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3,600 | Some CAS software can solve differential equations. These CAS software and their commands are worth mentioning: Maple: dsolve Mathematica: DSolve Maxima: ode2(equation, y, x) SageMath: desolve() SymPy: sympy.solvers.ode.dsolve(equation) Xcas: desolve(y'=k*y,y) | Differential Equations | 0.830231 |
3,601 | The CAFA experiment is conducted by the Automated Function Prediction (AFP) Special Interest Group (AFP/SIG). CAFA was conceived by Dr. Inbal (Halperin) Landsberg, and was organized by her along with Prof. Russ Altman, and Dr. Iddo Friedberg. An AFP/SIG meeting has been held alongside the Intelligent Systems for Molecu... | Critical Assessment of Function Annotation | 0.830225 |
3,602 | Since 1938, although the aim of the IEV remains unchanged – to provide precise, brief and correct definitions of internationally accepted concepts in the field of electrotechnology, electronics and telecommunications – the scope of the IEV has expanded in line with the expansion of the electrotechnical industry. The nu... | International Electrotechnical Vocabulary | 0.830219 |
3,603 | See also spectroscopic binary. astrometry The branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. astronomical body Also celestial body. | Critical velocity (rotation) | 0.830199 |
3,604 | A field that studies the geology of solidified bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. Investigations are centered around the composition, structure, processes, and history of these objects. astrometric binary A type of binary system where evidence for an unseen orbiting companion... | Critical velocity (rotation) | 0.830199 |
3,605 | An interdisciplinary field that studies the origins, evolution, distribution, and future of living systems in the universe, encompassing research on organic compounds in space, abiogenesis and extreme-environment adaptation on Earth, the habitability of extrasolar planets, the possible existence of extraterrestrial lif... | Critical velocity (rotation) | 0.830199 |
3,606 | asteroid belt The circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter that is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped small Solar System bodies ranging in size from dust particles to asteroids and minor planets. The asteroid belt is often called the main asteroid belt or main b... | Critical velocity (rotation) | 0.830199 |
3,607 | astronomy The scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena, the origins of those objects and phenomena, and their evolution. astrophotography astrophysics The branch of astronomy that employs principles of physics and chemistry to determine the nature of astronomical objects and phenomena, examining properties s... | Critical velocity (rotation) | 0.830199 |
3,608 | observable universe observational astronomy The practice and study of directly observing astronomical objects with the use of telescopes and other astronomical instruments. It is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, as opposed to theoretical astronomy, which is concerned with calculating the mea... | Critical velocity (rotation) | 0.830199 |
3,609 | In the last step, the actual backtracking part, patterns from these sets are tried to be combined or overlayed in a non-conflicting way until the one permissible combination is hit upon. The Implementation is exceptionally easy when using bit vectors, because for all the tests only bit-wise logical operations are neede... | Sudoku solving algorithms | 0.830199 |
3,610 | Let Q be the 9x9 Sudoku matrix, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, and X represent a generic row, column, or block. N supplies symbols for filling Q as well as the index set for the 9 elements of any X. The given elements q in Q represent a partial function from Q to N. The solution R is a total relation and hence a func... | Sudoku solving algorithms | 0.830199 |
3,611 | In 2020, machine learning technology was used to help make diagnoses and aid researchers in developing a cure for COVID-19. Machine learning was recently applied to predict the pro-environmental behavior of travelers. Recently, machine learning technology was also applied to optimize smartphone's performance and therma... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,612 | In 2012, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, Vinod Khosla, predicted that 80% of medical doctors jobs would be lost in the next two decades to automated machine learning medical diagnostic software. In 2014, it was reported that a machine learning algorithm had been applied in the field of art history to study fine art pai... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,613 | There are many applications for machine learning, including: In 2006, the media-services provider Netflix held the first "Netflix Prize" competition to find a program to better predict user preferences and improve the accuracy of its existing Cinematch movie recommendation algorithm by at least 10%. A joint team made u... