id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
3,200 | However, this alternative definition includes one exceptional structure of order 2 which fails to satisfy various basic theorems (such as x ⋅ 0 = 0 {\displaystyle x\cdot 0=0} for all x {\displaystyle x} ). Thus it is much more convenient, and more usual, to use the axioms in the form given above. The difference is that... | Near-field (mathematics) | 0.831728 |
3,201 | In mathematics, a near-field is an algebraic structure similar to a division ring, except that it has only one of the two distributive laws. Alternatively, a near-field is a near-ring in which there is a multiplicative identity and every non-zero element has a multiplicative inverse. | Near-field (mathematics) | 0.831728 |
3,202 | In plasma astrophysics, the corotation electric field is the electric field due to the rotation of a magnet. For example, the rotation of the Earth results in a corotation electric field. | Corotation electric field | 0.831691 |
3,203 | Photography by reflected ultraviolet radiation is useful for medical, scientific, and forensic investigations, in applications as widespread as detecting bruising of skin, alterations of documents, or restoration work on paintings. Photography of the fluorescence produced by ultraviolet illumination uses visible wavele... | Ultraviolet waves | 0.831689 |
3,204 | In software engineering, domain knowledge is knowledge about the environment in which the target system operates, for example, software agents. Domain knowledge usually must be learned from software users in the domain (as domain specialists/experts), rather than from software developers. It may include user workflows,... | Domain knowledge | 0.831669 |
3,205 | The importance of prior knowledge in machine learning is suggested by its role in search and optimization. Loosely, the no free lunch theorem states that all search algorithms have the same average performance over all problems, and thus implies that to gain in performance on a certain application one must use a specia... | Prior knowledge for pattern recognition | 0.83165 |
3,206 | Using the relation between the Cauchy stress and the surface traction, t = n · σ (where n is the unit outward normal to ∂Ω), we have Converting the surface integral into a volume integral via the divergence theorem gives Using the symmetry of the Cauchy stress and the identity we have the following From the definition ... | Stress-strain relationship | 0.83165 |
3,207 | Pattern recognition is a very active field of research intimately bound to machine learning. Also known as classification or statistical classification, pattern recognition aims at building a classifier that can determine the class of an input pattern. This procedure, known as training, corresponds to learning an unkno... | Prior knowledge for pattern recognition | 0.83165 |
3,208 | The Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute (INB-ISCIII; Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Bioinformática) is an academic service institution tasked with the coordination, integration and development of bioinformatics resources in Spain. Created in 2003, the INB is—since 2015—the main node through which the Carlos III H... | Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute | 0.831645 |
3,209 | In computer science, Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) is a heuristic search algorithm for some kinds of decision processes, most notably those employed in software that plays board games. In that context MCTS is used to solve the game tree. MCTS was combined with neural networks in 2016 and has been used in multiple boar... | Monte Carlo tree search | 0.831643 |
3,210 | Such methods were then explored and successfully applied to heuristic search in the field of automated theorem proving by W. Ertel, J. Schumann and C. Suttner in 1989, thus improving the exponential search times of uninformed search algorithms such as e.g. breadth-first search, depth-first search or iterative deepening... | Monte Carlo tree search | 0.831643 |
3,211 | Subjects taught in a prealgebra course may include: Review of natural number arithmetic Types of numbers such as integers, fractions, decimals and negative numbers Ratios and percents Factorization of natural numbers Properties of operations such as associativity and distributivity Simple (integer) roots and powers Rul... | Pre-algebra | 0.831621 |
3,212 | Prealgebra is a common name for a course in middle school mathematics in the United States, usually taught in the 7th grade or 8th grade. The objective of it is to prepare students for the study of algebra. Usually, algebra is taught in the 8th and 9th grade.As an intermediate stage after arithmetic, prealgebra helps s... | Pre-algebra | 0.831621 |
3,213 | A general system of m linear equations with n unknowns and coefficients can be written as { a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ⋯ + a 1 n x n + b 1 = 0 a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ⋯ + a 2 n x n + b 2 = 0 ⋮ a m 1 x 1 + a m 2 x 2 + ⋯ + a m n x n + b m = 0 , {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}a_{11}x_{1}+a_{12}x_{2}+\dots +a_{1n}x_{n}+b_{1}=0\\a_{... | Homogeneous system of linear equations | 0.831621 |
