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300 | "The examiner and Calandra, who was called to advise on the case, faced a moral dilemma. According to the format of the exam, a correct answer deserved a full credit. But issuing a full credit would have violated academic standards by rewarding a student who had not demonstrated competence in the academic field that ha... | Barometer question | 0.851886 |
301 | The teacher can steer the students either through careful design of the questions (this rules out barometer questions), or through guiding the students to the desired choices. In case of the original barometer question, the examiner may explicitly say that the problem has more than one solution, insist on applying the ... | Barometer question | 0.851886 |
302 | Professor of physics Mark Silverman used what he called "The Barometer-Story formula" precisely for explaining the subject of pressure and recommended it to physics teachers. Silverman called Calandra's story "a delightful essay that I habitually read to my class whenever we study fluids ... the essay is short, hilario... | Barometer question | 0.851886 |
303 | van Emde Boas priority queue vehicle routing problem Veitch diagram Venn diagram vertex vertex coloring vertex connectivity vertex cover vertical visibility map virtual hashing visibility map visible (geometry) Viterbi algorithm VP-tree VRP (vehicle routing problem) | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
304 | packing (see set packing) padding argument pagoda pairing heap PAM (point access method) parallel computation thesis parallel prefix computation parallel random-access machine (PRAM) parametric searching parent partial function partially decidable problem partially dynamic graph problem partially ordered set partially ... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
305 | objective function occurrence octree odd–even sort offline algorithm offset (computer science) omega omicron one-based indexing one-dimensional online algorithm open addressing optimal optimal cost optimal hashing optimal merge optimal mismatch optimal polygon triangulation problem optimal polyphase merge optimal polyp... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
306 | Identity function ideal merge implication implies implicit data structure in-branching inclusion–exclusion principle inclusive or incompressible string incremental algorithm in-degree independent set (graph theory) index file information theoretic bound in-place algorithm in-order traversal in-place sort insertion sort... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
307 | tail tail recursion tango tree target temporal logic terminal (see Steiner tree) terminal node ternary search ternary search tree (TST) text searching theta threaded binary tree threaded tree three-dimensional three-way merge sort three-way radix quicksort time-constructible function time/space complexity top-down radi... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
308 | saguaro stack saturated edge SBB tree scan scapegoat tree search algorithm search tree search tree property secant search secondary clustering memory segment select algorithm select and partition selection problem selection sort select kth element select mode self-loop self-organizing heuristic self-organizing list sel... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
309 | qm sort qsort quadratic probing quadtree quadtree complexity theorem quad trie quantum computation queue quicksort | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
310 | labeled graph language last-in, first-out (LIFO) Las Vegas algorithm lattice (group) layered graph LCS leaf least common multiple (LCM) leftist tree left rotation left-child right-sibling binary tree also termed first-child next-sibling binary tree, doubly chained tree, or filial-heir chain Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) level... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
311 | cactus stack Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) calendar queue candidate consistency testing candidate verification canonical complexity class capacitated facility location capacity capacity constraint Cartesian tree cascade merge sort caverphone Cayley–Purser algorithm C curve cell probe model cell tree cellular ... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
312 | backtracking bag Baillie–PSW primality test balanced binary search tree balanced binary tree balanced k-way merge sort balanced merge sort balanced multiway merge balanced multiway tree balanced quicksort balanced tree balanced two-way merge sort BANG file Batcher sort Baum Welch algorithm BB α tree BDD BD-tree Bellman... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
313 | Galil–Giancarlo Galil–Seiferas gamma function GBD-tree geometric optimization problem global optimum gnome sort goobi graph graph coloring graph concentration graph drawing graph isomorphism graph partition Gray code greatest common divisor (GCD) greedy algorithm greedy heuristic grid drawing grid file Grover's algorit... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
314 | Rabin–Karp string-search algorithm radix quicksort radix sort ragged matrix Raita algorithm random-access machine random number generation randomization randomized algorithm randomized binary search tree randomized complexity randomized polynomial time randomized rounding randomized search tree Randomized-Select random... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
315 | Malhotra–Kumar–Maheshwari blocking flow (ru.) Manhattan distance many-one reduction Markov chain marriage problem (see assignment problem) Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) matched edge matched vertex matching (graph theory) matrix matrix-chain multiplication problem max-heap property maximal independent set maxi... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.85178 |
