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2,800 | A major focus of work in CEF was to develop and use methods and to explore proteins that enable modulating cellular and molecular function with light. In the field of optogenetics, control of membrane potential and intracellular signalling in neurons and other cells is achieved by expression of photosensor proteins, in... | Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes | 0.832958 |
2,801 | The development of cutting-edge methodologies, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), time-resolved nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), advanced fluorescence microscopy, as well as optogenetics and optochemical biology has been instrumental in the research efforts of CEF. The Cluster also integrate... | Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes | 0.832958 |
2,802 | Native mass spectrometry has emerged as an important tool in structural biology. Advantages of mass spectrometry compared to other methods like X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance are for instance its lower limits of detection, its speed and its capability to deal with heterogeneous samples. CEF contrib... | Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes | 0.832958 |
2,803 | Rust has algebraic data types and comes with the built-in Result and Option types. | Semipredicate problem | 0.832951 |
2,804 | In sorting n objects, merge sort has an average and worst-case performance of O(n log n). If the running time of merge sort for a list of length n is T(n), then the recurrence relation T(n) = 2T(n/2) + n follows from the definition of the algorithm (apply the algorithm to two lists of half the size of the original list... | Merge sort | 0.832941 |
2,805 | Applications of manifold alignment include: Cross-language information retrieval / automatic translationBy representing documents as vector of word counts, manifold alignment can recover the mapping between documents of different languages. Cross-language document correspondence is relatively easy to obtain, especially... | Manifold alignment | 0.832933 |
2,806 | Manifold alignment is a class of machine learning algorithms that produce projections between sets of data, given that the original data sets lie on a common manifold. The concept was first introduced as such by Ham, Lee, and Saul in 2003, adding a manifold constraint to the general problem of correlating sets of high-... | Manifold alignment | 0.832933 |
2,807 | This is usually encoded as the heat kernel of the adjacency matrix of a k-nearest neighbor graph. Finally, introduce a coefficient 0 ≤ μ ≤ 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq \mu \leq 1} , which can be tuned to adjust the weight of the 'preserve manifold structure' goal, versus the 'minimize corresponding point distances' goal. Wit... | Manifold alignment | 0.832933 |
2,808 | In mathematics, an n-group, or n-dimensional higher group, is a special kind of n-category that generalises the concept of group to higher-dimensional algebra. Here, n {\displaystyle n} may be any natural number or infinity. The thesis of Alexander Grothendieck's student Hoàng Xuân Sính was an in-depth study of 2-group... | Higher group | 0.832914 |
2,809 | Additionally, some prokaryotes can use arsenate as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic growth and some can utilize arsenite as an electron donor to generate energy. It has been speculated that the earliest life forms on Earth may have used arsenic biochemistry in place of phosphorus in the structure of their ... | Alternative biochemistry | 0.832901 |
2,810 | Arsenic, which is chemically similar to phosphorus, while poisonous for most life forms on Earth, is incorporated into the biochemistry of some organisms. Some marine algae incorporate arsenic into complex organic molecules such as arsenosugars and arsenobetaines. Fungi and bacteria can produce volatile methylated arse... | Alternative biochemistry | 0.832901 |
2,811 | Direct evidence of this is an experimental procedure in molecular biology known as alanine scanning. A hypothetical "Proline World" would create a possible alternative life with the genetic code based on the proline chemical scaffold as the protein backbone. Similarly, a "Glycine World" and "Ornithine World" are also c... | Alternative biochemistry | 0.832901 |
2,812 | Hydrogen fluoride (HF), like water, is a polar molecule, and due to its polarity it can dissolve many ionic compounds. At atmospheric pressure, its melting point is 189.15 K (−84.00 °C), and its boiling point is 292.69 K (19.54 °C); the difference between the two is a little more than 100 K. HF also makes hydrogen bond... | Alternative biochemistry | 0.832901 |
2,813 | Scientists who have considered possible alternatives to carbon-water biochemistry include: J. B. S. Haldane (1892–1964), a geneticist noted for his work on abiogenesis. V. Axel Firsoff (1910–1981), British astronomer. Isaac Asimov (1920–1992), biochemist and science fiction writer. | Alternative biochemistry | 0.832901 |