3,214 | A matroid is a mathematical structure that generalizes the notion of linear independence from vector spaces to arbitrary sets. If an optimization problem has the structure of a matroid, then the appropriate greedy algorithm will solve it optimally. | Greedy algorithm | 0.83162 |
3,215 | In mathematics, a set of simultaneous equations, also known as a system of equations or an equation system, is a finite set of equations for which common solutions are sought. An equation system is usually classified in the same manner as single equations, namely as a: System of linear equations, System of nonlinear eq... | Simultaneous equation | 0.831612 |
3,216 | Marijn Heule, Oliver Kullmann and Victor W. Marek showed that such a coloring is only possible up to the number 7824. The actual statement of the theorem proved is There are 27825 ≈ 3.63×102355 possible coloring combinations for the numbers up to 7825. These possible colorings were logically and algorithmically narrowe... | Boolean Pythagorean triples problem | 0.83161 |
3,217 | Maximal lotteries satisfy a strong notion of Pareto efficiency and a weak notion of strategyproofness. In contrast to random dictatorship, maximal lotteries do not satisfy the standard notion of strategyproofness. Also, maximal lotteries are not monotonic in probabilities, i.e., it is possible that the probability of a... | Maximal lotteries | 0.831593 |
3,218 | In mathematics, specifically abstract algebra, the opposite of a ring is another ring with the same elements and addition operation, but with the multiplication performed in the reverse order. More explicitly, the opposite of a ring (R, +, ⋅) is the ring (R, +, ∗) whose multiplication ∗ is defined by a ∗ b = b ⋅ a for ... | Opposite algebra | 0.831577 |
3,219 | The antiisomorphism ι {\displaystyle \iota } can be defined generally for semigroups, monoids, groups, rings, rngs, algebras. In case of rings (and rngs) we obtain the general equivalence. | Opposite algebra | 0.831577 |
3,220 | Emission spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique which examines the wavelengths of photons emitted by atoms or molecules during their transition from an excited state to a lower energy state. Each element emits a characteristic set of discrete wavelengths according to its electronic structure, and by observing these ... | Atomic spectrum | 0.831568 |
3,221 | In the study of special relativity, a perfectly rigid body does not exist; and objects can only be assumed to be rigid if they are not moving near the speed of light. In quantum mechanics, a rigid body is usually thought of as a collection of point masses. For instance, molecules (consisting of the point masses: electr... | Rigid-body kinematics | 0.831549 |
3,222 | In physics, a rigid body, also known as a rigid object, is a solid body in which deformation is zero or negligible. The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces or moments exerted on it. A rigid body is usually considered as a continuous distribution o... | Rigid-body kinematics | 0.831549 |
3,223 | The true Hilbert space of physical states is constructed as a subspace of the original Hilbert space of vectors that satisfy ( ∇ ⋅ E → ( x ) − ρ ( x ) ) | ψ ⟩ = 0. {\displaystyle (\nabla \cdot {\vec {E}}(x)-\rho (x))|\psi \rangle =0.} In more general theories, the constraint algebra may be a noncommutative algebra. | Constraint algebra | 0.831547 |
3,224 | In theoretical physics, a constraint algebra is a linear space of all constraints and all of their polynomial functions or functionals whose action on the physical vectors of the Hilbert space should be equal to zero.For example, in electromagnetism, the equation for the Gauss' law ∇ ⋅ E → = ρ {\displaystyle \nabla \cd... | Constraint algebra | 0.831547 |
3,225 | Scientists frequently explain their choice of field by referring to curves of interest and development, as in "peptide chemistry tapering off ... but now ... this is the future, molecular biology, and I knew that this lab would move faster to this new area" (191). Desire for credit appears to only be a secondary pheno... | Laboratory Life | 0.831523 |
3,226 | RNA-Seq experiments generate a large volume of raw sequence reads which have to be processed to yield useful information. Data analysis usually requires a combination of bioinformatics software tools (see also List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools) that vary according to the experimental design and goals. The process ca... | Transcriptomics technologies | 0.831497 |
3,227 | High-density arrays use a single fluorescent label, and each sample is hybridised and detected individually. High-density arrays were popularised by the Affymetrix GeneChip array, where each transcript is quantified by several short 25-mer probes that together assay one gene.NimbleGen arrays were a high-density array p... | Transcriptomics technologies | 0.831497 |