316 | In physics, this phenomenon is known as Friedel oscillations, and applies both to surface and bulk screening. In each case the net electric field does not fall off exponentially in space, but rather as an inverse power law multiplied by an oscillatory term. Theoretical calculations can be obtained from quantum hydrodyn... | Electric field screening | 0.851701 |
317 | In neurobiology, the length constant (λ) is a mathematical constant used to quantify the distance that a graded electric potential will travel along a neurite via passive electrical conduction. The greater the value of the length constant, the farther the potential will travel. A large length constant can contribute to... | Length constant | 0.851508 |
318 | This harmonic condition is frequently used by physicists when working with gravitational waves. This condition is also frequently used to derive the post-Newtonian approximation. Although the harmonic coordinate condition is not generally covariant, it is Lorentz covariant. This coordinate condition resolves the ambigu... | Coordinate conditions | 0.851472 |
319 | They are frequently used in cosmology.The synchronous coordinate condition is neither generally covariant nor Lorentz covariant. This coordinate condition resolves the ambiguity of the metric tensor g μ ν {\displaystyle g_{\mu \nu }\!} by providing four algebraic equations that the metric tensor must satisfy. | Coordinate conditions | 0.851472 |
320 | In interactions of proteins with nucleic acids, arginine residues are important hydrogen bond donors for the phosphate backbone — many arginine-methylated proteins have been found to interact with DNA or RNA.Enzymes that facilitate histone acetylation as well as histones themselves can be arginine methylated. Arginine ... | Protein methylation | 0.851469 |
321 | Protein methylation is a type of post-translational modification featuring the addition of methyl groups to proteins. It can occur on the nitrogen-containing side-chains of arginine and lysine, but also at the amino- and carboxy-termini of a number of different proteins. In biology, methyltransferases catalyze the meth... | Protein methylation | 0.851469 |
322 | Further branches crucially applying groups include algebraic geometry and number theory.In addition to the above theoretical applications, many practical applications of groups exist. Cryptography relies on the combination of the abstract group theory approach together with algorithmical knowledge obtained in computati... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
323 | Groups are also applied in many other mathematical areas. Mathematical objects are often examined by associating groups to them and studying the properties of the corresponding groups. For example, Henri Poincaré founded what is now called algebraic topology by introducing the fundamental group. | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
324 | Examples and applications of groups abound. A starting point is the group Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } of integers with addition as group operation, introduced above. If instead of addition multiplication is considered, one obtains multiplicative groups. These groups are predecessors of important constructions in abs... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
325 | Artin, Michael (2018), Algebra, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-13-468960-9, Chapter 2 contains an undergraduate-level exposition of the notions covered in this article. Cook, Mariana R. (2009), Mathematicians: An Outer View of the Inner World, Princeton, N.J. | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
326 | In this group, the order of r 1 {\displaystyle r_{1}} is 4, as is the order of the subgroup R {\displaystyle R} that this element generates. The order of the reflection elements f v {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {v} }} etc. is 2. Both orders divide 8, as predicted by Lagrange's theorem. The groups F p × {\displaystyle \mat... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
327 | The Sylow theorems give a partial converse. The dihedral group D 4 {\displaystyle \mathrm {D} _{4}} of symmetries of a square is a finite group of order 8. | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
328 | In infinite groups, such an n {\displaystyle n} may not exist, in which case the order of a {\displaystyle a} is said to be infinity. The order of an element equals the order of the cyclic subgroup generated by this element. More sophisticated counting techniques, for example, counting cosets, yield more precise statem... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
329 | The three letters ABC can be reordered into ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA, forming in total 6 (factorial of 3) elements. The group operation is composition of these reorderings, and the identity element is the reordering operation that leaves the order unchanged. This class is fundamental insofar as any finite group can... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
330 | Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory, which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data, and in CD players. Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria ... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
331 | These symmetries underlie the chemical and physical behavior of these systems, and group theory enables simplification of quantum mechanical analysis of these properties. For example, group theory is used to show that optical transitions between certain quantum levels cannot occur simply because of the symmetry of the ... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