2,814 | In 1968, Levy and artificial intelligence (AI) pioneer John McCarthy were at a party hosted by Donald Michie. McCarthy invited Levy to play a game of chess which Levy won. McCarthy responded that 'you might be able to beat me, but within 10 years there will be a computer program that can beat you.' | Computer chess bet | 0.832896 |
2,815 | On 28 June 2011, David Levy and the International Computer Games Association (ICGA) concluded their investigation and determined that Vasik Rajlich in programming Rybka had plagiarised two other chess software programs: Crafty and Fruit. According to Levy and the ICGA, Vasik Rajlich failed to comply with the ICGA rule ... | Computer chess bet | 0.832896 |
2,816 | In mathematics education, Finite Mathematics is a syllabus in college and university mathematics that is independent of calculus. A course in precalculus may be a prerequisite for Finite Mathematics. Contents of the course include an eclectic selection of topics often applied in social science and business, such as fin... | Finite mathematics | 0.832885 |
2,817 | Physical Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IOP Publishing covering a range of fields that bridge the biological and physical sciences, including biophysics, systems biology, population dynamics, etc. The editor-in-chief is Greg Huber (Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco). The journal is index... | Physical Biology | 0.832878 |
2,818 | In computer science, a binary decision diagram (BDD) or branching program is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function. On a more abstract level, BDDs can be considered as a compressed representation of sets or relations. Unlike other compressed representations, operations are performed directly on ... | Binary decision diagram | 0.832853 |
2,819 | The notion of a BDD is now generally used to refer to that particular data structure. In his video lecture Fun With Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), Donald Knuth calls BDDs "one of the only really fundamental data structures that came out in the last twenty-five years" and mentions that Bryant's 1986 paper was for some... | Binary decision diagram | 0.832853 |
2,820 | The results of crossover experiments are often straightforward to analyze, making them one of the most useful and most frequently applied methods of mechanistic study. In organic chemistry, crossover experiments are most often used to distinguish between intramolecular and intermolecular reactions.Inorganic and organom... | Crossover experiment (chemistry) | 0.832842 |
2,821 | In chemistry, a crossover experiment is a method used to study the mechanism of a chemical reaction. In a crossover experiment, two similar but distinguishable reactants simultaneously undergo a reaction as part of the same reaction mixture. The products formed will either correspond directly to one of the two reactant... | Crossover experiment (chemistry) | 0.832842 |
2,822 | Mechanisms in inorganic and organometallic chemistry are often complicated and difficult to determine experimentally. Catalytic mechanisms are particularly challenging to study in cases where no metal complex at all aside from the pre-catalyst can be isolated. In the 2013 themed issue of Dalton Transactions entitled “M... | Crossover experiment (chemistry) | 0.832842 |
2,823 | The mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can also be studied using crossover experiments. Examples of the application of this technique in biochemistry include the study of reactions catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphohexose-4,6-dehydratases, the aconitase-catalyzed elimination of water from citrate, and various reac... | Crossover experiment (chemistry) | 0.832842 |
2,824 | The fact that this reaction proceeds via in inter- rather than intramolecular mechanism lead to the conclusion that there are certain restrictions on the geometry of nucleophilic attack in SN2 reactions. The stereoelectrionic restrictions were rationalized in the set of Baldwin's Rules. This concept has been further ex... | Crossover experiment (chemistry) | 0.832842 |
2,825 | Crossover experiments allow for experimental study of a reaction mechanism. Mechanistic studies are of interest to theoretical and experimental chemists for a variety of reasons including prediction of stereochemical outcomes, optimization of reaction conditions for rate and selectivity, and design of improved catalyst... | Crossover experiment (chemistry) | 0.832842 |
2,826 | One of the first pieces of experimental evidence for the existence of the solvent cage was the observation of the solvent cage effect on a crossover experiment. Since radical recombinations occur on very short timescales compared to non-radical reactions, the solvent cage effect is particularly relevant to radical chem... | Crossover experiment (chemistry) | 0.832842 |
2,827 | The uniquely defined dimension of every connected topological manifold can be calculated. A connected topological manifold is locally homeomorphic to Euclidean n-space, in which the number n is the manifold's dimension. For connected differentiable manifolds, the dimension is also the dimension of the tangent vector sp... | Higher-dimensional space | 0.832835 |
