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3,800 | In Riemannian geometry, a branch of mathematics, harmonic coordinates are a certain kind of coordinate chart on a smooth manifold, determined by a Riemannian metric on the manifold. They are useful in many problems of geometric analysis due to their regularity properties. In two dimensions, certain harmonic coordinates... | Harmonic coordinates | 0.829675 |
3,801 | Protein backbone fragment libraries have been used successfully in a variety of structural biology applications, including homology modeling, de novo structure prediction, and structure determination. By reducing the complexity of the search space, these fragment libraries enable more rapid search of conformational spa... | Protein Fragment Library | 0.829673 |
3,802 | The parameters n and k are chosen according to the application (see discussion on complexity below). The centroids of the clusters are then taken to represent the fragment. Further optimization can be performed to ensure that the centroid possesses ideal bond geometry, as it was derived by averaging other geometries. | Protein Fragment Library | 0.829673 |
3,803 | The journal was established in 1999 by John S. Rigden and Roger H. Stuewer, "to recognize historical and philosophical studies as essential to understanding the foundations of physics, to appreciating the diffusion of physics into all areas of science, and to conveying the cultural influence of physics on the arts and ... | Physics in Perspective | 0.829672 |
3,804 | Physics in Perspective is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Birkhäuser. It covers historical, philosophical, and social scientific perspectives of physics. The editors-in-chief are Joseph D. Martin (Durham University) and Richard Staley (University of Cambridge). | Physics in Perspective | 0.829672 |
3,805 | In mathematics, a right group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with a binary operation that combines two elements into a third element while obeying the right group axioms. The right group axioms are similar to the group axioms, but while groups can have only one identity and any element can have ... | Right group | 0.829661 |
3,806 | Consider the following example from computer science, where a set would be implemented as a programming language type. Let X {\displaystyle X} be the set of date times in an arbitrary programming language. Let D {\displaystyle D} be the set of transformations equivalent to adding a duration to an element of X {\display... | Right group | 0.829661 |
3,807 | The Volta potential (also called Volta potential difference, contact potential difference, outer potential difference, Δψ, or "delta psi") in electrochemistry, is the electrostatic potential difference between two metals (or one metal and one electrolyte) that are in contact and are in thermodynamic equilibrium. Specif... | Volta potential | 0.829659 |
3,808 | This homomorphism may be set in the context of group homology. In general, given any subgroup H of G and any G-module A, there is a corestriction map of homology groups C o r: H n ( H , A ) → H n ( G , A ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {Cor} :H_{n}(H,A)\to H_{n}(G,A)} induced by the inclusion map i: H → G {\displaystyle i:H\t... | Transfer (group theory) | 0.829654 |
3,809 | In the mathematical field of group theory, the transfer defines, given a group G and a subgroup H of finite index, a group homomorphism from G to the abelianization of H. It can be used in conjunction with the Sylow theorems to obtain certain numerical results on the existence of finite simple groups. The transfer was ... | Transfer (group theory) | 0.829654 |
3,810 | When no improving neighbors are present, local search is stuck at a locally optimal point. This local-optima problem can be cured by using restarts (repeated local search with different initial conditions), randomization, or more complex schemes based on iterations, like iterated local search, on memory, like reactive ... | Local search algorithm | 0.829653 |
3,811 | The same problem may have multiple distinct neighborhoods defined on it; local optimization with neighborhoods that involve changing up to k components of the solution is often referred to as k-opt. Typically, every candidate solution has more than one neighbor solution; the choice of which one to select is taken using... | Local search algorithm | 0.829653 |
3,812 | Partial differential equations and partial difference equations are unified as partial dynamic equations on time scales. | Time scale calculus | 0.829651 |
