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2,600 | History of geodesy – history of the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space History of geography – history of the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth Hist... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,601 | History of environmental soil science – history of the Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the pedosphere as well as critical aspects of the biosphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the atmosphere. History of environmental geology – history of the Environmental geology, lik... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,602 | History of Freshwater biology – history of the scientific biological study of freshwater ecosystems and is a branch of limnology History of marine biology – history of the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water History of parasitology – history of the Parasitology is the ... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,603 | History of climatology – history of the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time History of coastal geography – history of the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geolog... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,604 | History of atmospheric sciences – history of the umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems. History of climatology History of meteorology History of atmospheric chemistry History of biogeograph... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,605 | History of nanotechnology – history of the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale History of oenology – history of the science and study of all aspects of wine and winemaking except vine-growing and grape-harvesting, which is a subfield called viticulture. History of spectroscopy – history of the... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,606 | History of polymer chemistry – history of the multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. History of solid-state chemistry – history of the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necess... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,607 | History of mathematical chemistry – history of the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena. History of mechanochemistry – history of the coupling of the mechanical and the chemical phenomena on a mole... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,608 | History of organic geochemistry – history of the study of the impacts and processes that organisms have had on Earth History of regional, environmental and exploration geochemistry – history of the study of the spatial variation in the chemical composition of materials at the surface of the Earth History of inorganic c... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,609 | History of Flavor chemistry – history of someone who uses chemistry to engineer artificial and natural flavors. History of Flow chemistry – history of the chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production. History of geochemistry – history of the study of the mechanisms behind ma... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,610 | History of environmental chemistry – history of the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. History of immunochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that involves the study of the reactions and components on the immune system. History of medicinal chemistry – hist... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,611 | It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology, and other disciplines History of biochemistry – history of the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. ... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,612 | History of vehicle dynamics – history of the dynamics of vehicles, here assumed to be ground vehicles.History of chemistry – history of the physical science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, beha... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,613 | History of quantum physics – history of the branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena where the action is on the order of the Planck constant. History of theory of relativity – History of statics – history of the branch of mechanics concerned with the analysis of loads (force, torque/moment) on physical systems... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,614 | History of psychophysics – history of the quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect. History of plasma physics – history of the state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized. History of polymer physics – ... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,615 | History of nuclear physics – history of the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. History of optics – history of the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use o... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,616 | History of fluid mechanics – history of the study of fluids and the forces on them. History of quantum mechanics – history of the branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena where the action is on the order of the Planck constant. History of thermodynamics – history of the branch of physical science concerned wit... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,617 | History of geophysics – history of the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods History of materials physics – history of the use of physics to describe materials in many different ways such as force, heat, light and mechanics. History of mathema... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,618 | History of condensed matter physics – history of the study of the physical properties of condensed phases of matter. History of cryogenics – history of cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperature (below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures. History of Dynam... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,619 | History of neurophysics – history of the branch of biophysics dealing with the nervous system. History of chemical physics – history of the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. History of computational physics – history of the study and implementation of numerical algorit... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,620 | History of physical cosmology – history of the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution. History of planetary science – history of the scientific study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems, in p... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,621 | History of astrometry – history of the branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. History of cosmology – history of the discipline that deals with the nature of the Universe as a whole. History of extragalactic astronomy – history of the br... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,622 | History of physics – history of the physical science that studies matter and its motion through space-time, and related concepts such as energy and force History of acoustics – history of the study of mechanical waves in solids, liquids, and gases (such as vibration and sound) History of agrophysics – history of the st... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,623 | History of physical science – history of the branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a "physical science", together called the "physical sciences". However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrar... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,624 | Physics – branch of science that studies matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. Physics is one of the "fundamental sciences" because the other natural sciences (like biology, geology etc.) deal with systems that seem to obey the laws of physics. According to ... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,625 | Physical science can be described as all of the following: A branch of science (a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe).A branch of natural science – natural science is a major branch of science that tries to explain and predic... | Physical Sciences | 0.83369 |
2,626 | Jaynes Probability Theory: The Logic of Science. Keynes saw numerical probabilities as special cases of probability, which did not have to be quantifiable or even comparable.Keynes, in chapter 3 of the "A Treatise on Probability", used the example of taking an umbrella in case of rain to express the idea of uncertainty... | A Treatise on Probability | 0.833636 |
2,627 | According to the classical four-vertex theorem, every simple closed planar smooth curve must have at least four vertices. A more general fact is that every simple closed space curve which lies on the boundary of a convex body, or even bounds a locally convex disk, must have four vertices. Every curve of constant width ... | Vertex (curve) | 0.833626 |
2,628 | In the geometry of plane curves, a vertex is a point of where the first derivative of curvature is zero. This is typically a local maximum or minimum of curvature, and some authors define a vertex to be more specifically a local extremum of curvature. However, other special cases may occur, for instance when the second... | Vertex (curve) | 0.833626 |
2,629 | BWT has also been proved to be useful on sequence prediction which is a common area of study in machine learning and natural-language processing. In particular, Ktistakis et al. proposed a sequence prediction scheme called SuBSeq that exploits the lossless compression of data of the Burrows–Wheeler transform. SuBSeq ex... | Block-sorting compression | 0.83362 |
2,630 | A number of optimizations can make these algorithms run more efficiently without changing the output. There is no need to represent the table in either the encoder or decoder. In the encoder, each row of the table can be represented by a single pointer into the strings, and the sort performed using the indices. In the ... | Block-sorting compression | 0.83362 |
2,631 | Since any rotation of the input string will lead to the same transformed string, the BWT cannot be inverted without adding an EOF marker to the end of the input or doing something equivalent, making it possible to distinguish the input string from all its rotations. Increasing the size of the alphabet (by appending the... | Block-sorting compression | 0.83362 |
2,632 | If g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is a complex semisimple Lie algebra and h {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}} is a Cartan subalgebra, we can construct a root system as follows. We say that α ∈ h ∗ {\displaystyle \alpha \in {\mathfrak {h}}^{*}} is a root of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} relative to h {\displaystyle... | Positive root | 0.833608 |
2,633 | A vector λ {\displaystyle \lambda } in E is called integral if its inner product with each coroot is an integer: Since the set of α ∨ {\displaystyle \alpha ^{\vee }} with α ∈ Δ {\displaystyle \alpha \in \Delta } forms a base for the dual root system, to verify that λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is integral, it suffices to... | Positive root | 0.833608 |
2,634 | The concept of a root system was originally introduced by Wilhelm Killing around 1889 (in German, Wurzelsystem). He used them in his attempt to classify all simple Lie algebras over the field of complex numbers. Killing originally made a mistake in the classification, listing two exceptional rank 4 root systems, when i... | Positive root | 0.833608 |
