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3,400 | In chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that is easily oxidized or corroded, such as reacting easily with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form a metal chloride and hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead, and zinc. Copper is considered a base metal as it is oxidized relatively e... | Metal ions | 0.83092 |
3,401 | The dimensionless constants that arise in the results obtained, such as the C in the Poiseuille's Law problem and the κ {\displaystyle \kappa } in the spring problems discussed above, come from a more detailed analysis of the underlying physics and often arise from integrating some differential equation. Dimensional an... | Dimensional units | 0.830909 |
3,402 | In dimensional analysis, Rayleigh's method is a conceptual tool used in physics, chemistry, and engineering. It expresses a functional relationship of some variables in the form of an exponential equation. It was named after Lord Rayleigh. The method involves the following steps: Gather all the independent variables th... | Dimensional units | 0.830909 |
3,403 | Inequality relationships similar to those defined above can also be defined for column vectors. If we let the vectors x , y ∈ R n {\displaystyle x,y\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} (meaning that x = ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) T {\displaystyle x=(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})^{\mathsf {T}}} and y = ( y 1 , y 2 , … , y n ) T {\displaysty... | Algebraic inequality | 0.830896 |
3,404 | Moment of inertia of area is also known as the second moment of area. These calculations are commonly used in civil engineering for structural design of beams and columns. Cross-sectional areas calculated for vertical moment of the x-axis I x x {\displaystyle I_{xx}} and horizontal moment of the y-axis I y y {\displays... | Rotary inertia | 0.830877 |
3,405 | The result is the parallel axis theorem, where d {\displaystyle \mathbf {d} } is the vector from the center of mass C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } to the reference point R {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} } . Note on the minus sign: By using the skew symmetric matrix of position vectors relative to the reference point, the i... | Rotary inertia | 0.830877 |
3,406 | The inertia matrix of a body depends on the choice of the reference point. There is a useful relationship between the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } and the inertia matrix relative to another point R {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} } . This relationship is called the parallel ax... | Rotary inertia | 0.830877 |
3,407 | Short integer solution (SIS) and ring-SIS problems are two average-case problems that are used in lattice-based cryptography constructions. Lattice-based cryptography began in 1996 from a seminal work by Miklós Ajtai who presented a family of one-way functions based on SIS problem. He showed that it is secure in an ave... | Short integer solution problem | 0.830873 |
3,408 | SIS and Ring-SIS are two average case problems that are used in lattice-based cryptography constructions. Lattice-based cryptography began in 1996 from a seminal work by Ajtai who presented a family of one-way functions based on SIS problem. He showed that it is secure in an average case if S V P γ {\displaystyle \math... | Short integer solution problem | 0.830873 |
3,409 | The lattice corresponding to ideal I ⊂ R {\displaystyle I\subset R} , denoted by L I {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}_{I}} , is a sublattice of Z n {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{n}} , and is defined as L I := ρ ( I ) = { ( a 0 , … , a n − 1 ) ∣ ∑ i = 0 n − 1 a i x i ∈ I } ⊂ Z n . {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}_{I}:=\rho (... | Short integer solution problem | 0.830873 |
3,410 | The intuition is that the algebraic symmetries causes the minimum distance of an ideal to lie within a narrow, easily computable range. By exploiting the provided algebraic symmetries in ideal lattices, one can convert a short nonzero vector into n {\displaystyle n} linearly independent ones of (nearly) the same length... | Short integer solution problem | 0.830873 |
3,411 | Thus, | ( G 1 ) ⋅ 2 | = 3. {\displaystyle \left|(G_{1})\cdot 2\right|=3.} Applying the theorem a third time gives | ( G 1 ) 2 | = | ( ( G 1 ) 2 ) ⋅ 3 | | ( ( G 1 ) 2 ) 3 | . | Transitive group | 0.830848 |
3,412 | Applying the theorem now to the stabilizer G 1 , {\displaystyle G_{1},} we can obtain | G 1 | = | ( G 1 ) ⋅ 2 | | ( G 1 ) 2 | . {\displaystyle |G_{1}|=|(G_{1})\cdot 2||(G_{1})_{2}|.} | Transitive group | 0.830848 |
3,413 | Then G acts on the set of vertices {1, 2, ..., 8}, and this action is transitive as can be seen by composing rotations about the center of the cube. Thus, by the orbit-stabilizer theorem, | G | = | G ⋅ 1 | | G 1 | = 8 | G 1 | . {\displaystyle |G|=|G\cdot 1||G_{1}|=8|G_{1}|.} | Transitive group | 0.830848 |