3,228 | Investigations was developed between 1990 and 1998. It was just one of a number of reform mathematics curricula initially funded by a National Science Foundation grant. The goals of the project raised opposition to the curriculum from critics (both parents and mathematics teachers) who objected to the emphasis on conce... | Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space | 0.831479 |
3,229 | If A and B are two unital algebras, then an algebra homomorphism F: A → B {\displaystyle F:A\rightarrow B} is said to be unital if it maps the unity of A to the unity of B. Often the words "algebra homomorphism" are actually used to mean "unital algebra homomorphism", in which case non-unital algebra homomorphisms are ... | Algebra homomorphism | 0.831477 |
3,230 | In mathematics, an algebra homomorphism is a homomorphism between two algebras. More precisely, if A and B are algebras over a field (or a ring) K, it is a function F: A → B {\displaystyle F\colon A\to B} such that, for all k in K and x, y in A, one has F ( k x ) = k F ( x ) {\displaystyle F(kx)=kF(x)} F ( x + y ) = F ... | Algebra homomorphism | 0.831477 |
3,231 | Despite the fundamental impossibility of directly viewing quantum states, multimedia visualizations are an important tool in education. Interactive media provides an alternative experience beyond everyday personal experience as a tool for understanding quantum mechanics. Among the multimedia sites that have been studie... | Teaching quantum mechanics | 0.831454 |
3,232 | In introducing history as part of the process of teaching quantum mechanics sets up a potential conflict of goals: accurate history or pedagogical clarity. Studies have shown that teaching through history helps students recognize that the counterintuitive issues are fundamental rather than simply something they don't u... | Teaching quantum mechanics | 0.831454 |
3,233 | Students' misconceptions range from fully classical physics thinking, mixed models, to quasi-quantum ideas. For example, if the concept that quantum mechanics does not describe a path for electrons or photons is misunderstood, students may believe that they follow specific trajectories (classical), or sinusoidal paths ... | Teaching quantum mechanics | 0.831454 |
3,234 | Quantum mechanics is a difficult subject to teach due to its counterintuitive nature. As the subject is now offered by advanced secondary schools, educators have applied scientific methodology to the process of teaching quantum mechanics, in order to identify common misconceptions and ways of improving students' unders... | Teaching quantum mechanics | 0.831454 |
3,235 | Quantum mechanics can be taught with a focus on different interpretations, different models, or via mathematical techniques. Studies have shown that focus on non-mathematical concepts can lead to adequate understanding. | Teaching quantum mechanics | 0.831454 |
3,236 | Philipp Blitzenbauer engages students through simple but intrinsically quantum single-photon experiments. The approach avoids the ambiguous classical vs quantum character of photons in optical interference experiments like the double slit. Students exposed to quantum mechanics in this way avoid developing misconception... | Teaching quantum mechanics | 0.831454 |
3,237 | N. David Mermin reports that an unconventional strategy based on abstract but simple math concepts is sufficient to teach quantum mechanics to students interested in quantum computing application rather than physics. Many of the issues that confound students of physics to not apply to this case and the mathematical bac... | Teaching quantum mechanics | 0.831454 |
3,238 | Mohan analyzes two widely used representative quantum mechanics textbooks against the learning challenges reported by Krijtenburg-Lewerissa and others. Both texts adopt language ('waves' and 'particles') familiar to students in other contexts without directly exploring the significant shifts in meaning required by quan... | Teaching quantum mechanics | 0.831454 |
3,239 | Cost-efficiency as well as absolute speed can be critical, especially in cluster environments where lower node costs allow purchasing more nodes. Increasing software speed Some Sort Benchmark entrants use a variation on radix sort for the first phase of sorting: they separate data into one of many "bins" based on the b... | External Sorting | 0.831421 |
3,240 | Proximity problems is a class of problems in computational geometry which involve estimation of distances between geometric objects. A subset of these problems stated in terms of points only are sometimes referred to as closest point problems, although the term "closest point problem" is also used synonymously to the n... | Proximity problems | 0.831416 |
3,241 | While these problems pose no computational complexity challenge, some of them are notable because of their ubiquity in computer applications of geometry. Distance between a pair of line segments. It cannot be expressed by a single formula, unlike, e.g., the distance from a point to a line. Its calculation requires care... | Proximity problems | 0.831416 |
3,242 | Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 780 nm to 2500 nm). Typical applications include medical and physiological diagnostics and research including blood sugar, pulse oximetry, functional neuroimaging, sports medicine, elite ... | Near-infrared spectrum | 0.831402 |