3,813 | Time-scale calculus was introduced in 1988 by the German mathematician Stefan Hilger. However, similar ideas have been used before and go back at least to the introduction of the Riemann–Stieltjes integral, which unifies sums and integrals. | Time scale calculus | 0.82965 |
3,814 | The book is written for a general audience, unlike a follow-up work published by Knorr, Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Geometry (1989), which is aimed at other experts in the close reading of Greek mathematical texts. Nevertheless, reviewer Alan Stenger calls The Ancient Tradition of Geometric Problems "very s... | The Ancient Tradition of Geometric Problems | 0.829642 |
3,815 | The goals of the Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI) span clinical service and translational research, aiming to integrate healthcare delivery with modern human genetics and genomics. The GMI coordinates genomics research across many disciplines, including oncology, cardiology, pediatrics, endocrinology and respiratory me... | Genomic Medicine Institute | 0.829642 |
3,816 | Charis Eng is the Chair and founding Director of the Genomic Medicine Institute. She holds the Sondra J. and Stephen R. Hardis Endowed Chair of Cancer Genomic Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic and is an American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor. She is also Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Genetic... | Genomic Medicine Institute | 0.829642 |
3,817 | The Genomic Medicine Institute at the Cleveland Clinic is an inter-disciplinary institute and department that focuses on patient care, patient-oriented research, and outreach and education in personalized healthcare guided by genetics and genomics. It is located in the Center for Genomics Research Building in the Cleve... | Genomic Medicine Institute | 0.829642 |
3,818 | The Bioinformatics Core of the Lerner Research Institute is hosted at the Genomic Medicine Institute, and provides essential analysis for the integration of complex biological and clinical data to researchers across Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic (and beyond) either as fee-for-service or as collaborative e... | Genomic Medicine Institute | 0.829642 |
3,819 | These services are available at both the Main Campus as well as satellite locations of the Cleveland Clinic Health system. Patients who will benefit from genetic counseling include A person with a birth defect, genetic disease, or early onset of cancer A person with a child or close relative with a birth defect, inheri... | Genomic Medicine Institute | 0.829642 |
3,820 | The Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare (CPGH) is a leading group in genetic health that is staffed by both specialist physicians and genetic counselors. Specifically, the patient is evaluated in the context of his or her personal medical history, family background and physical examination. A full range of genet... | Genomic Medicine Institute | 0.829642 |
3,821 | In statistics, specifically regression analysis, a binary regression estimates a relationship between one or more explanatory variables and a single output binary variable. Generally the probability of the two alternatives is modeled, instead of simply outputting a single value, as in linear regression. Binary regressi... | Binary response model | 0.829621 |
3,822 | Manifold Sculpting uses graduated optimization to find an embedding. Like other algorithms, it computes the k-nearest neighbors and tries to seek an embedding that preserves relationships in local neighborhoods. It slowly scales variance out of higher dimensions, while simultaneously adjusting points in lower dimension... | Manifold learning | 0.829585 |
3,823 | Extending this definition, an isopotential is the locus of all points that are of the same potential. Gravity is perpendicular to the equipotential surfaces of the gravity potential, and in electrostatics and steady electric currents, the electric field (and hence the current, if any) is perpendicular to the equipotent... | Equipotential | 0.829583 |
3,824 | In mathematics and physics, an equipotential or isopotential refers to a region in space where every point is at the same potential. This usually refers to a scalar potential (in that case it is a level set of the potential), although it can also be applied to vector potentials. An equipotential of a scalar potential f... | Equipotential | 0.829583 |