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,614 | Classification of machine learning models can be validated by accuracy estimation techniques like the holdout method, which splits the data in a training and test set (conventionally 2/3 training set and 1/3 test set designation) and evaluates the performance of the training model on the test set. In comparison, the K-... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,615 | Classification algorithms are used when the outputs are restricted to a limited set of values, and regression algorithms are used when the outputs may have any numerical value within a range. As an example, for a classification algorithm that filters emails, the input would be an incoming email, and the output would be... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,616 | Through iterative optimization of an objective function, supervised learning algorithms learn a function that can be used to predict the output associated with new inputs. An optimal function will allow the algorithm to correctly determine the output for inputs that were not a part of the training data. An algorithm th... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,617 | Since the 2010s, advances in both machine learning algorithms and computer hardware have led to more efficient methods for training deep neural networks (a particular narrow subdomain of machine learning) that contain many layers of non-linear hidden units. By 2019, graphic processing units (GPUs), often with AI-specif... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,618 | Reinforcement learning is an area of machine learning concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment so as to maximize some notion of cumulative reward. Due to its generality, the field is studied in many other disciplines, such as game theory, control theory, operations research, informatio... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,619 | Other approaches have been developed which do not fit neatly into this three-fold categorization, and sometimes more than one is used by the same machine learning system. For example, topic modeling, meta-learning.As of 2022, deep learning is the dominant approach for much ongoing work in the field of machine learning. | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,620 | In 2016, Microsoft tested a chatbot that learned from Twitter, and it quickly picked up racist and sexist language. Because of such challenges, the effective use of machine learning may take longer to be adopted in other domains. Concern for fairness in machine learning, that is, reducing bias in machine learning and p... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,621 | Machine learning systems used for criminal risk assessment have been found to be biased against black people. In 2015, Google photos would often tag black people as gorillas, and in 2018 this still was not well resolved, but Google reportedly was still using the workaround to remove all gorillas from the training data,... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,622 | Machine learning approaches in particular can suffer from different data biases. A machine learning system trained specifically on current customers may not be able to predict the needs of new customer groups that are not represented in the training data. When trained on human-made data, machine learning is likely to p... | Statistical learning | 0.830181 |
3,623 | According to the Mathematics Subject Classification MSC2010, the mathematical discipline Convex and Discrete Geometry includes three major branches: general convexity polytopes and polyhedra discrete geometry(though only portions of the latter two are included in convex geometry). General convexity is further subdivide... | Convex geometry | 0.830177 |
3,624 | In mathematics, convex geometry is the branch of geometry studying convex sets, mainly in Euclidean space. Convex sets occur naturally in many areas: computational geometry, convex analysis, discrete geometry, functional analysis, geometry of numbers, integral geometry, linear programming, probability theory, game theo... | Convex geometry | 0.830177 |
3,625 | Convex geometry is a relatively young mathematical discipline. Although the first known contributions to convex geometry date back to antiquity and can be traced in the works of Euclid and Archimedes, it became an independent branch of mathematics at the turn of the 20th century, mainly due to the works of Hermann Brun... | Convex geometry | 0.830177 |
3,626 | The algebraization of many-sorted logic is explained in an article by Caleiro and Gonçalves, which generalizes abstract algebraic logic to the many-sorted case, but can also be used as introductory material. | Order-sorted logic | 0.830166 |
3,627 | Continual learning means constantly improving the learned model by processing continuous streams of information. Continual learning capabilities are essential for software systems and autonomous agents interacting in an ever changing real world. However, continual learning is a challenge for machine learning and neural... | Batch learning | 0.830157 |
3,628 | Online convex optimization (OCO) is a general framework for decision making which leverages convex optimization to allow for efficient algorithms. The framework is that of repeated game playing as follows: For t = 1 , 2 , . . . | Batch learning | 0.830157 |