332 | For example, an element of the (2,3,7) triangle group acts on a triangular tiling of the hyperbolic plane by permuting the triangles. By a group action, the group pattern is connected to the structure of the object being acted on. In chemistry, point groups describe molecular symmetries, while space groups describe cry... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
333 | Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects, principally geometric entities, such as the symmetry group of the square given as an introductory example above, although they also arise in algebra such as the symmetries among the roots of polynomial equations dealt with in Galois theo... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
334 | 211 (Revised third ed. ), New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4, MR 1878556 Lang, Serge (2005), Undergraduate Algebra (3rd ed. ), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-22025-3. | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
335 | ), Lexington, Mass. : Xerox College Publishing, MR 0356988. Lang, Serge (2002), Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
336 | ), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc., ISBN 978-0-13-374562-7, MR 1375019. Herstein, Israel Nathan (1975), Topics in Algebra (2nd ed. | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
337 | : Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13951-7 Hall, G. G. (1967), Applied Group Theory, American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York, MR 0219593, an elementary introduction. Herstein, Israel Nathan (1996), Abstract Algebra (3rd ed. | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
338 | Sometimes a group can be reconstructed from a subgroup and quotient (plus some additional data), by the semidirect product construction; D 4 {\displaystyle \mathrm {D} _{4}} is an example. The first isomorphism theorem implies that any surjective homomorphism ϕ: G → H {\displaystyle \phi \colon G\to H} factors canonica... | Group (mathematics) | 0.851461 |
339 | The relationship between the two types of constant is given in association and dissociation constants. In biochemistry, an oxygen molecule can bind to an iron(II) atom in a heme prosthetic group in hemoglobin. The equilibrium is usually written, denoting hemoglobin by Hb, as Hb + O2 ⇌ HbO2but this representation is inc... | Equilibrium chemistry | 0.851446 |
340 | Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium. The unifying principle is that the free energy of a system at equilibrium is the minimum possible, so that the slope of the free energy with respect to the reaction coordinate is zero. This principle, applied to mixtures at equilibrium provides a ... | Equilibrium chemistry | 0.851446 |
341 | In aqueous solution H+ denotes a solvated hydronium ion.The Brønsted–Lowry definition applies to other solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide: the solvent S acts as a base, accepting a proton and forming the conjugate acid SH+. A broader definition of acid dissociation includes hydrolysis, in which protons are produced b... | Equilibrium chemistry | 0.851446 |
342 | Brønsted and Lowry characterized an acid–base equilibrium as involving a proton exchange reaction: acid + base ⇌ conjugate base + conjugate acid.An acid is a proton donor; the proton is transferred to the base, a proton acceptor, creating a conjugate acid. For aqueous solutions of an acid HA, the base is water; the con... | Equilibrium chemistry | 0.851446 |
343 | The general equilibrium can be written as p A + q B ⇌ ApBqThe study of these complexes is important for supramolecular chemistry and molecular recognition. The objective of these studies is often to find systems with a high binding selectivity of a host (receptor) for a particular target molecule or ion, the guest or l... | Equilibrium chemistry | 0.851446 |
344 | A host–guest complex, also known as a donor–acceptor complex, may be formed from a Lewis base, B, and a Lewis acid, A. The host may be either a donor or an acceptor. In biochemistry host–guest complexes are known as receptor-ligand complexes; they are formed primarily by non-covalent bonding. Many host–guest complexes ... | Equilibrium chemistry | 0.851446 |
345 | Writing for Nature, Virginia Dignum gave the book a positive review, favorably comparing it to Kate Crawford's Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence.In 2021, journalist Ezra Klein had Christian on his podcast, The Ezra Klein Show, writing in The New York Times, "The Alignment ... | The Alignment Problem | 0.85142 |
346 | The book is divided into three sections: Prophecy, Agency, and Normativity. Each section covers researchers and engineers working on different challenges in the alignment of artificial intelligence with human values. | The Alignment Problem | 0.85142 |
347 | The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values is a 2020 non-fiction book by the American writer Brian Christian. It is based on numerous interviews with experts trying to build artificial intelligence systems, particular machine learning systems, that are aligned with human values. | The Alignment Problem | 0.85142 |
348 | In the second section, Christian similarly interweaves the history of the psychological study of reward, such as behaviorism and dopamine, with the computer science of reinforcement learning, in which AI systems need to develop policy ("what to do") in the face of a value function ("what rewards or punishment to expect... | The Alignment Problem | 0.85142 |