3,825 | The theorem below also assumes that, as a base case for the recurrence, T ( n ) = Θ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle T(n)=\Theta (1)} when n {\displaystyle n} is less than some bound κ > 0 {\displaystyle \kappa >0} , the smallest input size that will lead to a recursive call. Recurrences of this form often satisfy one of the three... | Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) | 0.829575 |
3,826 | The master theorem always yields asymptotically tight bounds to recurrences from divide and conquer algorithms that partition an input into smaller subproblems of equal sizes, solve the subproblems recursively, and then combine the subproblem solutions to give a solution to the original problem. The time for such an al... | Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) | 0.829575 |
3,827 | Each node does an amount of work that corresponds to the size of the subproblem n passed to that instance of the recursive call and given by f ( n ) {\displaystyle f(n)} . The total amount of work done by the entire algorithm is the sum of the work performed by all the nodes in the tree. The runtime of an algorithm suc... | Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) | 0.829575 |
3,828 | T ( n ) = 8 T ( n 2 ) + 1000 n 2 {\displaystyle T(n)=8T\left({\frac {n}{2}}\right)+1000n^{2}} As one can see from the formula above: a = 8 , b = 2 , f ( n ) = 1000 n 2 {\displaystyle a=8,\,b=2,\,f(n)=1000n^{2}} , so f ( n ) = O ( n c ) {\displaystyle f(n)=O\left(n^{c}\right)} , where c = 2 {\displaystyle c=2} Next, we ... | Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) | 0.829575 |
3,829 | T ( n ) = 2 T ( n 2 ) + n 2 {\displaystyle T(n)=2T\left({\frac {n}{2}}\right)+n^{2}} As we can see in the formula above the variables get the following values: a = 2 , b = 2 , f ( n ) = n 2 {\displaystyle a=2,\,b=2,\,f(n)=n^{2}} f ( n ) = Ω ( n c ) {\displaystyle f(n)=\Omega \left(n^{c}\right)} , where c = 2 {\displays... | Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) | 0.829575 |
3,830 | T ( n ) = 2 T ( n 2 ) + 10 n {\displaystyle T(n)=2T\left({\frac {n}{2}}\right)+10n} As we can see in the formula above the variables get the following values: a = 2 , b = 2 , c = 1 , f ( n ) = 10 n {\displaystyle a=2,\,b=2,\,c=1,\,f(n)=10n} f ( n ) = Θ ( n c log k n ) {\displaystyle f(n)=\Theta \left(n^{c}\log ^{k}n\... | Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) | 0.829575 |
3,831 | In the analysis of algorithms, the master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences provides an asymptotic analysis (using Big O notation) for recurrence relations of types that occur in the analysis of many divide and conquer algorithms. The approach was first presented by Jon Bentley, Dorothea Blostein (née Haken), ... | Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) | 0.829575 |
3,832 | This is a list of articles on biophysics. | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,833 | M1 protein M2 proton channel MHC class I Magnesium transporter Magnetoception Magnetosome Magnetospirillum Magnetotactic bacteria Magnetotaxis Manfred Eigen Marcelo Osvaldo Magnasco Marche a petit pas Mario Ageno Martin Gruebele Maurice Wilkins Max Delbrück Max Perutz Mechanics of human sexuality Mechanome Mechanosensi... | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,834 | Shredding refers to the process in bioinformatics of taking assembled gene sequences and disassembling them into short sequences of usually 500 to 750 base pairs (bp). This is generally done for the purpose of taking the short shredded sequences and reapplying various analysis and bioinformatic techniques. Being able t... | Shredding (disassembling genomic data) | 0.829544 |
3,835 | VCAM-1 VDAC1 VDAC2 VDAC3 V formation Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Vertical clinging and leaping Vesicle (biology and chemistry) Voltage-dependent anion channel Voltage-dependent calcium channel Voltage-gated ion channel Voltage-gated potassium channel Voltage-gated potassium channel database Voltage-gated proton channel | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,836 | HCN1 HCN2 HCN3 HCN4 HCN channel HERG HTR3A HTR3B HTR3C HTR3D HTR3E HVCN1 Hal Anger Hans Frauenfelder Haptotaxis Harold J. Morowitz Harry F. Noller Henri Atlan Hermann Joseph Muller Hermann von Helmholtz Heterotrimeric G protein Hill's muscle model Hille equation Hodgkin cycle Hodgkin–Huxley model Homeoviscous adaptatio... | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,837 | Ecomechanics Efflux (microbiology) Egg white Elasticity of cell membranes Electrochemical gradient Electromethanogenesis Electrophysiology Electrotonic potential Elizabeth Rhoades Ena/Vasp homology proteins Endocytosis Endomembrane system Endoskeleton Enid MacRobbie Enzymatic biofuel cell Enzyme kinetics Ephraim Katzir... | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,838 | BEST2 BK channel Bacterial outer membrane Balance (ability) Bat Bat wing development Bert Sakmann Bestrophin 1 Biased random walk (biochemistry) Bioelectrochemical reactor Bioelectrochemistry Biofilm Biological material Biological membrane Biomechanics Biomechanics of sprint running Biophysical Society Biophysics Bird ... | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,839 | S-layer SCN10A SCN1B SCN2B SCN3A SCN3B SCN4B SCN7A SCN8A SCNN1A SCNN1B SCNN1D SCNN1G SIGLEC SK3 SK channel Saffman–Delbrück model Sammy Lee (scientist) Sarcolemma Sarcomere SecY protein Secondary active transport Secretory pathway Semipermeable membrane Sergei Kovalev Serotonin transporter Serous membrane Sessility (zo... | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,840 | R-type calcium channel ROMK RYR1 RYR3 Radial spoke Receptor (biochemistry) Reinhart Heinrich Reversal potential Richard Ernest Kronauer Robert Corey Robert G. Shulman Robert Haynes Robley C. Williams Roger Wartell Roland Benz Role of skin in locomotion Rosalind Franklin Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Rotating locomotion in livi... | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,841 | P-type ATPase P-type calcium channel P2RX1 P2RX2 P2RX3 P2RX4 P2RX5 P2RX6 P2RX7 P2X purinoreceptor P300-CBP coactivator family PF-4840154 PKD1 PSORT PSORTdb PTS1R Parkinsonian gait Passive transport Paul Lauterbur Paulien Hogeweg Peptide transporter 1 Peptidoglycan Peroxisomal targeting signal Perylene Peter Mansfield P... | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,842 | Optical tweezers Oreste Piro Origin of avian flight Osmoregulation Osmotic pressure Outer mitochondrial membrane Outline of biophysics Overhead throwing motion | Index of biophysics articles | 0.829544 |
3,843 | Still, it would be almost thirty years until the theoretical framework for evolution of complex traits would be widely formalized. In an early summary of the theory of evolution of continuous variation, Sewall Wright, a graduate student who trained under Castle, summarized contemporary thinking about the genetic basis ... | Polygenic inheritance | 0.829536 |
3,844 | In 2016, Mission Neutral Park has acquired specialized R&D assets in Genome Valley from U.S.-based Alexandria REIT and rechristened it as MN Park. It is a collaborative life sciences ecosystem in Genome Valley, Hyderabad consisting of Grade A R&D facilities. MN Park is spread over 400 acres including build-up facilitie... | Genome Valley | 0.829528 |
3,845 | International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad National Animal... | Genome Valley | 0.829528 |
3,846 | Translation complex profile sequencing (TCP-seq) is a molecular biology method for obtaining snapshots of momentary distribution of protein synthesis complexes along messenger RNA (mRNA) chains. | TCP-seq | 0.829519 |
3,847 | The advantages of the method include: uniquely wide field of view (because translation complexes of any type, including scanning small ribosomal subunits, are captured for the first time); potentially more natural representation of complex dynamics (because all, and not only selected, translation processes are arrested... | TCP-seq | 0.829519 |
3,848 | Boolean operations are used in digital logic to combine the bits carried on individual wires, thereby interpreting them over {0,1}. When a vector of n identical binary gates are used to combine two bit vectors each of n bits, the individual bit operations can be understood collectively as a single operation on values f... | Boolean operation (Boolean algebra) | 0.829519 |
3,849 | A sufficient subset of the above laws consists of the pairs of associativity, commutativity, and absorption laws, distributivity of ∧ over ∨ (or the other distributivity law—one suffices), and the two complement laws. In fact this is the traditional axiomatization of Boolean algebra as a complemented distributive latti... | Boolean operation (Boolean algebra) | 0.829519 |
3,850 | In particular the finitely many equations we have listed above suffice. We say that Boolean algebra is finitely axiomatizable or finitely based. | Boolean operation (Boolean algebra) | 0.829519 |