3,629 | The simplest learning rule to try is to select (at the current step) the hypothesis that has the least loss over all past rounds. This algorithm is called Follow the leader, and round t {\displaystyle t} is simply given by: w t = a r g m i n w ∈ S ∑ i = 1 t − 1 v i ( w ) {\displaystyle w_{t}=\operatorname {arg\,min} ... | Batch learning | 0.830157 |
3,630 | Mendelian inheritance (also known as Mendelism) is a type of biological inheritance following the principles originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866, re-discovered in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns, and later popularized by William Bateson. These principles were initially controversial. When Mende... | Mendelian genetics | 0.830154 |
3,631 | However, later work by biologists and statisticians such as Ronald Fisher showed that if multiple Mendelian factors were involved in the expression of an individual trait, they could produce the diverse results observed, thus demonstrating that Mendelian genetics is compatible with natural selection. Thomas Hunt Morgan... | Mendelian genetics | 0.830154 |
3,632 | Its most vigorous promoter in Europe was William Bateson, who coined the terms "genetics" and "allele" to describe many of its tenets. The model of heredity was contested by other biologists because it implied that heredity was discontinuous, in opposition to the apparently continuous variation observable for many trai... | Mendelian genetics | 0.830154 |
3,633 | Determine changes in the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and upper atmosphere in order to enable specification, prediction, and mitigation of their effects. Heliophysics seeks to develop an understanding of the response of the near-Earth plasma regions to space weather. This complex, highly coupled system protects E... | NASA Heliophysics | 0.830153 |
3,634 | Additionally, under the protective shield of Earth's magnetic field and its atmosphere, NASA science sees the Earth as an island in the universe where life has developed and flourished. The origins and fate of life on Earth are intimately connected to the Sun's behavior. Hence, NASA science studies Heliophysics from th... | NASA Heliophysics | 0.830152 |
3,635 | NASA Heliophysics is an aspect of NASA science that enables understanding the Sun, heliosphere, and planetary environments as a single connected system. In addition to solar processes, this domain of study includes the interaction of solar plasma and solar radiation with Earth, the other planets, and the galaxy. By ana... | NASA Heliophysics | 0.830152 |
3,636 | Methods have been developed to see into the internal workings of the Sun and understand how the Earth's magnetosphere responds to solar activity. Further studies are concerned with exploring the full system of complex interactions that characterize the relationship of the Sun with the Solar System. According to NASA, u... | NASA Heliophysics | 0.830152 |
3,637 | In statistics, the method of estimating equations is a way of specifying how the parameters of a statistical model should be estimated. This can be thought of as a generalisation of many classical methods—the method of moments, least squares, and maximum likelihood—as well as some recent methods like M-estimators. The ... | Estimating equations | 0.830148 |
3,638 | . , x n {\displaystyle \ x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{n}} ),( y 1 , y 2 , . . . , y p {\displaystyle \ y_{1},y_{2},...,y_{p}} ))Rote learning was used by Samuel's Checkers on an IBM 701, a milestone in the use of artificial intelligence. | Rote learning | 0.830132 |
3,639 | Rote learning is also used to describe a simple learning pattern used in machine learning, although it does not involve repetition, unlike the usual meaning of rote learning. The machine is programmed to keep a history of calculations and compare new input against its history of inputs and outputs, retrieving the store... | Rote learning | 0.830132 |
3,640 | Rote learning is widely used in the mastery of foundational knowledge. Examples of school topics where rote learning is frequently used include phonics in reading, the periodic table in chemistry, multiplication tables in mathematics, anatomy in medicine, cases or statutes in law, basic formulae in any science, etc. By... | Rote learning | 0.830132 |
3,641 | Cosmic shear, an effect of distortion of image of distant galaxies due to deflection of light by matter, as predicted by general relativity (see also gravitational lens) Shear mapping, a particular type of mapping in linear algebra, also called transvection Shear matrix in geometry, a linear transformation shearing a s... | Shear (mechanics) | 0.830119 |
3,642 | Shear (geology), a form of fault in rocks Shear stress in physics, refers to a stress state that will cause shearing when it exceeds a material's shear strength Shearing (physics), the deformation of a material substance in which parallel internal surfaces slide past one another Shear strength | Shear (mechanics) | 0.830119 |