3,414 | Since each orbit has either 1 or p elements, there are at least k mod p {\displaystyle k{\bmod {p}}} orbits of length 1 which are G-invariant elements.This result is especially useful since it can be employed for counting arguments (typically in situations where X is finite as well). Example: We can use the orbit-stabi... | Transitive group | 0.830848 |
3,415 | If G is finite then the orbit-stabilizer theorem, together with Lagrange's theorem, gives in other words the length of the orbit of x times the order of its stabilizer is the order of the group. In particular that implies that the orbit length is a divisor of the group order. Example: Let G be a group of prime order p ... | Transitive group | 0.830848 |
3,416 | Thus, the fiber f − 1 ( { y } ) {\displaystyle f^{-1}(\{y\})} of f over any y in G·x is contained in such a coset, and every such coset also occurs as a fiber. Therefore f induces a bijection between the set G / G x {\displaystyle G/G_{x}} of cosets for the stabilizer subgroup and the orbit G ⋅ x , {\displaystyle G\cdo... | Transitive group | 0.830848 |
3,417 | One also sees that ( ( G 1 ) 2 ) 3 {\displaystyle \left(\left(G_{1}\right)_{2}\right)_{3}} consists only of the identity automorphism, as any element of G fixing 1, 2 and 3 must also fix all other vertices, since they are determined by their adjacency to 1, 2 and 3. Combining the preceding calculations, we can now obta... | Transitive group | 0.830848 |
3,418 | In his paper, Mendel compared 7 pairs of discrete traits found in a pea plant: Through experimentation, Mendel discovered that one inheritable trait would invariably be dominant to its recessive alternative. Mendel laid out the genetic model later known as Mendelian inheritance or Mendelian genetics. This model provide... | Experiments on Plant Hybridization | 0.830846 |
3,419 | "Experiments on Plant Hybridization" (German: "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden") is a seminal paper written in 1865 and published in 1866 by Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar considered to be the founder of modern genetics. The paper was the result after years spent studying genetic traits in Pisum sativum, the pea p... | Experiments on Plant Hybridization | 0.830846 |
3,420 | In mathematics, physics and chemistry, a space group is the symmetry group of a repeating pattern in space, usually in three dimensions. The elements of a space group (its symmetry operations) are the rigid transformations of the pattern that leave it unchanged. In three dimensions, space groups are classified into 219... | Space groups | 0.830821 |
3,421 | MATH-MATIC is the marketing name for the AT-3 (Algebraic Translator 3) compiler, an early programming language for the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II. MATH-MATIC was written beginning around 1955 by a team led by Charles Katz under the direction of Grace Hopper. A preliminary manual was produced in 1957 and a final manual the ... | MATH-MATIC | 0.830816 |
3,422 | Physical properties of aquatic ecosystems are determined by a combination of heat, currents, waves and other seasonal distributions of environmental conditions. The morphometry of a body of water depends on the type of feature (such as a lake, river, stream, wetland, estuary etc.) and the structure of the earth surroun... | Limnology | 0.830815 |
3,423 | A more recent sub-discipline of limnology, termed landscape limnology, studies, manages, and seeks to conserve these ecosystems using a landscape perspective, by explicitly examining connections between an aquatic ecosystem and its drainage basin. Recently, the need to understand global inland waters as part of the Ear... | Limnology | 0.830815 |
3,424 | The final case, where one engages in the addictive behavior today while abstaining tomorrow, has the problem that (as in other prisoner's dilemmas) there is an obvious benefit to defecting "today", but tomorrow one will face the same prisoner's dilemma, and the same obvious benefit will be present then, ultimately lead... | Prisoner's Dilemma | 0.830804 |
3,425 | Many instances of human interaction and natural processes have payoff matrices like the prisoner's dilemma's. It is therefore of interest to the social sciences, such as economics, politics, and sociology, as well as to the biological sciences, such as ethology and evolutionary biology. Many natural processes have been... | Prisoner's Dilemma | 0.830804 |
3,426 | The lowest form of organization covered by memory geometry, sometimes called "memory device". These are the component ICs that make up each module, or module of RAM. The most important measurement of a chip is its density, measured in bits. Because memory bus width is usually larger than the number of chips, most chips... | Memory geometry | 0.830797 |
3,427 | Memory geometry describes the logical configuration of a RAM module, but consumers will always find it easiest to grasp the physical configuration. Much of the confusion surrounding memory geometry occurs when the physical configuration obfuscates the logical configuration. The first defining feature of RAM is form fac... | Memory geometry | 0.830797 |