3,851 | The above definition of an abstract Boolean algebra as a set and operations satisfying "the" Boolean laws raises the question, what are those laws? A simple-minded answer is "all Boolean laws", which can be defined as all equations that hold for the Boolean algebra of 0 and 1. Since there are infinitely many such laws ... | Boolean operation (Boolean algebra) | 0.829519 |
3,852 | In two dimensions, i.e. plane geometry, if the points p and q have Cartesian coordinates ( x 1 , y 1 ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})} and ( x 2 , y 2 ) {\displaystyle (x_{2},y_{2})} , their Chebyshev distance is D C h e b y s h e v = max ( | x 2 − x 1 | , | y 2 − y 1 | ) . {\displaystyle D_{\rm {Chebyshev}}=\max \left(\... | Maximum metric | 0.829512 |
3,853 | The disjunction introduction rule may be written in sequent notation: P ⊢ ( P ∨ Q ) {\displaystyle P\vdash (P\lor Q)} where ⊢ {\displaystyle \vdash } is a metalogical symbol meaning that P ∨ Q {\displaystyle P\lor Q} is a syntactic consequence of P {\displaystyle P} in some logical system; and expressed as a truth-func... | Disjunction introduction | 0.829483 |
3,854 | In mathematics, a constant term (sometimes referred to as a free term) is a term in an algebraic expression that does not contain any variables and therefore is constant. For example, in the quadratic polynomial x 2 + 2 x + 3 , {\displaystyle x^{2}+2x+3,\ } the 3 is a constant term.After like terms are combined, an alg... | Constant term | 0.829455 |
3,855 | Raised in Manchester, England, Shepherd studied piano at Chetham's School of Music before receiving a PhD in neuroscience and epigenetics at University College London. He also worked as a DJ at Plastic People, a London club, in the late 2000s.Shepherd's musical influences include Claude Debussy, Olivier Messiaen, and B... | Floating Points | 0.829455 |
3,856 | In calculus and its application to physics and other sciences, it is rather common to consider a variable, say y, whose possible values depend on the value of another variable, say x. In mathematical terms, the dependent variable y represents the value of a function of x. To simplify formulas, it is often useful to use... | Variable (mathematics) | 0.82945 |
3,857 | A parameter is a quantity (usually a number) which is a part of the input of a problem, and remains constant during the whole solution of this problem. For example, in mechanics the mass and the size of a solid body are parameters for the study of its movement. In computer science, parameter has a different meaning and... | Variable (mathematics) | 0.82945 |
3,858 | The AI Challenge was an international artificial intelligence programming contest started by the University of Waterloo Computer Science Club. Initially the contest was for University of Waterloo students only. In 2010, the contest gained sponsorship from Google and allowed it to extend to international students and th... | AI Challenge | 0.829447 |
3,859 | Computer algebra systems are software environments that support and scaffold working with symbolic expressions. Some computer algebra systems have intuitive, child-friendly interfaces and therefore can be used in Early Algebra. Interactive geometry software supports creation and manipulation of geometric constructions. | Modern elementary mathematics | 0.829444 |
3,860 | The discipline of ethnomathematics studies relationships between mathematics and cultures, including arts and crafts. Some hands-on activities, such as creating tiling, can help children and grown-ups see mathematical art all around them.Project-based learning approaches help students explore mathematics together with ... | Modern elementary mathematics | 0.829444 |
3,861 | Both computer algebra systems and interactive geometry software help with several cognitive limitations of young children, such as attention and memory. The software scaffolds step-by-step procedures, helping children focus attention. It has "undo" capabilities, lowering frustration when errors happen, and promoting cr... | Modern elementary mathematics | 0.829444 |
3,862 | Geometry: Specially developed physical and virtual manipulatives, as well as interactive geometry software, can make geometry (beyond basic sorting and measuring) available to elementary learners. Calculus: New innovations, such as Don Cohen's map to calculus, which was developed using children's work and level of unde... | Modern elementary mathematics | 0.829444 |