2,828 | An algebraic set being a finite union of algebraic varieties, its dimension is the maximum of the dimensions of its components. It is equal to the maximal length of the chains V 0 ⊊ V 1 ⊊ ⋯ ⊊ V d {\displaystyle V_{0}\subsetneq V_{1}\subsetneq \cdots \subsetneq V_{d}} of sub-varieties of the given algebraic set (the len... | Higher-dimensional space | 0.832835 |
2,829 | The dimension of an algebraic variety may be defined in various equivalent ways. The most intuitive way is probably the dimension of the tangent space at any Regular point of an algebraic variety. Another intuitive way is to define the dimension as the number of hyperplanes that are needed in order to have an intersect... | Higher-dimensional space | 0.832835 |
2,830 | The dimension of a manifold depends on the base field with respect to which Euclidean space is defined. While analysis usually assumes a manifold to be over the real numbers, it is sometimes useful in the study of complex manifolds and algebraic varieties to work over the complex numbers instead. A complex number (x + ... | Higher-dimensional space | 0.832835 |
2,831 | Subjectivists, also known as Bayesians or followers of epistemic probability, give the notion of probability a subjective status by regarding it as a measure of the 'degree of belief' of the individual assessing the uncertainty of a particular situation. Epistemic or subjective probability is sometimes called credence,... | Interpretation of probability | 0.832821 |
2,832 | The mathematics of probability can be developed on an entirely axiomatic basis that is independent of any interpretation: see the articles on probability theory and probability axioms for a detailed treatment. | Interpretation of probability | 0.832821 |
2,833 | This law allows that stable long-run frequencies are a manifestation of invariant single-case probabilities. In addition to explaining the emergence of stable relative frequencies, the idea of propensity is motivated by the desire to make sense of single-case probability attributions in quantum mechanics, such as the p... | Interpretation of probability | 0.832821 |
2,834 | Spatial verification is a technique in which similar locations can be identified in an automated way through a sequence of images. The general method involves identifying a correlation between certain points among sets images, using techniques similar to those used for image registration. The main problem is that outli... | Spatial verification | 0.832815 |
2,835 | For example, the circle given by the equation x 2 + y 2 = 1 {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=1} has degree 2. The non-singular plane algebraic curves of degree 2 are called conic sections, and their projective completion are all isomorphic to the projective completion of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=1}... | Plane curve | 0.832812 |
2,836 | An algebraic plane curve is a curve in an affine or projective plane given by one polynomial equation f ( x , y ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(x,y)=0} (or F ( x , y , z ) = 0 , {\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=0,} where F is a homogeneous polynomial, in the projective case.) Algebraic curves have been studied extensively since the 18th... | Plane curve | 0.832812 |
2,837 | Numerous examples of plane curves are shown in Gallery of curves and listed at List of curves. The algebraic curves of degree 1 or 2 are shown here (an algebraic curve of degree less than 3 is always contained in a plane): | Plane curve | 0.832812 |
2,838 | In mathematics, a plane curve is a curve in a plane that may be either a Euclidean plane, an affine plane or a projective plane. The most frequently studied cases are smooth plane curves (including piecewise smooth plane curves), and algebraic plane curves. Plane curves also include the Jordan curves (curves that enclo... | Plane curve | 0.832812 |
2,839 | When the cell has low turgor pressure, it is flaccid. In plants, this is shown as wilted anatomical structures. This is more specifically known as plasmolysis.The volume and geometry of the cell affects the value of turgor pressure and how it can affect the cell wall's plasticity. Studies have shown that smaller cells ... | Turgor Pressure | 0.832799 |
2,840 | Most mathematics questions, or calculation questions from subjects such as chemistry, physics, or economics employ a style which does not fall into any of the above categories, although some papers, notably the Maths Challenge papers in the United Kingdom employ multiple choice. Instead, most mathematics questions stat... | Aptitude test | 0.832792 |
2,841 | In physics, tension or traction is described as the pulling force transmitted axially by the means of a string, a rope, chain, or similar object, or by each end of a rod, truss member, or similar three-dimensional object; tension might also be described as the action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end of said e... | Tensile force | 0.83276 |
2,842 | The Green–Tao theorem, proved by Ben Green and Terence Tao in 2004, states that the sequence of prime numbers contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. In other words, there exist arithmetic progressions of primes, with k terms, where k can be any natural number. The proof is an extension of Szemerédi's theore... | Arithmetic combinatorics | 0.832742 |