3,243 | The Bertrand paradox is a problem within the classical interpretation of probability theory. Joseph Bertrand introduced it in his work Calcul des probabilités (1889), as an example to show that the principle of indifference may not produce definite, well-defined results for probabilities if it is applied uncritically w... | Bertrand's paradox (probability) | 0.831395 |
3,244 | In compiler optimization, register allocation is the process of assigning local automatic variables and expression results to a limited number of processor registers. Register allocation can happen over a basic block (local register allocation), over a whole function/procedure (global register allocation), or across fu... | Register allocation | 0.831387 |
3,245 | Some other register allocation approaches do not limit to one technique to optimize register's use. Cavazos et al., for instance, proposed a solution where it is possible to use both the linear scan and the graph coloring algorithms. In this approach, the choice between one or the other solution is determined dynamical... | Register allocation | 0.831387 |
3,246 | In abstract algebra, the fundamental theorem on homomorphisms, also known as the fundamental homomorphism theorem, or the first isomorphism theorem, relates the structure of two objects between which a homomorphism is given, and of the kernel and image of the homomorphism. The homomorphism theorem is used to prove the ... | Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms | 0.83137 |
3,247 | Similar theorems are valid for monoids, vector spaces, modules, and rings. | Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms | 0.83137 |
3,248 | The situation is described by the following commutative diagram: h is injective if and only if N = ker(f). Therefore, by setting N = ker(f) we immediately get the first isomorphism theorem. We can write the statement of the fundamental theorem on homomorphisms of groups as "every homomorphic image of a group is isomorp... | Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms | 0.83137 |
3,249 | The following remarks apply only to finite planes. There are two main kinds of finite plane geometry: affine and projective. In an affine plane, the normal sense of parallel lines applies. In a projective plane, by contrast, any two lines intersect at a unique point, so parallel lines do not exist. Both finite affine p... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,250 | For some important differences between finite plane geometry and the geometry of higher-dimensional finite spaces, see axiomatic projective space. For a discussion of higher-dimensional finite spaces in general, see, for instance, the works of J.W.P. Hirschfeld. The study of these higher-dimensional spaces (n ≥ 3) has ... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,251 | An affine plane geometry is a nonempty set X (whose elements are called "points"), along with a nonempty collection L of subsets of X (whose elements are called "lines"), such that: For every two distinct points, there is exactly one line that contains both points. Playfair's axiom: Given a line ℓ {\displaystyle \ell }... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,252 | Consequently, all finite projective spaces of geometric dimension at least three are defined over finite fields. A finite projective space defined over such a finite field has q + 1 points on a line, so the two concepts of order coincide. Such a finite projective space is denoted by PG(n, q), where PG stands for projec... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,253 | If D is finite then it must be a finite field GF(q), since by Wedderburn's little theorem all finite division rings are fields. In this case, this construction produces a finite projective space. Furthermore, if the geometric dimension of a projective space is at least three then there is a division ring from which the... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,254 | A standard algebraic construction of systems satisfies these axioms. For a division ring D construct an (n + 1)-dimensional vector space over D (vector space dimension is the number of elements in a basis). Let P be the 1-dimensional (single generator) subspaces and L the 2-dimensional (two independent generators) subs... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,255 | If any of the lines is removed from the plane, along with the points on that line, the resulting geometry is the affine plane of order 2. The Fano plane is called the projective plane of order 2 because it is unique (up to isomorphism). In general, the projective plane of order n has n2 + n + 1 points and the same numb... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,256 | The smallest geometry satisfying all three axioms contains seven points. In this simplest of the projective planes, there are also seven lines; each point is on three lines, and each line contains three points. This particular projective plane is sometimes called the Fano plane. | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,257 | A projective plane geometry is a nonempty set X (whose elements are called "points"), along with a nonempty collection L of subsets of X (whose elements are called "lines"), such that: For every two distinct points, there is exactly one line that contains both points. The intersection of any two distinct lines contains... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,258 | Planes not derived from finite fields also exist (e.g. for n = 9 {\displaystyle n=9} ), but all known examples have order a prime power.The best general result to date is the Bruck–Ryser theorem of 1949, which states: If n is a positive integer of the form 4k + 1 or 4k + 2 and n is not equal to the sum of two integer s... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,259 | A finite plane of order n is one such that each line has n points (for an affine plane), or such that each line has n + 1 points (for a projective plane). One major open question in finite geometry is: Is the order of a finite plane always a prime power?This is conjectured to be true. Affine and projective planes of or... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,260 | As geometries, these planes are isomorphic to the Fano plane. Every point is contained in 7 lines. Every pair of distinct points are contained in exactly one line and every pair of distinct planes intersects in exactly one line. In 1892, Gino Fano was the first to consider such a finite geometry. | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,261 | These are much harder to classify, as not all of them are isomorphic with a PG(d, q). The Desarguesian planes (those that are isomorphic with a PG(2, q)) satisfy Desargues's theorem and are projective planes over finite fields, but there are many non-Desarguesian planes. Dimension at least 3: Two non-intersecting lines... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,262 | Individual examples can be found in the work of Thomas Penyngton Kirkman (1847) and the systematic development of finite projective geometry given by von Staudt (1856). The first axiomatic treatment of finite projective geometry was developed by the Italian mathematician Gino Fano. In his work on proving the independen... | Finite geometry | 0.831364 |
3,263 | A concept for consistent simulations of inorganic-organic interfaces, that formed the basis of IFF, was first introduced in 2003.A major obstacle was the poor definition of atomic charges in molecular models, especially for inorganic compounds, due to reliance on quantum chemistry calculations and partitioning methods ... | Interface force field | 0.831356 |
3,264 | A database in IFF provides simulation-ready models of crystal structures and crystallographic surfaces of metals and minerals. Often, variable surface chemistry is important, such as in pH-responsive surfaces of silica, hydroxyapatite, and cement minerals. The model options in the database incorporate extensive experim... | Interface force field | 0.831356 |
3,265 | IFF includes a physical-chemical interpretation for all parameters as well as a surface model database that covers different cleavage planes and surface chemistry of included compounds. The Interface Force Field is compatible with force fields for the simulation of primarily organic compounds and can be used with commo... | Interface force field | 0.831356 |
3,266 | In the context of chemistry and molecular modelling, the Interface force field (IFF) is a force field for classical molecular simulations of atoms, molecules, and assemblies up to the large nanometer scale, covering compounds from across the periodic table. It employs a consistent classical Hamiltonian energy function ... | Interface force field | 0.831356 |
3,267 | Parallel Processing Letters publishes short papers in the field of parallel processing. This journal has a wide scope and topics covered include: theory of parallel computation parallel programming languages parallel architectures and VLSI circuits unconventional computational problems (e.g., time-varying variables, in... | Parallel Processing Letters | 0.831355 |
3,268 | Wilkie proved that there are statements about the positive integers that cannot be proved using the eleven axioms above and showed what extra information is needed before such statements can be proved. Using Nevanlinna theory it has also been proved that if one restricts the kinds of exponential one takes then the abov... | Tarski's high school algebra problem | 0.831346 |
3,269 | The list of eleven axioms can be found explicitly written down in the works of Richard Dedekind, although they were obviously known and used by mathematicians long before then. Dedekind was the first, though, who seemed to be asking if these axioms were somehow sufficient to tell us everything we could want to know abo... | Tarski's high school algebra problem | 0.831346 |
3,270 | In mathematical logic, Tarski's high school algebra problem was a question posed by Alfred Tarski. It asks whether there are identities involving addition, multiplication, and exponentiation over the positive integers that cannot be proved using eleven axioms about these operations that are taught in high-school-level ... | Tarski's high school algebra problem | 0.831346 |