3,863 | Making all areas of mathematics accessible to young children is a key goal of modern elementary mathematics. Author and academic Liping Ma calls for "profound understanding of fundamental mathematics" by elementary teachers and parents of learners, as well as learners themselves. Algebra: Early algebra covers the appro... | Modern elementary mathematics | 0.829444 |
3,864 | Polymerase chain reaction itself is the process used to amplify DNA samples, via a temperature-mediated DNA polymerase. The products can be used for sequencing or analysis, and this process is a key part of many genetics research laboratories, along with uses in DNA fingerprinting for forensics and other human genetic ... | Nested PCR | 0.829442 |
3,865 | A balance of magnesium is vital to the well-being of all organisms. Magnesium is a relatively abundant ion in Earth's crust and mantle and is highly bioavailable in the hydrosphere. This availability, in combination with a useful and very unusual chemistry, may have led to its utilization in evolution as an ion for sig... | Magnesium in biology | 0.829439 |
3,866 | When interacting with enzymes and other proteins, Mg2+ may bind using inner or outer sphere coordination, to either alter the conformation of the enzyme or take part in the chemistry of the catalytic reaction. In either case, because Mg2+ is only rarely fully dehydrated during ligand binding, it may be a water molecule... | Magnesium in biology | 0.829439 |
3,867 | The chemistry of the Mg2+ ion, as applied to enzymes, uses the full range of this ion's unusual reaction chemistry to fulfill a range of functions. Mg2+ interacts with substrates, enzymes, and occasionally both (Mg2+ may form part of the active site). In general, Mg2+ interacts with substrates through inner sphere coor... | Magnesium in biology | 0.829439 |
3,868 | Nucleic acids have an important range of interactions with Mg2+. The binding of Mg2+ to DNA and RNA stabilises structure; this can be observed in the increased melting temperature (Tm) of double-stranded DNA in the presence of Mg2+. In addition, ribosomes contain large amounts of Mg2+ and the stabilisation provided is ... | Magnesium in biology | 0.829439 |
3,869 | Magnesium ions (Mg2+) in cellular biology are usually in almost all senses opposite to Ca2+ ions, because they are bivalent too, but have greater electronegativity and thus exert greater pull on water molecules, preventing passage through the channel (even though the magnesium itself is smaller). Thus, Mg2+ ions block ... | Magnesium in biology | 0.829439 |
3,870 | In photosynthetic organisms, Mg2+ has the additional vital role of being the coordinating ion in the chlorophyll molecule. This role was discovered by Richard Willstätter, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 for the purification and structure of chlorophyll binding with sixth number of carbon | Magnesium in biology | 0.829439 |
3,871 | Mg2+ is the fourth-most-abundant metal ion in cells (per moles) and the most abundant free divalent cation — as a result, it is deeply and intrinsically woven into cellular metabolism. Indeed, Mg2+-dependent enzymes appear in virtually every metabolic pathway: Specific binding of Mg2+ to biological membranes is frequen... | Magnesium in biology | 0.829438 |
3,872 | Within individual plant cells, the Mg2+ requirements are largely the same as for all cellular life; Mg2+ is used to stabilise membranes, is vital to the utilisation of ATP, is extensively involved in the nucleic acid biochemistry, and is a cofactor for many enzymes (including the ribosome). Also, Mg2+ is the coordinati... | Magnesium in biology | 0.829438 |
3,873 | Knowledge can be developed in ontologies that conform to standards such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL). In this way knowledge can be standardized and shared across a broad community of knowledge workers. One example domain where this approach has been successful is bioinformatics. | Knowledge Acquisition | 0.829427 |
3,874 | Knowledge acquisition is the process used to define the rules and ontologies required for a knowledge-based system. The phrase was first used in conjunction with expert systems to describe the initial tasks associated with developing an expert system, namely finding and interviewing domain experts and capturing their k... | Knowledge Acquisition | 0.829427 |