2,843 | In mathematics, arithmetic combinatorics is a field in the intersection of number theory, combinatorics, ergodic theory and harmonic analysis. | Arithmetic combinatorics | 0.832742 |
2,844 | A precise understanding of the Fermi level—how it relates to electronic band structure in determining electronic properties; how it relates to the voltage and flow of charge in an electronic circuit—is essential to an understanding of solid-state physics. In band structure theory, used in solid state physics to analyze... | Fermi levels | 0.832741 |
2,845 | This also results in the translocation of the amino terminus of the protein into the ER membrane lumen. This translocation, which has been demonstrated with opsin with in vitro experiments, breaks the usual pattern of "co-translational" translocation which has always held for mammalian proteins targeted to the ER. A gr... | Protein translocation | 0.832734 |
2,846 | For example, Cambridge Antibody Technology was a biotechnology company founded by Sir Greg Winter in 1989 that was bought for £702 million in 2006 by AstraZeneca. Another successful project that was started at CPE and maintained there until 2010 was the Structural Classification of Proteins database (or SCOP). Over the... | Centre for Protein Engineering | 0.832699 |
2,847 | The MRC Centre for Protein Engineering (or CPE) was a pioneering research unit in Cambridge, England, with a main focus on the structure, stability and activity of proteins and engineering of antibodies. Centre for Protein Engineering was established in 1990 as one of the MRC's first interdisciplinary research centres ... | Centre for Protein Engineering | 0.832699 |
2,848 | Virus quantification is counting or calculating the number of virus particles (virions) in a sample to determine the virus concentration. It is used in both research and development (R&D) in academic and commercial laboratories as well as in production situations where the quantity of virus at various steps is an impor... | Virus Quantification | 0.832696 |
2,849 | Quantitative PCR utilizes polymerase chain reaction chemistry to amplify viral DNA or RNA to produce high enough concentrations for detection and quantification by fluorescence. In general, quantification by qPCR relies on serial dilutions of standards of known concentration being analyzed in parallel with the unknown ... | Virus Quantification | 0.832696 |
2,850 | Walter Goad of the Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and others established the Los Alamos Sequence Database in 1979, which culminated in 1982 with the creation of the public GenBank. Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundati... | NCBI GenBank | 0.83269 |
2,851 | The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a part of the National Institutes of Health in the United States) as part of the ... | NCBI GenBank | 0.83269 |
2,852 | In the mid 1980s, the Intelligenetics bioinformatics company at Stanford University managed the GenBank project in collaboration with LANL. As one of the earliest bioinformatics community projects on the Internet, the GenBank project started BIOSCI/Bionet news groups for promoting open access communications among biosc... | NCBI GenBank | 0.83269 |
2,853 | In mathematics, physics, and engineering, the first axis is usually defined or depicted as horizontal and oriented to the right, and the second axis is vertical and oriented upwards. (However, in some computer graphics contexts, the ordinate axis may be oriented downwards.) The origin is often labeled O, and the two co... | Rectangular coordinates | 0.832681 |
2,854 | All laws of physics and math assume this right-handedness, which ensures consistency. For 3D diagrams, the names "abscissa" and "ordinate" are rarely used for x and y, respectively. When they are, the z-coordinate is sometimes called the applicate. The words abscissa, ordinate and applicate are sometimes used to refer ... | Rectangular coordinates | 0.832681 |
2,855 | The Cartesian coordinates of a point are usually written in parentheses and separated by commas, as in (10, 5) or (3, 5, 7). The origin is often labelled with the capital letter O. In analytic geometry, unknown or generic coordinates are often denoted by the letters (x, y) in the plane, and (x, y, z) in three-dimension... | Rectangular coordinates | 0.832681 |
2,856 | Natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are still extracted from natural sources because they would be more expensive to produce artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, and, in general, those natural... | Organic molecule | 0.832672 |
2,857 | This analogy extends to the proof methods and motivates the denomination of differential Galois theory. Similarly to the algebraic case, the theory allows deciding which equations may be solved by quadrature, and if possible solving them. However, for both theories, the necessary computations are extremely difficult, e... | Solution of a differential equation | 0.83266 |
