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4,200 | The Hasse–Minkowski theorem implies that a form is universal over Q if and only if it is universal over Qp for all p (where we include p = ∞, letting Q∞ denote R). A form over R is universal if and only if it is not definite; a form over Qp is universal if it has dimension at least 4. One can conclude that all indefini... | Universal quadratic form | 0.8289 |
4,201 | Over the real numbers, the form x2 in one variable is not universal, as it cannot represent negative numbers: the two-variable form x2 − y2 over R is universal. Lagrange's four-square theorem states that every positive integer is the sum of four squares. Hence the form x2 + y2 + z2 + t2 − u2 over Z is universal. Over a... | Universal quadratic form | 0.8289 |
4,202 | The same paper also discussed the use of PDS as a form of microscopy, called "Photothermal Deflection Microscopy", which can yield information about impurities and the surface topology of materials.PDS analysis of thin films can also be performed using a patterned substrate that supports optical resonances, such as gui... | Photothermal spectroscopy | 0.8289 |
4,203 | Research areas include Cell repository, Electron microscopy, Rickettsioses, Hepatitis, Influenza and related viruses, Clinical virology, Biochemistry, Virus registry, and Biostatistics. The research activities of the Institute are coordinated by a Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC). Animal House Avian Influenza Group ... | National Institute of Virology | 0.828899 |
4,204 | Landmark achievements Isolated the 11 strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus and helped India becoming the fifth country in world to isolate the strain First laboratory in the country that developed comprehensive infrastructure facilities like: tissue culture, epidemiology, biochemistry, immunology and medical zoology for researc... | National Institute of Virology | 0.828899 |
4,205 | In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion.In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass m traveling at a speed v is 1 2 m v 2 {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}} .It can be shown that the kinetic energy of an object is equal to the ... | Translational kinetic energy | 0.828897 |
4,206 | In quantum mechanics, observables like kinetic energy are represented as operators. For one particle of mass m, the kinetic energy operator appears as a term in the Hamiltonian and is defined in terms of the more fundamental momentum operator p ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {p}}} . The kinetic energy operator in the non-relat... | Translational kinetic energy | 0.828897 |
4,207 | In molecular biology, SNP array is a type of DNA microarray which is used to detect polymorphisms within a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a variation at a single site in DNA, is the most frequent type of variation in the genome. Around 335 million SNPs have been identified in the human genome, 15 m... | SNP array | 0.828887 |
4,208 | In molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA. Though a double-stranded DNA sequence is generally stable under physiological conditions, changing these conditions in the l... | Nucleic acid hybridisation | 0.828871 |
4,209 | Two events, A and B are said to be independent if P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B). Two random variables, X and Y, are said to be independent if any event defined in terms of X is independent of any event defined in terms of Y. Formally, they generate independent σ-algebras, where two σ-algebras G and H, which are subsets of F are... | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,210 | If the experiment consists of just one flip of a fair coin, then the outcome is either heads or tails: Ω = { H , T } {\displaystyle \Omega =\{{\text{H}},{\text{T}}\}} . The σ-algebra F = 2 Ω {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}=2^{\Omega }} contains 2 2 = 4 {\displaystyle 2^{2}=4} events, namely: { H } {\displaystyle \{{\text... | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,211 | His incomplete information is described by the corresponding partition Ω = B0 ⊔ B1 ⊔ ⋯ ⊔ B100 and the σ-algebra F Bryan {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{\text{Bryan}}} consists of 2101 events. In this case Alice’s σ-algebra is a subset of Bryan’s: F Alice ⊂ F Bryan {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{\text{Alice}}\subset {\ma... | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,212 | Alice knows only whether or not Arnold Schwarzenegger has received at least 60 votes. Her incomplete information is described by the σ-algebra F Alice {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{\text{Alice}}} that contains: (1) the set of all sequences in Ω where at least 60 people vote for Schwarzenegger; (2) the set of all seque... | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,213 | In general, a σ-algebra F ⊆ 2 Ω {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\subseteq 2^{\Omega }} corresponds to a finite or countable partition Ω = B 1 ∪ B 2 ∪ … {\displaystyle \Omega =B_{1}\cup B_{2}\cup \dots } , the general form of an event A ∈ F {\displaystyle A\in {\mathcal {F}}} being A = B k 1 ∪ B k 2 ∪ … {\displaystyle A=B_... | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,214 | Discrete probability theory needs only at most countable sample spaces Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } . Probabilities can be ascribed to points of Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } by the probability mass function p: Ω → {\displaystyle p:\Omega \to } such that ∑ ω ∈ Ω p ( ω ) = 1 {\textstyle \sum _{\omega \in \Omega }p(\omega )=1}... | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,215 | The σ-algebra F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} is a collection of all the events we would like to consider. This collection may or may not include each of the elementary events. Here, an "event" is a set of zero or more outcomes; that is, a subset of the sample space. | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,216 | A number between 0 and 1 is chosen at random, uniformly. Here Ω = , F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} is the σ-algebra of Borel sets on Ω, and P is the Lebesgue measure on . In this case the open intervals of the form (a,b), where 0 < a < b < 1, could be taken as the generator sets. Each such set can be ascribed the pro... | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,217 | This "selection" happens in such a way that if the experiment were repeated many times, the number of occurrences of each event, as a fraction of the total number of experiments, would most likely tend towards the probability assigned to that event by the probability function P {\displaystyle P} . The Soviet mathematic... | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,218 | In probability theory, a probability space or a probability triple ( Ω , F , P ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},P)} is a mathematical construct that provides a formal model of a random process or "experiment". For example, one can define a probability space which models the throwing of a die. A probability spac... | Probability spaces | 0.828871 |