3,643 | Suppose G is a finite group of order n, and d is a divisor of n. The number of order d elements in G is a multiple of φ(d) (possibly zero), where φ is Euler's totient function, giving the number of positive integers no larger than d and coprime to it. For example, in the case of S3, φ(3) = 2, and we have exactly two el... | Group order | 0.830107 |
3,644 | Localized electronic effects are a combination of inductive and field effects. Due to the similarity in these effects, it is difficult to separate their contributions to the electronic structure of a molecule. There is, however, a large body of literature devoted to developing an understanding of the relative significa... | Field effect (chemistry) | 0.830073 |
3,645 | The very first geometric proof in the Elements, shown in the figure above, is that any line segment is part of a triangle; Euclid constructs this in the usual way, by drawing circles around both endpoints and taking their intersection as the third vertex. His axioms, however, do not guarantee that the circles actually ... | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,646 | The century's most influential development in geometry occurred when, around 1830, János Bolyai and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky separately published work on non-Euclidean geometry, in which the parallel postulate is not valid. Since non-Euclidean geometry is provably relatively consistent with Euclidean geometry, the... | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,647 | Thales' theorem, named after Thales of Miletus states that if A, B, and C are points on a circle where the line AC is a diameter of the circle, then the angle ABC is a right angle. Cantor supposed that Thales proved his theorem by means of Euclid Book I, Prop. 32 after the manner of Euclid Book III, Prop. 31. | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,648 | Geometry can be used to design origami. Some classical construction problems of geometry are impossible using compass and straightedge, but can be solved using origami.Much of CAD (computer-aided design) and CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) is based on Euclidean geometry. Design geometry typically consists of shapes ... | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,649 | This problem has applications in error detection and correction. Geometric optics uses Euclidean geometry to analyze the focusing of light by lenses and mirrors. Geometry is used extensively in architecture. | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,650 | Historically, distances were often measured by chains, such as Gunter's chain, and angles using graduated circles and, later, the theodolite. An application of Euclidean solid geometry is the determination of packing arrangements, such as the problem of finding the most efficient packing of spheres in n dimensions. | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,651 | Because of Euclidean geometry's fundamental status in mathematics, it is impractical to give more than a representative sampling of applications here. As suggested by the etymology of the word, one of the earliest reasons for interest in and also one of the most common current use of geometry is surveying. In addition ... | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,652 | The celebrated Pythagorean theorem (book I, proposition 47) states that in any right triangle, the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs (the two sides that meet at a right angle). | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,653 | Notions such as prime numbers and rational and irrational numbers are introduced. It is proved that there are infinitely many prime numbers. Books XI–XIII concern solid geometry. A typical result is the 1:3 ratio between the volume of a cone and a cylinder with the same height and base. The platonic solids are construc... | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,654 | (Book I proposition 17) and the Pythagorean theorem "In right-angled triangles the square on the side subtending the right angle is equal to the squares on the sides containing the right angle." (Book I, proposition 47) Books V and VII–X deal with number theory, with numbers treated geometrically as lengths of line seg... | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,655 | The Elements is mainly a systematization of earlier knowledge of geometry. Its improvement over earlier treatments was rapidly recognized, with the result that there was little interest in preserving the earlier ones, and they are now nearly all lost. There are 13 books in the Elements: Books I–IV and VI discuss plane ... | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.830066 |
3,656 | For such systems, the solution can be obtained in O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} operations instead of O ( n 3 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{3})} required by Gaussian elimination. A first sweep eliminates the a i {\displaystyle a_{i}} 's, and then an (abbreviated) backward substitution produces the solution. Examples of such mat... | Thomas algorithm | 0.830062 |