2,635 | In mathematics, a root system is a configuration of vectors in a Euclidean space satisfying certain geometrical properties. The concept is fundamental in the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, especially the classification and representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras. Since Lie groups (and some analogues su... | Positive root | 0.833608 |
2,636 | In solid-state physics, an electron hole (usually referred to simply as a hole) is the absence of an electron from a full valence band. A hole is essentially a way to conceptualize the interactions of the electrons within a nearly full valence band of a crystal lattice, which is missing a small fraction of its electron... | Electron holes | 0.833599 |
2,637 | Visibility (geometry) Art gallery problem (The museum problem) Visibility graph Watchman route problem Computer graphics applications: Hidden surface determination Hidden line removal Ray casting (not to be confused with ray tracing of computer graphics) | List of combinatorial computational geometry topics | 0.83358 |
2,638 | List of combinatorial computational geometry topics enumerates the topics of computational geometry that states problems in terms of geometric objects as discrete entities and hence the methods of their solution are mostly theories and algorithms of combinatorial character. See List of numerical computational geometry ... | List of combinatorial computational geometry topics | 0.83358 |
2,639 | Overall, researchers believe pharmacogenomics will allow physicians to better tailor medicine to the needs of the individual patient. As of November 2016, the FDA has approved 204 drugs with pharmacogenetics information in its labeling. | Personal Genomics | 0.833579 |
2,640 | Since 2001, there has been an almost 550% increase in the number of research papers in PubMed related to the search terms pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. This field allows researchers to better understand how genetic differences will influence the body's response to a drug and inform which medicine is most appro... | Personal Genomics | 0.833579 |
2,641 | These labels may describe genotype-specific dosing instructions and risk for adverse events amongst other information.Disease risk may be calculated based on genetic markers and genome-wide association studies for common medical conditions, which are multifactorial and include environmental components in the assessment... | Personal Genomics | 0.833579 |
2,642 | Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in cellular biology and biochemistry. It was a successor to the journal Enzymologia and was established in 1973 to make "it possible to extend the potentialities of the periodical". | Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry | 0.83357 |
2,643 | The Turing Test attempts to define when a machine might be said to possess human intelligence, while Turing's Wager is an argument aiming to demonstrate that characterising the brain mathematically will take over a thousand years. While building an artificial intelligence and mapping the human brain are both difficult ... | Turing's Wager | 0.83356 |
2,644 | In computer science, conditional statements are used to make binary decisions. A program can perform different computations or actions depending on whether a certain boolean value evaluates to true or false. The if-then-else construct is a control flow statement which runs one of two code blocks depending on the value ... | Binary decision | 0.833556 |
2,645 | A binary decision is a choice between two alternatives, for instance between taking some specific action or not taking it.Binary decisions are basic to many fields. Examples include: Truth values in mathematical logic, and the corresponding Boolean data type in computer science, representing a value which may be chosen... | Binary decision | 0.833556 |
2,646 | "Since its publication, the Game of Life has attracted much interest because of the surprising ways in which the patterns can evolve. It provides an example of emergence and self-organization. A version of Life that incorporates random fluctuations has been used in physics to study phase transitions and nonequilibrium ... | Conway's Game of Life | 0.833555 |
2,647 | See (Chandler & Magnus 1982) for a detailed history of combinatorial group theory. A proto-form is found in the 1856 icosian calculus of William Rowan Hamilton, where he studied the icosahedral symmetry group via the edge graph of the dodecahedron. The foundations of combinatorial group theory were laid by Walther von ... | Combinatorial group theory | 0.833535 |
2,648 | In mathematics, combinatorial group theory is the theory of free groups, and the concept of a presentation of a group by generators and relations. It is much used in geometric topology, the fundamental group of a simplicial complex having in a natural and geometric way such a presentation. A very closely related topic ... | Combinatorial group theory | 0.833535 |
2,649 | If two contrasts are orthogonal, estimates created by using such contrasts will be uncorrelated. If orthogonal contrasts are available, it is possible to summarize the results of a statistical analysis in the form of a simple analysis of variance table, in such a way that it contains the results for different test stat... | Contrast variable | 0.833517 |
2,650 | Note that we are not interested in one of these scores by itself, but only in the contrast (in this case — the difference). Since this is a linear combination of independent variables, its variance equals the weighted sum of the summands' variances; in this case both weights are one. This "blending" of two variables in... | Contrast variable | 0.833517 |
2,651 | Let θ 1 , … , θ t {\displaystyle \theta _{1},\ldots ,\theta _{t}} be a set of variables, either parameters or statistics, and a 1 , … , a t {\displaystyle a_{1},\ldots ,a_{t}} be known constants. The quantity ∑ i = 1 t a i θ i {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{t}a_{i}\theta _{i}} is a linear combination. It is called a contr... | Contrast variable | 0.833517 |