4,219 | Stochastic games have applications in economics, evolutionary biology and computer networks. They are generalizations of repeated games which correspond to the special case where there is only one state. | Stochastic game | 0.828862 |
4,220 | Lejeune Dirichlet noted that many results of number theory, such as unique factorization, would hold true for any other system of numbers to which the Euclidean algorithm could be applied. Lejeune Dirichlet's lectures on number theory were edited and extended by Richard Dedekind, who used Euclid's algorithm to study al... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.828861 |
4,221 | The algorithm may even pre-date Eudoxus, judging from the use of the technical term ἀνθυφαίρεσις (anthyphairesis, reciprocal subtraction) in works by Euclid and Aristotle.Centuries later, Euclid's algorithm was discovered independently both in India and in China, primarily to solve Diophantine equations that arose in a... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.828861 |
4,222 | Another inefficient approach is to find the prime factors of one or both numbers. As noted above, the GCD equals the product of the prime factors shared by the two numbers a and b. Present methods for prime factorization are also inefficient; many modern cryptography systems even rely on that inefficiency.The binary GC... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.828861 |
4,223 | At every step k, the Euclidean algorithm computes a quotient qk and remainder rk from two numbers rk−1 and rk−2 rk−2 = qk rk−1 + rkwhere the rk is non-negative and is strictly less than the absolute value of rk−1. The theorem which underlies the definition of the Euclidean division ensures that such a quotient and rema... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.828861 |
4,224 | The unique factorization of Euclidean domains is useful in many applications. For example, the unique factorization of the Gaussian integers is convenient in deriving formulae for all Pythagorean triples and in proving Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares. Unique factorization was also a key element in an attempted ... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.828861 |
4,225 | This principle relies on the well-ordering property of the non-negative integers, which asserts that every non-empty set of non-negative integers has a smallest member.The fundamental theorem of arithmetic applies to any Euclidean domain: Any number from a Euclidean domain can be factored uniquely into irreducible elem... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.828861 |
4,226 | The Gaussian integers are complex numbers of the form α = u + vi, where u and v are ordinary integers and i is the square root of negative one. By defining an analog of the Euclidean algorithm, Gaussian integers can be shown to be uniquely factorizable, by the argument above. This unique factorization is helpful in man... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.828861 |
4,227 | In 1815, Carl Gauss used the Euclidean algorithm to demonstrate unique factorization of Gaussian integers, although his work was first published in 1832. Gauss mentioned the algorithm in his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (published 1801), but only as a method for continued fractions. Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet seems ... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.828861 |
4,228 | The GCD of two lengths a and b corresponds to the greatest length g that measures a and b evenly; in other words, the lengths a and b are both integer multiples of the length g. The algorithm was probably not discovered by Euclid, who compiled results from earlier mathematicians in his Elements. The mathematician and h... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.828861 |
4,229 | In machine learning and statistical classification, multiclass classification or multinomial classification is the problem of classifying instances into one of three or more classes (classifying instances into one of two classes is called binary classification). While many classification algorithms (notably multinomial... | Multiclass classifier | 0.828853 |
4,230 | Extreme learning machines (ELM) is a special case of single hidden layer feed-forward neural networks (SLFNs) wherein the input weights and the hidden node biases can be chosen at random. Many variants and developments are made to the ELM for multiclass classification. | Multiclass classifier | 0.828853 |
4,231 | Multiclass perceptrons provide a natural extension to the multi-class problem. Instead of just having one neuron in the output layer, with binary output, one could have N binary neurons leading to multi-class classification. In practice, the last layer of a neural network is usually a softmax function layer, which is t... | Multiclass classifier | 0.828853 |
4,232 | The Computer Science Tripos (CST) is the undergraduate course in computer science offered by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. It evolved out of the Diploma in Computer Science, the world's first taught course in computer science, which started in 1953. Successful candidates are awarded a Bachelor of Art... | Computer Science Tripos | 0.82885 |
4,233 | The results of learning need to be stored. Stored information will later be used by the learner for future inferences. Inferences are split into multiple categories including conclusive, deduction, and induction. In order for an inference to be considered complete it was required that all categories must be taken into ... | Inferential theory of learning | 0.828843 |
4,234 | Inferential Theory of Learning (ITL) is an area of machine learning which describes inferential processes performed by learning agents. ITL has been continuously developed by Ryszard S. Michalski, starting in the 1980s. The first known publication of ITL was in 1983. In the ITL learning process is viewed as a search (i... | Inferential theory of learning | 0.828843 |