349 | In the first section, Christian interweaves discussions of the history of artificial intelligence research, particularly the machine learning approach of artificial neural networks such as the Perceptron and AlexNet, with examples of how AI systems can have unintended behavior. He tells the story of Julia Angwin, a jou... | The Alignment Problem | 0.85142 |
350 | For example, 8 x − 5 {\displaystyle 8x-5} is an expression, while 8 x − 5 ≥ 5 x − 8 {\displaystyle 8x-5\geq 5x-8} is a formula. However, in modern mathematics, and in particular in computer algebra, formulas are viewed as expressions that can be evaluated to true or false, depending on the values that are given to the ... | Mathematical expression | 0.851347 |
351 | Semantics is the study of meaning. Formal semantics is about attaching meaning to expressions. In algebra, an expression may be used to designate a value, which might depend on values assigned to variables occurring in the expression. The determination of this value depends on the semantics attached to the symbols of t... | Mathematical expression | 0.851347 |
352 | Recently, chemists and those involved in nanotechnology have begun to explore the possibility of creating molecular motors de novo. These synthetic molecular motors currently suffer many limitations that confine their use to the research laboratory. However, many of these limitations may be overcome as our understandin... | Molecular motor | 0.851305 |
353 | In experimental biophysics, the activity of molecular motors is observed with many different experimental approaches, among them: Fluorescent methods: fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF). Magnetic tweezers can also be ... | Molecular motor | 0.851305 |
354 | Stability and other properties can be predicted using energy calculations and computational chemistry. " the Born–Haber cycle to estimate ... the heat of formation ... can be used to determine whether a hypothetical compound is stable." However, "a negative formation enthalpy does not automatically imply the existence ... | Hypothetical chemical compound | 0.851164 |
355 | For D > 0, ω is a positive irrational real number, and the corresponding quadratic integer ring is a set of algebraic real numbers. The solutions of the Pell's equation X 2 − DY 2 = 1, a Diophantine equation that has been widely studied, are the units of these rings, for D ≡ 2, 3 (mod 4). For D = 5, ω = 1+√5/2 is the g... | Quadratic integers | 0.851042 |
356 | For D < 0, ω is a complex (imaginary or otherwise non-real) number. Therefore, it is natural to treat a quadratic integer ring as a set of algebraic complex numbers. A classic example is Z {\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} } , the Gaussian integers, which was introduced by Carl Gauss around 1800 to state his biquadratic reci... | Quadratic integers | 0.851042 |
357 | Another common example is the non-real cubic root of unity −1 + √−3/2, which generates the Eisenstein integers. Quadratic integers occur in the solutions of many Diophantine equations, such as Pell's equations, and other questions related to integral quadratic forms. The study of rings of quadratic integers is basic fo... | Quadratic integers | 0.851042 |
358 | In number theory, quadratic integers are a generalization of the usual integers to quadratic fields. Quadratic integers are algebraic integers of degree two, that is, solutions of equations of the form x2 + bx + c = 0with b and c (usual) integers. When algebraic integers are considered, the usual integers are often cal... | Quadratic integers | 0.851042 |
359 | For the execution of a single thread, the rules are simple. The Java Language Specification requires a Java virtual machine to observe within-thread as-if-serial semantics. The runtime (which, in this case, usually refers to the dynamic compiler, the processor and the memory subsystem) is free to introduce any useful e... | Java Memory Model | 0.851016 |
360 | For example, consider two threads with the following instructions, executing concurrently, where the variables x and y are both initialized to 0: If no reorderings are performed, and the read of y in Thread 2 returns the value 2, then the subsequent read of x should return the value 1, because the write to x was perfor... | Java Memory Model | 0.851016 |
361 | The Java memory model describes how threads in the Java programming language interact through memory. Together with the description of single-threaded execution of code, the memory model provides the semantics of the Java programming language. The original Java memory model developed in 1995, was widely perceived as br... | Java Memory Model | 0.851016 |
362 | The binary tetrahedral group was used in the context of Yang–Mills theory in 1956 by Chen Ning Yang and others. It was first used in flavor physics model building by Paul Frampton and Thomas Kephart in 1994. In 2012 it was shown that a relation between two neutrino mixing angles, derived by using this binary tetrahedra... | Binary tetrahedral group | 0.850957 |
363 | The cladistic method takes a systematic approach to characters, distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history – such as those evolved separately in different groups (homoplasies) or those left over from ancestors (plesiomorphies) – and derived characters, which have been passe... | Plant science | 0.850953 |
364 | While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomen... | Plant science | 0.850953 |
365 | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | Plant science | 0.850953 |
366 | Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people. When applied to the investigation of historical plant–people relationships ethnobota... | Plant science | 0.850953 |