2,652 | One of the most helpful methods to visualize this kind of intermolecular interactions, that we can find in quantum chemistry, is the non-covalent interaction index, which is based on the electron density of the system. London dispersion forces play a big role with this. Concerning electron density topology, recent meth... | Dipole-dipole interaction | 0.833509 |
2,653 | Intermolecular forces observed between atoms and molecules can be described phenomenologically as occurring between permanent and instantaneous dipoles, as outlined above. Alternatively, one may seek a fundamental, unifying theory that is able to explain the various types of interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van d... | Dipole-dipole interaction | 0.833509 |
2,654 | The battery of the Geometry E is a base 33.5 kWh and a longer-range 39.4 kWh lithium iron phosphate battery providing a NEDC range of 320 and 401 km (199 and 249 mi) respectively. The electric motor is a TZ160XS601 drive motor produced by GLB Intelligent Power Technologies capable of producing 60 kW and 130 Nm of torqu... | Geometry E | 0.833507 |
2,655 | The Geometry E is officially the third brand new model of the Geometry brand, while replacing the short-lived Geometry EX3 sold in 2021 alone. It was developed based on the same platform as the Geely Vision X3 and the Geometry EX3 rebadged variant, and comes in three trims; Cute Tiger, Linglong Tiger, and Thunder Tiger... | Geometry E | 0.833507 |
2,656 | The Geometry E is a battery-powered subcompact crossover produced by Chinese auto manufacturer Geely under the Geometry brand. | Geometry E | 0.833507 |
2,657 | In statistics, the studentized range, denoted q, is the difference between the largest and smallest data in a sample normalized by the sample standard deviation. It is named after William Sealy Gosset (who wrote under the pseudonym "Student"), and was introduced by him in 1927. The concept was later discussed by Newman... | Studentized range | 0.833488 |
2,658 | A taut chain can be extended by only about 40%. At this point the force along the chain is sufficient to mechanically rupture the C-C covalent bond. This tensile force limit has been calculated via quantum chemistry simulations and it is approximately 7 nN, about a factor of a thousand greater than the entropic chain f... | Rubber elasticity | 0.833486 |
2,659 | The concept of entropy comes to us from the area mathematical physics called statistical mechanics which is concerned with the study of large thermal systems, e.g. rubber networks at room temperature. Although the detailed behavior of the constituent chains are random and far too complex to study individually, we can o... | Rubber elasticity | 0.833486 |
2,660 | Therefore, they are equal in space, and all of them are 1/3 of the overall end-to-end distance of the chain: ⟨ R x 0 2 ⟩ = ⟨ R y 0 2 ⟩ = ⟨ R z 0 2 ⟩ = ⟨ R 2 ⟩ / 3 {\displaystyle \langle R_{x0}^{2}\rangle =\langle R_{y0}^{2}\rangle =\langle R_{z0}^{2}\rangle =\langle R^{2}\rangle /3} . Plugging in the change of free ene... | Rubber elasticity | 0.833486 |
2,661 | The initial morphology of the network, immediately after chemical cross-linking, is governed by two random processes: (1) The probability for a cross-link to occur at any isoprene unit and, (2) the random walk nature of the chain conformation. The end-to-end distance probability distribution for a fixed chain length, i... | Rubber elasticity | 0.833486 |
2,662 | Rubber elasticity is produced by several complex molecular processes and its explanation requires a knowledge of advanced mathematics, chemistry and statistical physics, particularly the concept of entropy. Entropy may be thought of as a measure of the thermal energy that is stored in a molecule. Common rubbers, such a... | Rubber elasticity | 0.833486 |
2,663 | But it is easily seen that the associated skew-symmetric linear operator Fab has rank 2 in the former case and rank 4 in the latter case.To state the classification theorem, we consider the eigenvalue problem for F, that is, the problem of finding eigenvalues λ and eigenvectors r which satisfy the eigenvalue equation F... | Classification of electromagnetic fields | 0.833486 |
2,664 | A bivector that can be written as F = v ∧ w, where v, w are linearly independent, is called simple. Any nonzero bivector over a 4-dimensional vector space either is simple, or can be written as F = v ∧ w + x ∧ y, where v, w, x, and y are linearly independent; the two cases are mutually exclusive. Stated like this, the ... | Classification of electromagnetic fields | 0.833486 |
2,665 | It acts on the tangent space at p by ra → Fabrb. We will use the symbol F to denote either the bivector or the operator, according to context. We mention a dichotomy drawn from exterior algebra. | Classification of electromagnetic fields | 0.833486 |
2,666 | The classification theorem for electromagnetic fields characterizes the bivector F in relation to the Lorentzian metric η = ηab by defining and examining the so-called "principal null directions". Let us explain this. The bivector Fab yields a skew-symmetric linear operator Fab = Facηcb defined by lowering one index wi... | Classification of electromagnetic fields | 0.833486 |
2,667 | In differential geometry and theoretical physics, the classification of electromagnetic fields is a pointwise classification of bivectors at each point of a Lorentzian manifold. It is used in the study of solutions of Maxwell's equations and has applications in Einstein's theory of relativity. | Classification of electromagnetic fields | 0.833486 |
2,668 | The algebraic classification of bivectors given above has an important application in relativistic physics: the electromagnetic field is represented by a skew-symmetric second rank tensor field (the electromagnetic field tensor) so we immediately obtain an algebraic classification of electromagnetic fields. In a cartes... | Classification of electromagnetic fields | 0.833486 |