3,271 | When the electric field is removed the atom returns to its original state. The time required to do so is called relaxation time; an exponential decay. This is the essence of the model in physics. | Dielectric polarization | 0.83134 |
3,272 | Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry (also known as AP Chem) is a course and examination offered by the College Board as a part of the Advanced Placement Program to give American and Canadian high school students the opportunity to demonstrate their abilities and earn college-level credit. AP Chemistry has the lowest test... | AP Chemistry | 0.83134 |
3,273 | The annual AP Chemistry examination, which is typically administered in May, is divided into two major sections (multiple-choice questions and free response essays). | AP Chemistry | 0.83134 |
3,274 | AP Chemistry is a course geared toward students with interests in chemical biologies, as well as any of the biological sciences. The course aims to prepare students to take the AP Chemistry exam toward the end of the academic year. AP Chemistry covers most introductory general chemistry topics (excluding organic chemis... | AP Chemistry | 0.831339 |
3,275 | The College Board recommends successful completion of high school chemistry and algebra 2; however, requirement of this may differ from school to school. AP Chemistry usually requires knowledge of algebra 2; however, some schools allow students to take the course concurrently with this class. The requirement of regular... | AP Chemistry | 0.831339 |
3,276 | Structure and Matter, 20% States of Matter, 20% Reactions, 35–40% Descriptive Chemistry, 10–15% Laboratory, 5–10% | AP Chemistry | 0.831339 |
3,277 | The 2014 AP Chemistry exam was the first administration of a redesigned test as a result of a redesigning of the AP Chemistry course. The exam format is now different from the previous years, with 60 multiple choice questions (now with only four answer choices per question), 3 long free response questions, and 4 short ... | AP Chemistry | 0.831339 |
3,278 | To obtain quantitative values for the molecular energy levels, one needs to have molecular orbitals that are such that the configuration interaction (CI) expansion converges fast towards the full CI limit. The most common method to obtain such functions is the Hartree–Fock method, which expresses the molecular orbitals... | Molecular orbitals | 0.831335 |
3,279 | In chemistry, a molecular orbital () is a mathematical function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule. This function can be used to calculate chemical and physical properties such as the probability of finding an electron in any specific region. The terms atomic orbital and molecul... | Molecular orbitals | 0.831335 |
3,280 | Molecular orbitals were first introduced by Friedrich Hund and Robert S. Mulliken in 1927 and 1928. The linear combination of atomic orbitals or "LCAO" approximation for molecular orbitals was introduced in 1929 by Sir John Lennard-Jones. His ground-breaking paper showed how to derive the electronic structure of the fl... | Molecular orbitals | 0.831335 |
3,281 | There are a number of programs in which quantum chemical calculations of MOs can be performed, including Spartan.Simple accounts often suggest that experimental molecular orbital energies can be obtained by the methods of ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy for valence orbitals and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ... | Molecular orbitals | 0.831335 |
3,282 | Most present-day methods in computational chemistry begin by calculating the MOs of the system. A molecular orbital describes the behavior of one electron in the electric field generated by the nuclei and some average distribution of the other electrons. In the case of two electrons occupying the same orbital, the Paul... | Molecular orbitals | 0.831335 |
3,283 | Applying a result of MacIntyre on the model theory of p {\displaystyle p} -adic integers, one deduces again that ζ G ( s ) {\displaystyle \zeta _{G}(s)} is a rational function in p − s {\displaystyle p^{-s}} . Moreover, M. du Sautoy and F. Grunewald showed that the integral can be approximated by Artin L-functions. Usi... | Subgroup growth | 0.831332 |
3,284 | As of 2018, the Illumina monopoly on high-quality next-generation sequencing reagents has meant that the sequencing reagents alone cost more than FDA-approved syndromic testing panels. Also additional direct costs of metagenomics such as extraction, library preparation, and computational analysis have to be considered.... | Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing | 0.831325 |
3,285 | In clinical microbiology labs, the quantitation of microbial burden is considered a routine function as it is associated with the severity and progression of the disease. To achieve a good quantitation a high sensitivity of the technique is needed.Whereas interfering substances represent a common problem to clinical ch... | Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing | 0.831325 |