3,428 | Various methods of specifying memory geometry can be encountered, giving different types of information. | Memory geometry | 0.830797 |
3,429 | The geometry of a memory system can be thought of as a multi-dimensional array. Each dimension has its own characteristics and physical realization. For example, the number of data pins on a memory module is one dimension. | Memory geometry | 0.830797 |
3,430 | In the design of modern computers, memory geometry describes the internal structure of random-access memory. Memory geometry is of concern to consumers upgrading their computers, since older memory controllers may not be compatible with later products. Memory geometry terminology can be confusing because of the number ... | Memory geometry | 0.830797 |
3,431 | In November 1949, with the seminal paper, "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease", in Science magazine, Linus Pauling, Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine. In 1956, Roger J. Williams wrote Biochemical Individuality, a prescient book about genetics,... | Molecular Medicine | 0.830773 |
3,432 | Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates. With a degree in this discipline, the graduate is ... | Molecular Medicine | 0.830773 |
3,433 | Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. The molecular medicine perspect... | Molecular Medicine | 0.830773 |
3,434 | Core subjects are similar to biochemistry courses and typically include gene expression, research methods, proteins, cancer research, immunology, biotechnology and many more. In some universities molecular medicine is combined with another discipline such as chemistry, functioning as an additional study to enrich the u... | Molecular Medicine | 0.830773 |
3,435 | The histogram of the adhesion forces obtained in these multiple measurements provides the main data output for force spectroscopy measurement. In biophysics, single-molecule force spectroscopy can be used to study the energy landscape underlying the interaction between two bio-molecules, like proteins. Here, one bindin... | Force spectroscopy | 0.830772 |
3,436 | Since mechanical breaking is a kinetic, stochastic process, the breaking force is not an absolute parameter, but it is a function of both temperature and pulling speed. Low temperatures and high pulling speeds correspond to higher breaking forces. By careful analysis of the breaking force at various pulling speeds, it ... | Force spectroscopy | 0.830771 |
3,437 | A modern electrometer is a highly sensitive electronic voltmeter whose input impedance is so high that the current flowing into it can be considered, for most practical purposes, to be zero. The actual value of input resistance for modern electronic electrometers is around 1014Ω, compared to around 1010Ω for nanovoltme... | Electrometer | 0.830771 |
3,438 | The current Editor in Chief is Michael Thoennessen, whose term began in September 2017.To celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the journal, a memoir was published jointly by the APS and AIP.In 1998, the first issue of Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams was published, and in 2005, Physical Review S... | Physical Review D | 0.830752 |
3,439 | at the University of Minnesota. In 1929, the APS started publishing Reviews of Modern Physics, a venue for longer review articles. During the Great Depression, wealthy scientist Alfred Loomis anonymously paid the journal's fees for authors who could not afford them.After Tate's death in 1950, the journals were managed ... | Physical Review D | 0.830752 |
3,440 | Physical Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1893 by Edward Nichols. It publishes original research as well as scientific and literature reviews on all aspects of physics. It is published by the American Physical Society (APS). The journal is in its third series, and is split in several sub-jour... | Physical Review D | 0.830752 |
3,441 | In 2016 the APS launched Physical Review Fluids "to include additional areas of fluid dynamics research", and in 2017 it launched Physical Review Materials "to fill a gap" in the coverage of materials research. In 2019 Physical Review Research was launched to provide a broad fully open-access journal at about the same ... | Physical Review D | 0.830752 |
3,442 | The four volumes of this journal were eventually made freely available online by the APS under the alternative title Physics Physique Физика, reflecting how the title was originally printed on the journal covers and how it was sometimes referred to in the years since.It also publishes Physical Review X, an online-only ... | Physical Review D | 0.830752 |
3,443 | This now includes the general-interest articles that appeared as Physical Review Focus. A short-lived journal, also called Physics, was published by Pergamon Press and Physics Publishing Co. from 1964 through 1968, with the goal of printing "a selection of papers which are worth the attention of all physicists." | Physical Review D | 0.830752 |