2,669 | Prompt engineering techniques are enabled by in-context learning. In-context learning itself is an emergent property of model scale, meaning breaks in downstream scaling laws occur such that its efficacy increases at a different rate in larger models than in smaller models.In contrast to training and fine tuning for ea... | Few-shot learning (natural language processing) | 0.833464 |
2,670 | The algorithm of Christofides and Serdyukov follows a similar outline but combines the minimum spanning tree with a solution of another problem, minimum-weight perfect matching. This gives a TSP tour which is at most 1.5 times the optimal. It was one of the first approximation algorithms, and was in part responsible fo... | Travelling salesman problem | 0.833447 |
2,671 | Even though the problem is computationally difficult, many heuristics and exact algorithms are known, so that some instances with tens of thousands of cities can be solved completely and even problems with millions of cities can be approximated within a small fraction of 1%.The TSP has several applications even in its ... | Travelling salesman problem | 0.833447 |
2,672 | Thus, it is possible that the worst-case running time for any algorithm for the TSP increases superpolynomially (but no more than exponentially) with the number of cities. The problem was first formulated in 1930 and is one of the most intensively studied problems in optimization. It is used as a benchmark for many opt... | Travelling salesman problem | 0.833447 |
2,673 | The travelling salesman problem (TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the origin city?" It is an NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization, important in theoretic... | Travelling salesman problem | 0.833447 |
2,674 | For points in the Euclidean plane, the optimal solution to the travelling salesman problem forms a simple polygon through all of the points, a polygonalization of the points. Any non-optimal solution with crossings can be made into a shorter solution without crossings by local optimizations. The Euclidean distance obey... | Travelling salesman problem | 0.833447 |
2,675 | The TSP, in particular the Euclidean variant of the problem, has attracted the attention of researchers in cognitive psychology. It has been observed that humans are able to produce near-optimal solutions quickly, in a close-to-linear fashion, with performance that ranges from 1% less efficient, for graphs with 10–20 n... | Travelling salesman problem | 0.833447 |
2,676 | Suppose X 1 , … , X n {\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{n}} are n {\displaystyle n} independent random variables with uniform distribution in the square 2 {\displaystyle ^{2}} , and let L n ∗ {\displaystyle L_{n}^{\ast }} be the shortest path length (i.e. TSP solution) for this set of points, according to the usual Eucl... | Travelling salesman problem | 0.833447 |
2,677 | In most cases, the distance between two nodes in the TSP network is the same in both directions. The case where the distance from A to B is not equal to the distance from B to A is called asymmetric TSP. A practical application of an asymmetric TSP is route optimization using street-level routing (which is made asymmet... | Travelling salesman problem | 0.833447 |
2,678 | PSII also relies on light to drive the formation of proton gradients in chloroplasts, however PSII utilizes vectorial redox chemistry to achieve this goal. Rather than physically transporting protons through the protein, reactions requiring the binding of protons will occur on the extracellular side while reactions req... | Proton electromotive force | 0.833422 |
2,679 | The Jurassic Park licensed game Jurassic Park: Trespasser exhibited ragdoll physics in 1998 but received very polarised opinions; most were negative, as the game had a large number of bugs. It was remembered, however, for being a pioneer in video game physics.There are fighting games where the player controls one part ... | Ragdoll physics | 0.833409 |
2,680 | This requires both animation processing and physics processing, thus making it even slower than traditional ragdoll alone, though the benefits of the extra realism seem to overshadow the reduction in processing speed. Occasionally the ragdolling player model will appear to stretch out and spin around in multiple direct... | Ragdoll physics | 0.833409 |
2,681 | Verlet constraints are much simpler and faster to solve than most of those in a fully modelled rigid body system, resulting in much less CPU consumption for characters. Inverse kinematics post-processing: used in Halo: Combat Evolved and Half-Life, this technique relies on playing a pre-set death animation and then usi... | Ragdoll physics | 0.833409 |
2,682 | This had the advantage of low CPU utilization, as the data needed to animate a "dying" character was chosen from a set number of pre-drawn frames. In contrast, a ragdoll is a collection of multiple rigid bodies (each of which is ordinarily tied to a bone in the graphics engine's skeletal animation system) tied together... | Ragdoll physics | 0.833409 |
2,683 | Ragdoll physics is a type of procedural animation used by physics engines, which is often used as a replacement for traditional static death animations in video games and animated films. As computers increased in power, it became possible to do limited real-time physical simulations, which made death animations more re... | Ragdoll physics | 0.833409 |
2,684 | Lie, Sophus (1973), Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Band 1 (in German), New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., MR 0392459. Mackey, George Whitelaw (1976), The Theory of Unitary Group Representations, University of Chicago Press, MR 0396826 Smith, David Eugene (1906), History of Modern Mathematics, Mathematical Monographs, No. 1. W... | Mathematical group | 0.833389 |