3,286 | While for substantial resources Illumina NextSeq, NovaSeq, PacBio Sequel, Oxford Nanopore and PromethION are preferred. Moreover, for pathogen sequencing the use of controls is of fundamental importance ensuring mNGS assay quality and stability over time; PhiX is used as sequencing control, then the other controls incl... | Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing | 0.831325 |
3,287 | If there is a strong previous suspicion of the pathogen genome composition and since the amount of pathogen nucleic acid in more noise samples is overwhelmed by the RNA/DNA of other organisms, selecting an extraction kit of only RNA or DNA would be a more specific and convenient approach. Some commerciable available ki... | Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing | 0.831325 |
3,288 | A typical mNGS workflow consists of the following steps: Sample acquisition: the most commonly used samples for metagenomic sequencing are blood, stool, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, or nasopharyngeal swabs. Among these, blood and CSF are the cleanest, having less background noise, while the others are expected to ... | Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing | 0.831325 |
3,289 | Most of the metagenomics outcomes data generated consist of case reports which belie the increasing interest on diagnostic metagenomics.Accordingly, there is an overall lack of penetration of this approach into the clinical microbiology laboratory, as making a diagnosis with metagenomics is still basically only useful ... | Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing | 0.831325 |
3,290 | In Newtonian mechanics, one customarily uses all three Cartesian coordinates, or other 3D coordinate system, to refer to a body's position during its motion. In physical systems, however, some structure or other system usually constrains the body's motion from taking certain directions and pathways. So a full set of Ca... | Theoretical Mechanics | 0.831323 |
3,291 | In fact the same principles and formalisms can be used in relativistic mechanics and general relativity, and with some modifications, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. Analytical mechanics is used widely, from fundamental physics to applied mathematics, particularly chaos theory. The methods of analytical mec... | Theoretical Mechanics | 0.831323 |
3,292 | One result is Noether's theorem, a statement which connects conservation laws to their associated symmetries. Analytical mechanics does not introduce new physics and is not more general than Newtonian mechanics. Rather it is a collection of equivalent formalisms which have broad application. | Theoretical Mechanics | 0.831323 |
3,293 | In theoretical physics and mathematical physics, analytical mechanics, or theoretical mechanics is a collection of closely related alternative formulations of classical mechanics. It was developed by many scientists and mathematicians during the 18th century and onward, after Newtonian mechanics. Since Newtonian mechan... | Theoretical Mechanics | 0.831323 |
3,294 | Comput., its publisher and contributors frequently use the shorter abbreviation SICOMP. SICOMP typically hosts the special issues of the IEEE Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS) and the Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), where about 15% of papers published in FOCS and STOC each y... | SIAM Journal on Computing | 0.831304 |
3,295 | The SIAM Journal on Computing is a scientific journal focusing on the mathematical and formal aspects of computer science. It is published by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). Although its official ISO abbreviation is SIAM J. | SIAM Journal on Computing | 0.831304 |
3,296 | The Phycological Society of America (PSA) is a professional society, founded in 1946, that is dedicated to the advancement of phycology, the study of algae. The PSA is responsible for the publication of Journal of Phycology and organizes annual conferences among other events that aid in the advancement of related algal... | Phycological Society of America | 0.8313 |
3,297 | In many computer-vision applications, computers are pre-programmed to solve a particular task, but methods based on learning are now becoming increasingly common. Examples of applications of computer vision include systems for: Automatic inspection, e.g., in manufacturing applications; Assisting humans in identificatio... | Image classification | 0.831297 |
3,298 | Applications range from tasks such as industrial machine vision systems which, say, inspect bottles speeding by on a production line, to research into artificial intelligence and computers or robots that can comprehend the world around them. The computer vision and machine vision fields have significant overlap. Comput... | Image classification | 0.831297 |
3,299 | Military applications are probably one of the largest areas of computer vision. The obvious examples are the detection of enemy soldiers or vehicles and missile guidance. More advanced systems for missile guidance send the missile to an area rather than a specific target, and target selection is made when the missile r... | Image classification | 0.831297 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.