3,657 | In numerical linear algebra, the tridiagonal matrix algorithm, also known as the Thomas algorithm (named after Llewellyn Thomas), is a simplified form of Gaussian elimination that can be used to solve tridiagonal systems of equations. A tridiagonal system for n unknowns may be written as a i x i − 1 + b i x i + c i x i... | Thomas algorithm | 0.830062 |
3,658 | Still, it is not clear whether all the structural elements required for spindle assembly are known, or how the motors, including Kinesin-5, might be regulated in space and time. Such caveats make assessment of such models difficult. Recent data, however, finds that aspects of the 'force balance' model that posit spindl... | Kinesin 5 | 0.830051 |
3,659 | A linear response function describes the input-output relationship of a signal transducer, such as a radio turning electromagnetic waves into music or a neuron turning synaptic input into a response. Because of its many applications in information theory, physics and engineering there exist alternative names for specif... | Linear response | 0.83005 |
3,660 | Whereas the result of a join (or inner join) consists of tuples formed by combining matching tuples in the two operands, an outer join contains those tuples and additionally some tuples formed by extending an unmatched tuple in one of the operands by "fill" values for each of the attributes of the other operand. Outer ... | Relational Algebra | 0.830049 |
3,661 | Relational database management systems often include a query optimizer which attempts to determine the most efficient way to execute a given query. Query optimizers enumerate possible query plans, estimate their cost, and pick the plan with the lowest estimated cost. If queries are represented by operators from relatio... | Relational Algebra | 0.830049 |
3,662 | There is nothing in relational algebra introduced so far that would allow computations on the data domains (other than evaluation of propositional expressions involving equality). For example, it is not possible using only the algebra introduced so far to write an expression that would multiply the numbers from two col... | Relational Algebra | 0.830049 |
3,663 | Dice notation (also known as dice algebra, common dice notation, RPG dice notation, and several other titles) is a system to represent different combinations of dice in wargames and tabletop role-playing games using simple algebra-like notation such as 2d6+12. | Percentile dice | 0.830044 |
3,664 | Additionally, notation such as AdX−L is not uncommon, the L (or H, less commonly) being used to represent "the lowest result" (or "the highest result"). For instance, 4d6−L means a roll of 4 six-sided dice, dropping the lowest result. This application skews the probability curve towards the higher numbers, as a result ... | Percentile dice | 0.830044 |
3,665 | For this reason, equilibrium constants for solutions are usually determined in media of high ionic strength. Kc varies with ionic strength, temperature and pressure (or volume). Likewise Kp for gases depends on partial pressure. These constants are easier to measure and encountered in high-school chemistry courses. | Equilibrium reaction | 0.830035 |
3,666 | The Hungarian method is a combinatorial optimization algorithm that solves the assignment problem in polynomial time and which anticipated later primal–dual methods. It was developed and published in 1955 by Harold Kuhn, who gave the name "Hungarian method" because the algorithm was largely based on the earlier works o... | Munkres' assignment algorithm | 0.830027 |
3,667 | Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) is the non-susceptibility of one bacteria species to all antimicrobial agents except in two or less antimicrobial categories. Within XDR, pandrug-resistant (PDR) is the non-susceptibility of bacteria to all antimicrobial agents in all antimicrobial categories. The definitions were publi... | Multidrug resistance | 0.830016 |
3,668 | Rosetta Genomics Ltd. was a molecular diagnostics company with offices in Israel and the United States that uses micro-ribonucleic acid (microRNA) biomarkers to develop diagnostic tests designed to differentiate between various types of cancer. The company expects the first three tests based on its technology to be sub... | Rosetta Genomics | 0.83 |
3,669 | Artificial Intelligence for Digital Response (AIDR) is a free and open source platform to filter and classify social media messages related to emergencies, disasters, and humanitarian crises. It has been developed by the Qatar Computing Research Institute and awarded the Grand Prize for the 2015 Open Source Software Wo... | Artificial Intelligence for Digital Response | 0.829988 |
3,670 | Muhammad Imran delivered a keynote talk on the science behind the AIDR system at the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (ISCRAM). Abdelkader Lattab and Ji Lucas also presented the system at the 2016 QCRI-IBM Data Science Connect event. | Artificial Intelligence for Digital Response | 0.829988 |
3,671 | The word "allele" is a short form of allelomorph ("other form", a word coined by British geneticists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders), which was used in the early days of genetics to describe variant forms of a gene detected as different phenotypes. It derives from the Greek prefix ἀλληλο-, allelo-, meaning ... | Multiple allelism | 0.829987 |