2,685 | Borel, Armand (2001), Essays in the History of Lie Groups and Algebraic Groups, Providence, R.I. : American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-0288-5 Cayley, Arthur (1889), The Collected Mathematical Papers of Arthur Cayley, vol. II (1851–1860), Cambridge University Press. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "T... | Mathematical group | 0.833389 |
2,686 | Some cyclic groups have an infinite number of elements. In these groups, for every non-zero element a {\displaystyle a} , all the powers of a {\displaystyle a} are distinct; despite the name "cyclic group", the powers of the elements do not cycle. An infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to ( Z , + ) {\displaystyle (\mat... | Mathematical group | 0.833389 |
2,687 | Hence all group axioms are fulfilled. This example is similar to ( Q ∖ { 0 } , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle \left(\mathbb {Q} \smallsetminus \left\{0\right\},\cdot \right)} above: it consists of exactly those elements in the ring Z / p Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /p\mathbb {Z} } that have a multiplicative inverse. These groups,... | Mathematical group | 0.833389 |
2,688 | This means that given the input to the problem there exists a unique solution, which depends continuously on the input. Much theoretical work in the field of partial differential equations is devoted to proving that boundary value problems arising from scientific and engineering applications are in fact well-posed. Amo... | Boundary-value problem | 0.833378 |
2,689 | In the study of differential equations, a boundary-value problem is a differential equation subjected to constraints called boundary conditions. A solution to a boundary value problem is a solution to the differential equation which also satisfies the boundary conditions. Boundary value problems arise in several branch... | Boundary-value problem | 0.833378 |
2,690 | For example, see Analytica (Wikipedia), Analytica (SIP page), Oracle Crystal Ball, Frontline Solvers, and Autobox. The first large documented application of SIPs involved the exploration portfolio of Royal Dutch Shell in 2005 as reported by Savage, Scholtes, and Zweidler, who formalized the discipline of probability ma... | Probability management | 0.833377 |
2,691 | This type of sequencing is useful to capture isoforms and splice variants.SMRT sequencing has several applications in reproductive medical genetics research when investigating families with suspected parental gonadal mosaicism. Long reads enable haplotype phasing in patients to investigate parent-of-origin of mutations... | Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing | 0.833375 |
2,692 | Yield per SMRT Cell increased to 10 or 20 billion bases, for either large-insert libraries or shorter-insert (e.g. amplicon) libraries respectively. On 19 September 2018, the company announced the Sequel 6.0 chemistry with average read lengths increased to 100,000 bases for shorter-insert libraries and 30,000 for longe... | Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing | 0.833375 |
2,693 | In September 2015, the company announced the launch of a new sequencing instrument, the Sequel System, that increased capacity to 1 million ZMW holes.With the Sequel instrument initial read lengths were comparable to the RS, then later chemistry releases increased read length. On January 23, 2017, the V2 chemistry was ... | Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing | 0.833375 |
2,694 | The first journal dedicated to biomedical data science appeared in 2018 – Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science. “The Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science provides comprehensive expert reviews in biomedical data science, focusing on advanced methods to store, retrieve, analyze, and organize biomedical data and k... | Biomedical data science | 0.833368 |
2,695 | Mount Sinai’s Icahn School of Medicine offers a Master of Science in Biomedical Data Science. Stanford University’s Department of Biomedical Data Science offers multiple biomedical informatics graduate programs (MS, PhD, and MD/PhD). The University of Exeter’s College of Healthcare and Medicine offers an MSc in Health ... | Biomedical data science | 0.833368 |
2,696 | Dartmouth College's Geisel School of Medicine houses the Department of Biomedical Data Science where Quantitative Biomedical Sciences programs are available at the master's and PhD levels. Johns Hopkins University’s Department of Biomedical Engineering offers biomedical data science training at the undergraduate, maste... | Biomedical data science | 0.833368 |
2,697 | Modern biomedical datasets often have specific features which make their analyses difficult, including: Large numbers of feature (sometimes billions), typically far larger than the number of samples (typically tens or hundreds) Noisy and missing data Privacy concerns (e.g., electronic health record confidentiality) Req... | Biomedical data science | 0.833368 |
2,698 | Biomedical data science is a multidisciplinary field which leverages large volumes of data to promote biomedical innovation and discovery. Biomedical data science draws from various fields including Biostatistics, Biomedical informatics, and machine learning, with the goal of understanding biological and medical data. ... | Biomedical data science | 0.833368 |
2,699 | The National Library of Medicine of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) identified key biomedical data scientist attributes in an NIH-wide review: general biomedical subject matter knowledge; programming language expertise; predictive analytics, modeling, and machine learning; team science and communication; and... | Biomedical data science | 0.833368 |
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