3,444 | Physical Review Letters celebrated their 50th birthday in 2008. The APS has a copyright policy to permit the author to reuse parts of the published article in a derivative or new work, including on Wikipedia.The APS has an online publication entitled Physics, aiming to help physicists and physics students to learn abou... | Physical Review D | 0.830752 |
3,445 | This was merged into Physics in 2011. The Special Topics journals are open access; Physics Education Research requires page charges from the authors, but Accelerators and Beams does not. Though not fully open access, Physical Review Letters also requires an author page charge, although this is voluntary. | Physical Review D | 0.830752 |
3,446 | A complete set of invariants, together with which invariants are realizable, solves the classification problem, and is often a step in solving it. A computable complete set of invariants (together with which invariants are realizable) solves both the classification problem and the equivalence problem. A canonical form ... | Classification theorem | 0.83075 |
3,447 | In mathematics, a classification theorem answers the classification problem "What are the objects of a given type, up to some equivalence?". It gives a non-redundant enumeration: each object is equivalent to exactly one class. A few issues related to classification are the following. The equivalence problem is "given t... | Classification theorem | 0.83075 |
3,448 | To generalise this to universal algebra, normal subgroups need to be replaced by congruence relations. A congruence on an algebra A {\displaystyle A} is an equivalence relation Φ ⊆ A × A {\displaystyle \Phi \subseteq A\times A} that forms a subalgebra of A × A {\displaystyle A\times A} considered as an algebra with com... | Isomorphism theorems | 0.830738 |
3,449 | The isomorphism theorems were formulated in some generality for homomorphisms of modules by Emmy Noether in her paper Abstrakter Aufbau der Idealtheorie in algebraischen Zahl- und Funktionenkörpern, which was published in 1927 in Mathematische Annalen. Less general versions of these theorems can be found in work of Ric... | Isomorphism theorems | 0.830738 |
3,450 | Let A {\displaystyle A} be an algebra and denote Con A {\displaystyle \operatorname {Con} A} the set of all congruences on A {\displaystyle A} . The set Con A {\displaystyle \operatorname {Con} A} is a complete lattice ordered by inclusion. If Φ ∈ Con A {\displaystyle \Phi \in \operatorname {Con} A} is a congruen... | Isomorphism theorems | 0.830738 |
3,451 | Let f: A → B {\displaystyle f:A\rightarrow B} be an algebra homomorphism. Then the image of f {\displaystyle f} is a subalgebra of B {\displaystyle B} , the relation given by Φ: f ( x ) = f ( y ) {\displaystyle \Phi :f(x)=f(y)} (i.e. the kernel of f {\displaystyle f} ) is a congruence on A {\displaystyle A} , and the a... | Isomorphism theorems | 0.830738 |
3,452 | A group is said to be quasi-nilpotent if every element acts as an inner automorphism on every chief factor. The generalized Fitting subgroup is the unique largest subnormal quasi-nilpotent subgroup, and is equal to the set of all elements which act as inner automorphisms on every chief factor of the whole group (Hupper... | Generalized Fitting subgroup | 0.830737 |
3,453 | The nilpotency of the Fitting subgroup of a finite group is guaranteed by Fitting's theorem which says that the product of a finite collection of normal nilpotent subgroups of G is again a normal nilpotent subgroup. It may also be explicitly constructed as the product of the p-cores of G over all of the primes p dividi... | Generalized Fitting subgroup | 0.830737 |
3,454 | In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as group theory, the Fitting subgroup F of a finite group G, named after Hans Fitting, is the unique largest normal nilpotent subgroup of G. Intuitively, it represents the smallest subgroup which "controls" the structure of G when G is solvable. When G is not solv... | Generalized Fitting subgroup | 0.830737 |
3,455 | In the analysis of algorithms, the input to breadth-first search is assumed to be a finite graph, represented as an adjacency list, adjacency matrix, or similar representation. However, in the application of graph traversal methods in artificial intelligence the input may be an implicit representation of an infinite gr... | Breadth-First Search | 0.830714 |
3,456 | In state space search in artificial intelligence, repeated searches of vertices are often allowed, while in theoretical analysis of algorithms based on breadth-first search, precautions are typically taken to prevent repetitions. BFS and its application in finding connected components of graphs were invented in 1945 by... | Breadth-First Search | 0.830714 |
3,457 | Different models may or may not support multiplication of different types of numbers; for instance the set model in which numbers are presented as collections of objects, and multiplication as the union of multiple sets with the same number of objects in each, cannot be extended to multiplication of fractional or real ... | Multiplication and repeated addition | 0.830713 |