3,875 | The proliferation of bioinformatics tools for genetic analysis aids researchers in identifying and categorizing genes and gene sets of interest in their work; however, the large variety of tools that perform substantially similar aggregative and analytical functions can also confuse and frustrate new users. The decentr... | Sequence profiling tool | 0.829403 |
3,876 | A typical sequence profiling tool carries this further by using an actual DNA, RNA, or protein sequence as an input and allows the user to visit different web-based analysis tools to obtain the information desired. Such tools are also commonly supplied with commercial laboratory equipment like gene sequencers or someti... | Sequence profiling tool | 0.829403 |
3,877 | A sequence profiling tool in bioinformatics is a type of software that presents information related to a genetic sequence, gene name, or keyword input. Such tools generally take a query such as a DNA, RNA, or protein sequence or ‘keyword’ and search one or more databases for information related to that sequence. Summar... | Sequence profiling tool | 0.829403 |
3,878 | The "post-genomics" era has given rise to a range of web-based tools and software to compile, organize, and deliver large amounts of primary sequence information, as well as protein structures, gene annotations, sequence alignments, and other common bioinformatics tasks. In general, there exist three types of databases... | Sequence profiling tool | 0.829403 |
3,879 | Most of the profiling tools available on the web today fall into this category. The user, upon visiting the site/tool, enters any relevant information like a keyword e.g. dystrophy, diabetes etc., or GenBank accession numbers, PDB ID. All the relevant hits by the search are presented in a format unique to each tool's m... | Sequence profiling tool | 0.829403 |
3,880 | Photosynthesis Research is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering various aspects of photosynthesis. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the International Society of Photosynthesis Research and was established in 1980. The editor-in-chief is Johannes Messinger (Uppsala Univers... | Photosynthesis Research | 0.82939 |
3,881 | For instance: the NAND operation requires that: f ( 1 , 1 ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(1,1)=0} and f ( 1 , 0 ) = f ( 0 , 1 ) = f ( 0 , 0 ) = 1 {\displaystyle f(1,0)=f(0,1)=f(0,0)=1} .These Boolean polynomials can be immediately extended to any number of variables, producing a large potential variety of logical operators. In ... | Vector logic | 0.829377 |
3,882 | Vector logic is an algebraic model of elementary logic based on matrix algebra. Vector logic assumes that the truth values map on vectors, and that the monadic and dyadic operations are executed by matrix operators. "Vector logic" has also been used to refer to the representation of classical propositional logic as a v... | Vector logic | 0.829377 |
3,883 | This fact is retained by vector logic, and has been partially used in neural models focused in the investigation of the branched structure of natural languages. The computation via reversible operations as the Fredkin gate can be implemented in vector logic. Such an implementation provides explicit expressions for matr... | Vector logic | 0.829377 |
3,884 | Vector logic can be extended to include many truth values since large-dimensional vector spaces allow the creation of many orthogonal truth values and the corresponding logical matrices. Logical modalities can be fully represented in this context, with recursive process inspired in neural models. Some cognitive problem... | Vector logic | 0.829377 |
3,885 | This operator was originally defined for qubits in the framework of quantum computing. In vector logic, this operator can be extended for arbitrary orthonormal truth values. There are, in fact, two square roots of NOT: A = ( N ) 1 = 1 2 ( 1 + i ) I + 1 2 ( 1 − i ) N {\displaystyle A=({\sqrt {N}})_{1}={\frac {1}{2}}(1+i... | Vector logic | 0.829377 |
3,886 | The monadic operators result from the application M o n: V 2 → V 2 {\displaystyle Mon:V_{2}\to V_{2}} , and the associated matrices have q rows and q columns. The two basic monadic operators for this two-valued vector logic are the identity and the negation: Identity: A logical identity ID(p) is represented by matrix I... | Vector logic | 0.829377 |
3,887 | Other matrix and vector approaches to logical calculus have been developed in the framework of quantum physics, computer science and optics.The Indian biophysicist G.N. Ramachandran developed a formalism using algebraic matrices and vectors to represent many operations of classical Jain logic known as Syad and Saptbhan... | Vector logic | 0.829377 |
