outcomes based on these models. A hypothetical algorithm specific to classifying data may use computer vision of moles coupled with supervised learning... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,396 | Although machine learning has been transformative in some fields, machine-learning programs often fail to deliver expected results. Reasons for this are numerous: lack of (suitable) data, lack of access to the data, data bias, privacy problems, badly chosen tasks and algorithms, wrong tools and people, lack of resource... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,397 | Self-learning, as a machine learning paradigm was introduced in 1982 along with a neural network capable of self-learning, named crossbar adaptive array (CAA). It is learning with no external rewards and no external teacher advice. The CAA self-learning algorithm computes, in a crossbar fashion, both decisions about ac... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,398 | This is especially true in the United States where there is a long-standing ethical dilemma of improving health care, but also increasing profits. For example, the algorithms could be designed to provide patients with unnecessary tests or medication in which the algorithm's proprietary owners hold stakes. There is pote... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
2,399 | Using job hiring data from a firm with racist hiring policies may lead to a machine learning system duplicating the bias by scoring job applicants by similarity to previous successful applicants. Responsible collection of data and documentation of algorithmic rules used by a system thus is a critical part of machine le... | Applications of machine learning | 0.834588 |
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