2,858 | A linear ordinary equation of order one with variable coefficients may be solved by quadrature, which means that the solutions may be expressed in terms of integrals. This is not the case for order at least two. This is the main result of Picard–Vessiot theory which was initiated by Émile Picard and Ernest Vessiot, and... | Solution of a differential equation | 0.83266 |
2,859 | The fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups states that every finite abelian group G {\displaystyle G} can be expressed as the direct sum of cyclic subgroups of prime-power order; it is also known as the basis theorem for finite abelian groups. Moreover, automorphism groups of cyclic groups are examples of abelian... | Commutative group | 0.832651 |
2,860 | The classification theorems for finitely generated, divisible, countable periodic, and rank 1 torsion-free abelian groups explained above were all obtained before 1950 and form a foundation of the classification of more general infinite abelian groups. Important technical tools used in classification of infinite abelia... | Commutative group | 0.832651 |
2,861 | Many large abelian groups possess a natural topology, which turns them into topological groups. The collection of all abelian groups, together with the homomorphisms between them, forms the category Ab {\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}} , the prototype of an abelian category. Wanda Szmielew (1955) proved that the first-ord... | Commutative group | 0.832651 |
2,862 | A bioinformatics analysis of prokaryotic LCRs identified 5 types of amino acid enrichment, for certain functional categories of LCRs: Proteins with GO terms related to polysaccharide binding and processing were enriched for serine and threonine in their LCRs. Proteins with GO terms related to RNA binding and processing... | Low complexity regions in proteins | 0.83263 |
2,863 | Low complexity regions in proteins can be computationally detected from sequence using various methods and definitions, as reviewed in. Among the most popular methodologies to identify LCRs is by measuring their Shannon entropy. The lower the value of the calculated entropy, the more homogeneous the region is in terms ... | Low complexity regions in proteins | 0.83263 |
2,864 | LCRs were originally thought as ‘junk’ regions or as neutral linkers between domains; however, experimental and computational evidence increasingly indicates that they may play important adaptive and conserved roles, relevant to biotechnology, heterologous protein expression, medicine, as well as to our understanding o... | Low complexity regions in proteins | 0.832629 |
2,865 | The Electronic Communications in Probability is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the Bernoulli Society. The editor-in-chief is Siva Athreya (Indian Statistical Institute). It contains short articles covering probability theory, whereas its sister j... | Electronic Communications in Probability | 0.832601 |
2,866 | Quantum mechanics describes the nature of atomic and subatomic systems using Schrödinger's wave equation. The classical limit of quantum mechanics and many formulations of quantum scattering use wave packets formed from various solutions to this equation. Quantum wave packet profiles change while propagating; they show... | Probability wave | 0.832589 |
2,867 | This can affect the composition of the community and its fitness. Root exudates come in the form of chemicals released into the rhizosphere by cells in the roots and cell waste referred to as "rhizodeposition." This rhizodeposition comes in various forms of organic carbon and nitrogen that provide for the communities a... | Rhizosphere | 0.832581 |
2,868 | Educational quality in China suffers because a typical classroom contains 50 to 70 students. With over 200 million students, China has the largest educational system in the world. However, only 20% percent of students complete the rigorous ten-year program of formal schooling.As in many other countries, the science cur... | Biology education | 0.832575 |
2,869 | Science is a universal subject that spans the branch of knowledge that examines the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. Science education is most commonly broken down into the following three fields: Biology, chemistry, and physics. Additionally there is a large ... | Biology education | 0.832575 |
2,870 | In Scotland the subjects split into chemistry, physics and biology at the age of 13–15 for National 4/5s in these subjects, and there is also a combined science standard grade qualification which students can sit, provided their school offers it. In September 2006 a new science program of study known as 21st Century Sc... | Biology education | 0.832575 |
2,871 | In English and Welsh schools, science is a compulsory subject in the National Curriculum. All pupils from 5 to 16 years of age must study science. It is generally taught as a single subject science until sixth form, then splits into subject-specific A levels (physics, chemistry and biology). However, the government has... | Biology education | 0.832575 |