3,458 | Multiplication is often defined for natural numbers, then extended to whole numbers, fractions, and irrational numbers. However, abstract algebra has a more general definition of multiplication as a binary operation on some objects that may or may not be numbers. Notably, one can multiply complex numbers, vectors, matr... | Multiplication and repeated addition | 0.830713 |
3,459 | Harry Brodie, a chemist, joined the WFEB group and started working on understanding steriochemistry of hydrogen elimination at the C-1 position during aromatization. His mechanistic studies led him to recognizing the therapeutic potential of targeting aromatase, in the early 1970s he started the development of selectiv... | Steroidal aromatase inhibitor | 0.830703 |
3,460 | Planarity of the A ring is very important for the affinity of the compounds to aromatase. As can be seen in table 1, where compounds 2 and 3 show substantial inhibition and also have the same stereochemical requirements. Same effect can be observed with compound 5, with inhibition of 34,6% and its 4-keto derivative, co... | Steroidal aromatase inhibitor | 0.830703 |
3,461 | In 1944 the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology (WFEB) was established. The foundation was the center point of collaboration of many scientists interested in reproduction, neurophysiology and steroid biochemistry. One of the foundations work was the understanding of the mechanism of conversion of androgens to... | Steroidal aromatase inhibitor | 0.830703 |
3,462 | TCF/LEF proteins function as bimodal transcription factors: As described, TCF/LEF proteins act as transcriptional activators in association with nuclear beta-catenin (and transcriptional co-activators attached to beta-catenin); but without beta-catenin, TCF/LEF proteins function as transcriptional repressors (attached ... | Wnt response element | 0.830701 |
3,463 | Evolutionary biologists are often concerned with genetic variation, a term which in modern times has come to refer to differences in DNA sequences among individuals. However, quantifying and understanding genetic variation has been a central aim of those interested in understanding the varied life on earth since long b... | Genetic variations | 0.830696 |
3,464 | The most common of these statistics, FST, considers in its simplest definition two different versions of a gene, or alleles, and two populations that contain one or both of these two alleles. FST quantifies the genetic variability among these two populations by computing the average frequency of heterozygotes across th... | Genetic variations | 0.830695 |
3,465 | 1948 - Entropy: Unlike variance, which was developed with the purpose of quantifying genetic variance, Claude Shannon's measure of diversity, now known as Shannon entropy, was developed as part of his work in communication theory as a way to quantify the amount of information contained in a message. However, the method... | Genetic variations | 0.830695 |
3,466 | Fisher subsequently subdivided his general definition of variance into two components relevant to population genetics: additive and dominant genetic variance. An additive genetic model assumes that genes do not interact if the number of the genes affecting the phenotype is small and that a trait value can be estimated ... | Genetic variations | 0.830695 |
3,467 | R.A. Fisher's work in population genetics was not just important to population genetics; these ideas would also form the foundations of modern statistics. 1918, 1921 - Additive and dominant genetic variance: R.A. | Genetic variations | 0.830695 |
3,468 | In the 20th century, a field that came to be known as population genetics developed. This field seeks to understand and quantify genetic variation. The section below consists of a timeline of selected developments in population genetics, with a focus on methods for quantifying genetic variation. 1866 - Heterozygosity: ... | Genetic variations | 0.830695 |
3,469 | An SNP is a single base pair mutation at a specific locus, usually consisting of two alleles (where the rare allele frequency is > 1%). SNPs are found to be involved in the etiology of many human diseases and are becoming of particular interest in pharmacogenetics. Because SNPs are conserved during evolution, they have... | SNP genotyping | 0.830692 |
3,470 | Electromaterials can be explored by techniques such as (but not limited to) absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, electrochemistry, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy or combinations of the above, such as raman spectroelectrochemistry. | Electromaterials | 0.830688 |
3,471 | In physics, electrical engineering and materials science, electromaterials are the set of materials which store, controllably convert, exchange and conduct electrically charged particles. The term electromaterial can refer to any electronically or ionically active material. While this definition is quite broad, the ter... | Electromaterials | 0.830688 |