3,672 | For example, the ABO blood grouping is controlled by the ABO gene, which has six common alleles (variants). In population genetics, nearly every living human's phenotype for the ABO gene is some combination of just these six alleles.Most alleles observed result in little or no change in the function of the gene product... | Multiple allelism | 0.829986 |
3,673 | An allele (UK: , ; US: ; modern formation from Greek ἄλλος állos, "other") is a variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same place on a long DNA molecule, as described in leading textbooks on genetics and evolution. The word is a short form of "allelomorph". "The chromosomal or genomic location of a gene o... | Multiple allelism | 0.829986 |
3,674 | A population or species of organisms typically includes multiple alleles at each locus among various individuals. Allelic variation at a locus is measurable as the number of alleles (polymorphism) present, or the proportion of heterozygotes in the population. A null allele is a gene variant that lacks the gene's normal... | Multiple allelism | 0.829986 |
3,675 | The problem is that π is not rational (it cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers), nor is it algebraic (it is not a root of a polynomial equation with rational coefficients). So, obtaining an accurate approximation of π is important in the calculation. The computation of the digits of π is relevant to many... | Perimeter | 0.829967 |
3,676 | The perimeter is the distance around a shape. Perimeters for more general shapes can be calculated, as any path, with ∫ 0 L d s {\textstyle \int _{0}^{L}\mathrm {d} s} , where L {\displaystyle L} is the length of the path and d s {\displaystyle ds} is an infinitesimal line element. Both of these must be replaced by alg... | Perimeter | 0.829967 |
3,677 | This problem may seem simple, but its mathematical proof requires some sophisticated theorems. The isoperimetric problem is sometimes simplified by restricting the type of figures to be used. In particular, to find the quadrilateral, or the triangle, or another particular figure, with the largest area amongst those wit... | Perimeter | 0.829967 |
3,678 | A regular polygon may be characterized by the number of its sides and by its circumradius, that is to say, the constant distance between its centre and each of its vertices. The length of its sides can be calculated using trigonometry. If R is a regular polygon's radius and n is the number of its sides, then its perime... | Perimeter | 0.829967 |
3,679 | The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Suborder Roseiflexineae Gupta et al. 2013 Family Roseiflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013 Genus "Kouleothrix" Kohno et al. 2002 Genus Heliothrix Pierson et al... | Green non-sulfur bacteria | 0.829951 |
3,680 | In fact, each conserved quantity is associated with a chemical potential and a corresponding tendency to diffuse to equalize it out.In the case of electrons, the behaviour depends on temperature and context. At low temperatures, with no positrons present, electrons cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore, there is an... | Total chemical potential | 0.829949 |
3,681 | In recent years, thermal physics has applied the definition of chemical potential to systems in particle physics and its associated processes. For example, in a quark–gluon plasma or other QCD matter, at every point in space there is a chemical potential for photons, a chemical potential for electrons, a chemical poten... | Total chemical potential | 0.829949 |
3,682 | Chemical potentials are important in many aspects of multi-phase equilibrium chemistry, including melting, boiling, evaporation, solubility, osmosis, partition coefficient, liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography. In each case the chemical potential of a given species at equilibrium is the same in all phases of the... | Total chemical potential | 0.829949 |
3,683 | Particles tend to move from higher chemical potential to lower chemical potential because this reduces the free energy. In this way, chemical potential is a generalization of "potentials" in physics such as gravitational potential. When a ball rolls down a hill, it is moving from a higher gravitational potential (highe... | Total chemical potential | 0.829949 |
3,684 | When both temperature and pressure are held constant, and the number of particles is expressed in moles, the chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium, the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the fre... | Total chemical potential | 0.829949 |
3,685 | In medical genetics, compound heterozygosity is the condition of having two or more heterogeneous recessive alleles at a particular locus that can cause genetic disease in a heterozygous state; that is, an organism is a compound heterozygote when it has two recessive alleles for the same gene, but with those two allele... | Compound heterozygous | 0.829946 |