367 | So in our previous example, we might say that the problem requires O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} steps to solve. Perhaps the most important open problem in all of computer science is the question of whether a certain broad class of problems denoted NP can be solved efficiently. This is discussed further at Complexity cl... | Theory of algorithms | 0.850913 |
368 | In theoretical computer science and mathematics, the theory of computation is the branch that deals with what problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm, how efficiently they can be solved or to what degree (e.g., approximate solutions versus precise ones). The field is divided into three majo... | Theory of algorithms | 0.850913 |
369 | Plant genetics played a key role in the modern-day theories of heredity, beginning with Gregor Mendel's study of pea plants in the 19th century. The occupation has since grown to encompass advancements in biotechnology that have led to greater understanding of plant breeding and hybridization. Commercially, plant genet... | Plant geneticist | 0.85085 |
370 | A plant geneticist is a scientist involved with the study of genetics in botany. Typical work is done with genes in order to isolate and then develop certain plant traits. Once a certain trait, such as plant height, fruit sweetness, or tolerance to cold, is found, a plant geneticist works to improve breeding methods to... | Plant geneticist | 0.85085 |
371 | Other examples of emerging RNA-Seq applications due to the advancement of bioinformatics algorithms are copy number alteration, microbial contamination, transposable elements, cell type (deconvolution) and the presence of neoantigens.Prior to RNA-Seq, gene expression studies were done with hybridization-based microarra... | RNA sequencing | 0.850788 |
372 | Two-dimensional, three-dimensional and four-dimensional unital associative algebras over the field of complex numbers were completely classified up to isomorphism by Eduard Study.There exist two such two-dimensional algebras. Each algebra consists of linear combinations (with complex coefficients) of two basis elements... | An algebra | 0.850706 |
373 | Algebras over fields come in many different types. These types are specified by insisting on some further axioms, such as commutativity or associativity of the multiplication operation, which are not required in the broad definition of an algebra. The theories corresponding to the different types of algebras are often ... | An algebra | 0.850706 |
374 | A non-associative algebra (or distributive algebra) over a field K is a K-vector space A equipped with a K-bilinear map A × A → A {\displaystyle A\times A\rightarrow A} . The usage of "non-associative" here is meant to convey that associativity is not assumed, but it does not mean it is prohibited – that is, it means "... | An algebra | 0.850706 |
375 | If this distance term were to decrease to zero, the value of the axis of symmetry would be the x value of the only zero, that is, there is only one possible solution to the quadratic equation. Algebraically, this means that √b2 − 4ac = 0, or simply b2 − 4ac = 0 (where the left-hand side is referred to as the discrimina... | Quadratic formula | 0.850698 |
376 | This is equivalent to: Śrīdharācāryya (870–930 AD), an Indian mathematician also came up with a similar algorithm for solving quadratic equations, though there is no indication that he considered both the roots. The 9th-century Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī solved quadratic equations algebraicall... | Quadratic formula | 0.850698 |
377 | In his work Arithmetica, the Greek mathematician Diophantus (circa 250 AD) solved quadratic equations with a method more recognizably algebraic than the geometric algebra of Euclid. : 39 His solution gives only one root, even when both roots are positive.The Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (597–668 AD) explicitly desc... | Quadratic formula | 0.850698 |
378 | In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a formula that provides the two solutions to a quadratic equation. There are other ways of solving a quadratic equation instead of using the quadratic formula, such as completing the square. Given a general quadratic equation of the form whose discriminant b 2 − 4 a c {\d... | Quadratic formula | 0.850698 |
379 | An alternative way of deriving the quadratic formula is via the method of Lagrange resolvents, which is an early part of Galois theory. This method can be generalized to give the roots of cubic polynomials and quartic polynomials, and leads to Galois theory, which allows one to understand the solution of algebraic equa... | Quadratic formula | 0.850698 |
380 | In terms of coordinate geometry, a parabola is a curve whose (x, y)-coordinates are described by a second-degree polynomial, i.e. any equation of the form: where p represents the polynomial of degree 2 and a0, a1, and a2 ≠ 0 are constant coefficients whose subscripts correspond to their respective term's degree. The ge... | Quadratic formula | 0.850698 |
381 | In the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, many scientists believed that all motor control came from the spinal cord, as experiments with stimulation in frogs displayed patterned movement ("motor primitives"), and spinalized cats were shown to be able to walk. This tradition was closely tied with the strict nervous s... | Degrees of freedom problem | 0.850479 |
382 | In neuroscience and motor control , the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal. In other words, under normal circumstances, no simple one-to-one correspondence exists between a motor proble... | Degrees of freedom problem | 0.850479 |
383 | Logic is the study of the principles of valid reasoning and inference, as well as of consistency, soundness, and completeness. For example, in most systems of logic (but not in intuitionistic logic) Peirce's law (((P→Q)→P)→P) is a theorem. For classical logic, it can be easily verified with a truth table. The study of ... | Discrete structure | 0.850266 |