3,472 | In the application of electromaterials, ions or electrons are used to carry out a specific function. For example, the oxidation or reduction (loss or gain of electrons, respectively) of another species. Materials such as metals, metal particles, conducting polymers, conducting carbon, e.g. CNTs, graphene, carbon fibres... | Electromaterials | 0.830688 |
3,473 | Molecular diagnostics includes specialized tests involving DNA and RNA analysis. Cytogenetics involves using blood and other cells to produce a DNA karyotype. This can be helpful in cases of prenatal diagnosis (e.g. Down's syndrome) as well as in some cancers which can be identified by the presence of abnormal chromoso... | Medical lab | 0.830682 |
3,474 | If more precise quantification of urine chemicals is required, the specimen is processed in the clinical biochemistry lab. Histopathology processes solid tissue removed from the body (biopsies) for evaluation at the microscopic level. Cytopathology examines smears of cells from all over the body (such as from the cervi... | Medical lab | 0.830682 |
3,475 | Coagulation testing determines various blood clotting times, coagulation factors, and platelet function. Clinical biochemistry commonly performs dozens of different tests on serum or plasma. These tests, mostly automated, includes quantitative testing for a wide array of substances, such as lipids, blood sugar, enzymes... | Medical lab | 0.830682 |
3,476 | The following is an example of a typical breakdown of the responsibilities of each area: Microbiology includes culturing of the bacteria in clinical specimens, such as feces, urine, blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid, as well as possible infected tissue. The work here is mainly concerned with cultur... | Medical lab | 0.830682 |
3,477 | Molecular diagnostics DNA testing may be done here, along with a subspecialty known as cytogenetics. Reproductive biology testing is available in some laboratories, including Semen analysis, Sperm bank and assisted reproductive technology.Layouts of clinical laboratories in health institutions vary greatly from one fac... | Medical lab | 0.830682 |
3,478 | In hospitals and other patient-care settings, laboratory medicine is provided by the Department of Pathology and Medical Laboratory, and generally divided into two sections, each of which will be subdivided into multiple specialty areas. The two sections are: Anatomic pathology: areas included here are histopathology, ... | Medical lab | 0.830682 |
3,479 | Microbiology was another department that has had a struggle with vacancies. Their average in the 2018 survey was around 10-11% vacancy rate across the United States. | Medical lab | 0.830682 |
3,480 | Nurses and doctors generally have their patients tested at least once a day with common tests such as complete blood counts and chemistry profiles. These orders are typically drawn during a morning run by phlebotomists for results to be available in the patient's charts for the attending physicians to consult during th... | Medical lab | 0.830682 |
3,481 | For example, chemistry samples are usually centrifuged and the serum or plasma is separated and tested. If the specimen needs to go on more than one analyzer, it can be divided into separate tubes. Many specimens end up in one or more sophisticated automated analysers, that process a fraction of the sample to return on... | Medical lab | 0.830682 |
3,482 | 1938 – Nobel Prize winner (1920) Walther Nernst reestimates the cosmic ray temperature as 0.75 K. 1946 – Robert Dicke predicts "... radiation from cosmic matter" at < 20 K, but did not refer to background radiation. 1946 – George Gamow calculates a temperature of 50 K (assuming a 3-billion year old universe), commentin... | Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation | 0.830662 |
3,483 | The angular scale of the first peak determines the curvature of the universe (but not the topology of the universe). The next peak—ratio of the odd peaks to the even peaks—determines the reduced baryon density. The third peak can be used to get information about the dark-matter density.The locations of the peaks give i... | Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation | 0.830662 |
3,484 | A power associative algebra in which every element of the algebra is nilpotent is called a nil algebra.Nilpotent algebras are trivially nil, whereas nil algebras may not be nilpotent, as each element being nilpotent does not force products of distinct elements to vanish. | Nil algebra | 0.830648 |
3,485 | In mathematics and statistics, a probability vector or stochastic vector is a vector with non-negative entries that add up to one. The positions (indices) of a probability vector represent the possible outcomes of a discrete random variable, and the vector gives us the probability mass function of that random variable,... | Probability vector | 0.830642 |
3,486 | This approach can be used to find a numerical approximation for a definite integral even if the fundamental theorem of calculus does not make it easy to find a closed-form solution. Because the region by the small shapes is usually not exactly the same shape as the region being measured, the Riemann sum will differ fro... | Rectangle method | 0.830642 |