3,888 | Early attempts to use linear algebra to represent logic operations can be referred to Peirce and Copilowish, particularly in the use of logical matrices to interpret the calculus of relations. The approach has been inspired in neural network models based on the use of high-dimensional matrices and vectors. Vector logic... | Vector logic | 0.829377 |
3,889 | In the classical propositional calculus, the law of contraposition p → q ≡ ¬q → ¬p is proved because the equivalence holds for all the possible combinations of truth-values of p and q. Instead, in vector logic, the law of contraposition emerges from a chain of equalities within the rules of matrix algebra and Kronecker... | Vector logic | 0.829377 |
3,890 | Neural modeling field (NMF) is a mathematical framework for machine learning which combines ideas from neural networks, fuzzy logic, and model based recognition. It has also been referred to as modeling fields, modeling fields theory (MFT), Maximum likelihood artificial neural networks (MLANS). This framework has been ... | Neural modeling fields | 0.829368 |
3,891 | Coefficients r(m), called priors in probability theory, contain preliminary biases or expectations, expected objects m have relatively high r(m) values; their true values are usually unknown and should be learned, like other parameters Sm. Note that in probability theory, a product of probabilities usually assumes that... | Neural modeling fields | 0.829368 |
3,892 | (2)The structure of the expression above follows standard principles of the probability theory: a summation is taken over alternatives, m, and various pieces of evidence, n, are multiplied. This expression is not necessarily a probability, but it has a probabilistic structure. If learning is successful, it approximates... | Neural modeling fields | 0.829368 |
3,893 | Equations (3), (4), and (5) define a convergent dynamic NMF system with stationary states defined by max{Sm}L. It follows that the stationary states of an MF system are the maximum similarity states. When partial similarities are specified as probability density functions (pdf), or likelihoods, the stationary values of... | Neural modeling fields | 0.829368 |
3,894 | DNAPrint Genomics was a genetics company with a wide range of products related to genetic profiling. They were the first company to introduce forensic and consumer genomics products, which were developed immediately upon the publication of the first complete draft of the human genome in the early 2000s. They researched... | DNAPrint Genomics | 0.829366 |
3,895 | In particular, the delivery of the information to the average consumer in the form of percentages of racial background has proved to be somewhat misleading. Several companies offer similar genetic testing services as AncestrybyDNA, such as CRI Genetics, AncestryDNA (not to be confused with AncestrybyDNA), and 23andMe. ... | DNAPrint Genomics | 0.829365 |
3,896 | In the early 2000s, under the leadership of founder and then CEO Tony N. Frudakis, Ph.D., DNAPrint forged a nascent consumer genetics/genomics and forensic phenotyping marketplace. In the mid to late 2000s many journalists and academics harshly criticized DNAPrint's application of genomics research for consumer and for... | DNAPrint Genomics | 0.829365 |
3,897 | In mathematics, a basic algebraic operation is any one of the common operations of arithmetic, which include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a whole number power, and taking roots (fractional power). These operations may be performed on numbers, in which case they are often called arithmetic... | Algebraic operation | 0.829361 |
3,898 | An algebraic operation may also be defined simply as a function from a Cartesian power of a set to the same set.The term algebraic operation may also be used for operations that may be defined by compounding basic algebraic operations, such as the dot product. In calculus and mathematical analysis, algebraic operation ... | Algebraic operation | 0.829361 |
3,899 | In engineering sciences, less formal use of the notation is to state that one quantity is "much greater" than another, normally by several orders of magnitude. The notation a ≪ b means that a is much less than b. The notation a ≫ b means that a is much greater than b.This implies that the lesser value can be neglected ... | Strict inequality | 0.829358 |
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