2,872 | The fact that many students do not take physics in high school makes it more difficult for those students to take scientific courses in college. At the university/college level, using appropriate technology-related projects to spark non-physics majors' interest in learning physics has been shown to be successful. This ... | Biology education | 0.832575 |
2,873 | Physics education is characterized by the study of science that deals with matter and energy, and their interactions.Physics First, a program endorsed by the American Association of Physics Teachers, is a curriculum in which 9th grade students take an introductory physics course. The purpose is to enrich students' unde... | Biology education | 0.832575 |
2,874 | The Genome Project - Write (also known as GP-Write) is a large-scale collaborative research project (an extension of Genome Projects, aimed at reading genomes since 1984) that focuses on the development of technologies for the synthesis and testing of genomes of many different species of microbes, plants, and animals, ... | Genome Project-Write | 0.832574 |
2,875 | Digital logic is the application of the Boolean algebra of 0 and 1 to electronic hardware consisting of logic gates connected to form a circuit diagram. Each gate implements a Boolean operation, and is depicted schematically by a shape indicating the operation. The shapes associated with the gates for conjunction (AND-... | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,876 | The basic operations of Boolean algebra are conjunction, disjunction, and negation. These Boolean operations are expressed with the corresponding binary operators (AND and OR ) and the unary operator (NOT ), collectively referred to as Boolean operators.The basic Boolean operations on variables x and y are defined as f... | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,877 | This axiomatic definition of a Boolean algebra as a set and certain operations satisfying certain laws or axioms by fiat is entirely analogous to the abstract definitions of group, ring, field etc. characteristic of modern or abstract algebra. Given any complete axiomatization of Boolean algebra, such as the axioms for... | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,878 | This leads to the more general abstract definition. A Boolean algebra is any set with binary operations ∧ and ∨ and a unary operation ¬ thereon satisfying the Boolean laws.For the purposes of this definition it is irrelevant how the operations came to satisfy the laws, whether by fiat or proof. All concrete Boolean alg... | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,879 | The Boolean algebras we have seen so far have all been concrete, consisting of bit vectors or equivalently of subsets of some set. Such a Boolean algebra consists of a set and operations on that set which can be shown to satisfy the laws of Boolean algebra. Instead of showing that the Boolean laws are satisfied, we can... | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,880 | Although the development of mathematical logic did not follow Boole's program, the connection between his algebra and logic was later put on firm ground in the setting of algebraic logic, which also studies the algebraic systems of many other logics. The problem of determining whether the variables of a given Boolean (... | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,881 | Thus, Boolean logic is sometimes used to denote propositional calculus performed in this way. Boolean algebra is not sufficient to capture logic formulas using quantifiers, like those from first order logic. | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,882 | Shannon already had at his disposal the abstract mathematical apparatus, thus he cast his switching algebra as the two-element Boolean algebra. In modern circuit engineering settings, there is little need to consider other Boolean algebras, thus "switching algebra" and "Boolean algebra" are often used interchangeably.E... | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,883 | For example, the empirical observation that one can manipulate expressions in the algebra of sets, by translating them into expressions in Boole's algebra, is explained in modern terms by saying that the algebra of sets is a Boolean algebra (note the indefinite article). In fact, M. H. Stone proved in 1936 that every B... | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,884 | A precursor of Boolean algebra was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's algebra of concepts. The usage of binary in relation to the I Ching was central to Leibniz's characteristica universalis. It eventually created the foundations of algebra of concepts.Leibniz's algebra of concepts is deductively equivalent to the Boolean alg... | Switching algebra | 0.832571 |