3,487 | A complementarity problem is a type of mathematical optimization problem. It is the problem of optimizing (minimizing or maximizing) a function of two vector variables subject to certain requirements (constraints) which include: that the inner product of the two vectors must equal zero, i.e. they are orthogonal. In par... | Complementarity problem | 0.830634 |
3,488 | Complementarity problems were originally studied because the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions in linear programming and quadratic programming constitute a linear complementarity problem (LCP) or a mixed complementarity problem (MCP). In 1963 Lemke and Howson showed that, for two person games, computing a Nash equilibrium ... | Complementarity problem | 0.830634 |
3,489 | Also known as automated MMPAs. A machine learning algorithm is used to finds all possible matched pairs in a data set according to a set of predefined rules. This results in much larger numbers of matched pairs and unique transformations, which are typically filtered during the process to identify those transformations... | Matched molecular pair analysis | 0.830631 |
3,490 | Activity cliffs are pairs or groups of compounds that are highly similar in the structures but have large different in potency towards the same target. Activity cliffs received great attention in computational chemistry and drug discovery as they represent a discontinuity in structure-activity relationship (SAR). This ... | Matched molecular pair analysis | 0.830631 |
3,491 | The application of the MMPA across large chemical databases for the optimization of ligand potency is problematic because same structural transformation may increase or decrease or doesn't affect the potency of different compounds in the dataset. Selection of practical significant transformation from a dataset of molec... | Matched molecular pair analysis | 0.830631 |
3,492 | MMPA is quite useful in the field of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modelling studies. One of the issues of QSAR models is they are difficult to interpret in a chemically meaningful manner. While it can be pretty easy to interpret simple linear regression models, the most powerful algorithms like n... | Matched molecular pair analysis | 0.830631 |
3,493 | MMP can be defined as a pair of molecules that differ in only a minor single point change (See Fig 1). Matched molecular pairs (MMPs) are widely used in medicinal chemistry to study changes in compound properties which includes biological activity, toxicity, environmental hazards and much more, which are associated wit... | Matched molecular pair analysis | 0.830631 |
3,494 | Predictive Microbiology is the area of food microbiology where controlling factors in foods and responses of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms are quantified and modelled by mathematical equations It is based on the thesis that microorganisms' growth and environment are reproducible, and can be modeled. Temperatur... | Predictive microbiology | 0.830626 |
3,495 | Beginning 1994 this triggered a kind of renaissance with lasting consequences. This new philosophical impulse experienced a parallel renewal in the fields of theoretical computer science, computational linguistics, artificial intelligence, and the formal semantics of programming languages, for instance the work of Joha... | Game semantics | 0.830624 |
3,496 | It has been established that computability logic is robust with respect to reasonable variations in the complexity of allowed strategies, which can be brought down as low as logarithmic space and polynomial time (one does not imply the other in interactive computations) without affecting the logic. All this explains th... | Game semantics | 0.830624 |
3,497 | Optimization problems ask for the point at which a given function is maximized (or minimized). Often, the point also has to satisfy some constraints. The field of optimization is further split in several subfields, depending on the form of the objective function and the constraint. For instance, linear programming deal... | Numerical calculation | 0.830617 |
3,498 | A plane deformation, also called plane strain, is one where the deformation is restricted to one of the planes in the reference configuration. If the deformation is restricted to the plane described by the basis vectors e1, e2, the deformation gradient has the form In matrix form, From the polar decomposition theorem, ... | Deformation (physics) | 0.830608 |
3,499 | In physics and continuum mechanics, deformation is the change in the shape or size of an object. It has dimension of length with SI unit of metre (m). It is quantified as the residual displacement of particles in a non-rigid body, from an initial configuration to a final configuration, excluding the body's average tran... | Deformation (physics) | 0.830608 |
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