384 | Targeted analysis sequencing (sometimes called target amplicon sequencing) (TAS) is a next-generation DNA sequencing technique focusing on amplicons and specific genes. It is useful in population genetics since it can target a large diversity of organisms. The TAS approach incorporates bioinformatics techniques to prod... | Targeted analysis sequencing | 0.850186 |
385 | Ionic potential is the ratio of the electrical charge (z) to the radius (r) of an ion. As such, this ratio is a measure of the charge density at the surface of the ion; usually the denser the charge, the stronger the bond formed by the ion with ions of opposite charge.The ionic potential gives an indication of how stro... | Ionic potential | 0.850153 |
386 | The problem of finding or estimating the number of graphs with a given degree sequence is a problem from the field of graph enumeration. More generally, the degree sequence of a hypergraph is the non-increasing sequence of its vertex degrees. A sequence is k {\displaystyle k} -graphic if it is the degree sequence of so... | Degree sequence | 0.850125 |
387 | The construction of such a graph is straightforward: connect vertices with odd degrees in pairs (forming a matching), and fill out the remaining even degree counts by self-loops. The question of whether a given degree sequence can be realized by a simple graph is more challenging. This problem is also called graph real... | Degree sequence | 0.850125 |
388 | In algebraic geometry, solution sets are called algebraic sets if there are no inequalities. Over the reals, and with inequalities, there are called semialgebraic sets. | Solution set | 0.85012 |
389 | In mathematics, a solution set is the set of values that satisfy a given set of equations or inequalities. For example, for a set { f i } {\displaystyle \{f_{i}\}} of polynomials over a ring R {\displaystyle R} , the solution set is the subset of R {\displaystyle R} on which the polynomials all vanish (evaluate to 0), ... | Solution set | 0.85012 |
390 | The first natural problem proven to be NP-complete was the Boolean satisfiability problem, also known as SAT. As noted above, this is the Cook–Levin theorem; its proof that satisfiability is NP-complete contains technical details about Turing machines as they relate to the definition of NP. However, after this problem ... | P versus NP problem | 0.850069 |
391 | NP-hard problems are those at least as hard as NP problems; i.e., all NP problems can be reduced (in polynomial time) to them. NP-hard problems need not be in NP; i.e., they need not have solutions verifiable in polynomial time. For instance, the Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete by the Cook–Levin theorem, ... | P versus NP problem | 0.850069 |
392 | For some questions, there is no known way to find an answer quickly, but if one is provided with information showing what the answer is, it is possible to verify the answer quickly. The class of questions for which an answer can be verified in polynomial time is NP, which stands for "nondeterministic polynomial time".A... | P versus NP problem | 0.850069 |
393 | The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in theoretical computer science. In informal terms, it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified can also be quickly solved. The informal term quickly, used above, means the existence of an algorithm solving the task that runs in polynomial tim... | P versus NP problem | 0.850069 |
394 | Process Biochemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the study of biochemical processes and their applications in industries, such as food, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. The journal was established in 1966 and is published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Joseph Boudrant (University o... | Process Biochemistry | 0.849991 |
395 | The volume of each infinitesimal disc is therefore πf(y)2 dy. The limit of the Riemann sum of the volumes of the discs between a and b becomes integral (1). Assuming the applicability of Fubini's theorem and the multivariate change of variables formula, the disk method may be derived in a straightforward manner by (den... | Solids of revolution | 0.84992 |
396 | particle and nuclear physics nuclear properties radioactive decay fission and fusion reactions fundamental properties of elementary particles condensed matter crystal structure x-ray diffraction thermal properties electron theory of metals semiconductors superconductors mathematical methods single and multivariate calc... | GRE Physics Test | 0.849733 |
397 | The GRE physics test is an examination administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). The test attempts to determine the extent of the examinees' understanding of fundamental principles of physics and their ability to apply them to problem solving. Many graduate schools require applicants to take the exam and b... | GRE Physics Test | 0.849733 |
398 | data and error analysis electronics instrumentation radiation detection counting statistics interaction of charged particles with matter laser and optical interferometers dimensional analysis fundamental applications of probability and statistics | GRE Physics Test | 0.849733 |
399 | This is an extraordinarily strong concentration of mathematical education – up to 16 hours a week – in which elementary analytic geometry and mechanics, and recently infinitesimal calculus also, are thoroughly studied and are made into a securely mastered tool by means of many exercises.Sylvestre Lacroix was a gifted t... | Mathematical exercise | 0.84963 |
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