2,885 | These graduate degree programs may include classroom and fieldwork, research at a laboratory, and a dissertation. Although a degree in a medicine or biology (biochemistry, microbiology, zoology, biophysics) is common, recent research projects also need graduates in statistics, bioinformatics, physics and chemistry. Abi... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,886 | Unlike undergraduate and professional schools, there is no set time period for graduate education. Students graduate once a thesis project of significant scope to justify the writing of their dissertation has been completed, a point that is determined by the student's principal investigator as well as his or her facult... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,887 | Biomedical science graduate programs are maintained at academic institutions and medical schools around the world, and some biomedical graduate programs are administered jointly by an academic institution and a business, hospital, or independent research institute. While graduate students historically committed to a pa... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,888 | The biomedical sciences are made up of the following disciplines; biochemistry, haematology, immunology, microbiology, histology, cytology, and transfusion services. These professions are regulated within the United Kingdom by the Health and Care Professions Council. | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,889 | Biomedical Sciences, as defined by the UK Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education Benchmark Statement in 2015 includes those science disciplines whose primary focus is the biology of human health and disease and ranges from the generic study of biomedical sciences and human biology to more specialised subject are... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,890 | According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the 2010-2011 occupational outlook report suggests that biomedical scientist employment is expected "to increase 40 percent over the 2008-18 decade, much faster than the average for all occupations. "According to the 2010 BLS report, the median salaries for biomedic... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,891 | A biomedical scientist is a scientist trained in biology, particularly in the context of medical laboratory sciences or laboratory medicine. These scientists work to gain knowledge on the main principles of how the human body works and to find new ways to cure or treat disease by developing advanced diagnostic tools or... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,892 | Industry jobs refer to private sector jobs at for-profit corporations. In the case of biomedical scientists, employment is usually at large pharmaceutical companies or biotechnology companies. Positions in industry tend to pay higher salaries than those at academic institutions, but job security compared to tenured aca... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,893 | Biomedical scientists may also work directly with human tissue specimens to perform experiments as well as participate in clinical research. Biomedical scientists employ a variety of techniques in order to carry out laboratory experiments. These include: Molecular and biochemical techniques Electrophoresis and blotting... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,894 | Immunology: studies the immune system Microbiology: studies characteristics of microorganisms such as bacteria and their role in human health Neuroscience: studies on function and structure the nervous system, including the brain Oncology (a.k.a. cancer biology): studies the causes and characteristics of cancer Parasit... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,895 | Biomedical scientists can focus on several areas of specialty, including: Biochemistry: studies the chemical composition of cells, and in serum/plasma, and the chemistry behind biological processes Molecular biology: studies the molecular makeup and processes of living organisms Biophysics: studies mechanical and elect... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,896 | Biomedical Scientists along with scientists in other inter-related medical disciplines seek out to understand human anatomy, genetics, immunology, physiology and behaviour at all levels. This is sometimes achieved through the use of model systems that are homologous to various aspects of human biology. The research tha... | Biomedical scientist | 0.832565 |
2,897 | This hypothesis was at the basis of quantum mechanics. Nowadays, this wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength. For example, the electrons in a CRT display have a De Broglie wavelength of about 10−13 m. To prevent the wave function for such a particle being spread over all space, de Broglie proposed using wave pa... | Long Wavelength Limit | 0.832555 |
2,898 | Localized wave packets, "bursts" of wave action where each wave packet travels as a unit, find application in many fields of physics. A wave packet has an envelope that describes the overall amplitude of the wave; within the envelope, the distance between adjacent peaks or troughs is sometimes called a local wavelength... | Long Wavelength Limit | 0.832555 |
2,899 | A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a device that measures the geometry of physical objects by sensing discrete points on the surface of the object with a probe. Various types of probes are used in CMMs, the most common being mechanical and laser sensors, though optical and white light sensor do exist. Depending on... | Coordinate Measuring Machine | 0.832495 |
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