3,686 | In 1901 J.W. Gibbs published a work on vectors that included a six-dimensional quantity he called a bivector. It consisted of two three-dimensional vectors in a single object, which he used to describe ellipses in three dimensions. It has fallen out of use as other techniques have been developed, and the name bivector ... | Six-dimensional space | 0.829942 |
3,687 | A number of the above applications can be related to each other algebraically by considering the real, six-dimensional bivectors in four dimensions. These can be written Λ2ℝ4 for the set of bivectors in Euclidean space or Λ2ℝ3,1 for the set of bivectors in spacetime. The Plücker coordinates are bivectors in ℝ4 while th... | Six-dimensional space | 0.829942 |
3,688 | In physics string theory is an attempt to describe general relativity and quantum mechanics with a single mathematical model. Although it is an attempt to model our universe it takes place in a space with more dimensions than the four of spacetime that we are familiar with. In particular a number of string theories tak... | Six-dimensional space | 0.829942 |
3,689 | A functional response in ecology is the intake rate of a consumer as a function of food density (the amount of food available in a given ecotope). It is associated with the numerical response, which is the reproduction rate of a consumer as a function of food density. Following C. S. Holling, functional responses are g... | Functional response | 0.829931 |
3,690 | Instead of the traditional F-statistics, they make use of Bayesian estimates. Holsinger et al. developed an analog to FST, called theta. Studies have found Bayesian estimates to be better predictors of the patterns observed. However, genetic equilibrium-based modeling remains a tool in population and conservation genet... | Genetic equilibrium | 0.82993 |
3,691 | The Hardy–Weinberg principle provides the mathematical framework for genetic equilibrium. Genetic equilibrium itself, whether Hardy-Weinberg or otherwise, provides the groundwork for a number of applications, in including population genetics, conservation and evolutionary biology. With the rapid increase in whole genom... | Genetic equilibrium | 0.82993 |
3,692 | The only 17th-century calculating clocks that have survived to this day do not have a machine-wide carry mechanism and therefore cannot be called fully effective mechanical calculators. A much more successful calculating clock was built by the Italian Giovanni Poleni in the 18th century and was a two-motion calculating... | Mechanical calculating device | 0.829926 |
3,693 | The circumcircle's radius is called the "circumradius". Thales' theorem implies that if the circumcenter is located on a side of the triangle, then the opposite angle is a right one. If the circumcenter is located inside the triangle, then the triangle is acute; if the circumcenter is located outside the triangle, then... | Triangle geometry | 0.829915 |
3,694 | There are thousands of different constructions that find a special point associated with (and often inside) a triangle, satisfying some unique property: see the article Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers for a catalogue of them. Often they are constructed by finding three lines associated in a symmetrical way with the th... | Triangle geometry | 0.829915 |
3,695 | In other words, there is only one plane that contains that triangle, and every triangle is contained in some plane. If the entire geometry is only the Euclidean plane, there is only one plane and all triangles are contained in it; however, in higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces, this is no longer true. This article is ... | Triangle geometry | 0.829915 |
3,696 | A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of the basic shapes in geometry. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is denoted △ A B C {\displaystyle \triangle ABC} . In Euclidean geometry, any three points, when non-collinear, determine a unique triangle and simultaneously, a unique plane (i.e... | Triangle geometry | 0.829915 |
3,697 | "Solution of triangles" is the main trigonometric problem: to find missing characteristics of a triangle (three angles, the lengths of the three sides etc.) when at least three of these characteristics are given. The triangle can be located on a plane or on a sphere. This problem often occurs in various trigonometric a... | Triangle geometry | 0.829915 |
3,698 | In the algebraic entry system with hierarchy (AESH), the precedence of basic mathematical operators is taken into account, whereas calculators with algebraic entry system with parentheses (AESP) support the entry of parentheses. An input scheme known as algebraic operating system (AOS) combines both. This is the name T... | Algebraic input method | 0.829909 |
3,699 | The immediate execution mode of operation (also known as single-step, algebraic entry system (AES) or chain calculation mode) is commonly employed on most general-purpose calculators. In most simple four-function calculators, such as the Windows calculator in Standard mode and those included with most early operating s... | Algebraic input method | 0.829909 |
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