4,235 | In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra studying the theory of abelian groups, an essential subgroup is a subgroup that determines much of the structure of its containing group. The concept was generalized to essential submodules. | Essential subgroup | 0.828838 |
4,236 | The history of computational thinking as a concept dates back at least to the 1950s but most ideas are much older. Computational thinking involves ideas like abstraction, data representation, and logically organizing data, which are also prevalent in other kinds of thinking, such as scientific thinking, engineering thi... | Computational thinking | 0.82883 |
4,237 | In the United States, President Barack Obama created this program, Computer Science for All to empower this generation of students in America with the proper computer science proficiency required to flourish in a digital economy. Computational thinking means thinking or solving problems like computer scientists. CT ref... | Computational thinking | 0.82883 |
4,238 | Without the "effective agent", who automatically executes the instructions received to solve the problem, there would be no computer science, but just mathematics. Another criticism in the same paper is that focusing on "problem solving" is too narrow, since "solving a problem is just an instance of a situation where o... | Computational thinking | 0.82883 |
4,239 | In addition, as nearly all CT research is done in the US and Europe, it is not certain how well those educational ideas work in other cultural contexts.A 2019 paper argues that the term "computational thinking" (CT) should be used mainly as a shorthand to convey the educational value of computer science, hence the need... | Computational thinking | 0.82883 |
4,240 | The concept of computational thinking has been criticized as too vague, as it's rarely made clear how it is different from other forms of thought. The inclination among computer scientists to force computational solutions upon other fields has been called "computational chauvinism". Some computer scientists worry about... | Computational thinking | 0.82883 |
4,241 | Similar to Seymour Papert, Alan Perlis, and Marvin Minsky before, Jeannette Wing envisioned computational thinking becoming an essential part of every child's education. However, integrating computational thinking into the K–12 curriculum and computer science education has faced several challenges including the agreeme... | Computational thinking | 0.82883 |
4,242 | Number theory, particularly focusing on Diophantine equations, continuing the theme of word problems but with discrete variables for numbers of people, goods, or costs, and also including material on divisibility, prime numbers, and the Chinese remainder theorem. Numeral systems and cryptarithms. Graph theory, includin... | Problem Solving Through Recreational Mathematics | 0.828824 |
4,243 | The book begins with an introductory chapter on problem-solving techniques in general, including six problems to motivate these techniques. The rest of the book is organized into eight thematic chapters, each of which can stand alone or be read in an arbitrary order. The topics of these chapters are: Logic puzzles, esp... | Problem Solving Through Recreational Mathematics | 0.828824 |
4,244 | There are several implantable interfaces that are currently available for consumer use including deep brain stimulators, cochlear implants, and cardiac pacemakers. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been effective at treating movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, and cochlear implants have helped many to improv... | Multielectrode array | 0.828785 |
4,245 | The experimental setup used a 2 x 15 array of gold electrodes plated with platinum black, each spaced 100 µm apart from each other. Myocytes harvested from embryonic chicks were dissociated and cultured onto the MEAs, and signals up to 1 mV high in amplitude were recorded. MEAs were constructed and used to explore the ... | Multielectrode array | 0.828785 |
4,246 | For the recording of a single cell that partially covers a planar electrode, the voltage at the contact pad is approximately equal to the voltage of the overlapping region of the cell and electrode multiplied by the ratio the surface area of the overlapping region to the area of the entire electrode, or: V p a d = V o ... | Multielectrode array | 0.828785 |
4,247 | Neurons and muscle cells create ion currents through their membranes when excited, causing a change in voltage between the inside and the outside of the cell. When recording, the electrodes on an MEA transduce the change in voltage from the environment carried by ions into currents carried by electrons (electronic curr... | Multielectrode array | 0.828785 |
4,248 | Algebra tiles are mathematical manipulatives that allow students to better understand ways of algebraic thinking and the concepts of algebra. These tiles have proven to provide concrete models for elementary school, middle school, high school, and college-level introductory algebra students. They have also been used to... | Algebra tile | 0.828784 |
4,249 | By placing the algebra tiles to the sides of this rectangle we can determine that we need one positive x tile and one positive unit tile for the length and then one positive x tile and two positive unit tiles for the width. This means that the two factors are x + 1 {\displaystyle x+1} and x + 2 {\displaystyle x+2} . In... | Algebra tile | 0.828784 |
4,250 | In order to factor using algebra tiles, one has to start out with a set of tiles that the student combines into a rectangle, this may require the use of adding zero pairs in order to make the rectangular shape. An example would be where one is given one positive x2 tile, three positive x tiles, and two positive unit ti... | Algebra tile | 0.828784 |
4,251 | Multiplication of binomials can also be thought of as creating a rectangle where the factors are the length and width. As with the monomials, one would set up the sides of the rectangle to be the factors and then fill in the rectangle with the algebra tiles. This method of using algebra tiles to multiply polynomials is... | Algebra tile | 0.828784 |
4,252 | When using algebra tiles to multiply a monomial by a monomial, the student must first set up a rectangle where the length of the rectangle is the one monomial and then the width of the rectangle is the other monomial, similar to when one multiplies integers using algebra tiles. Once the sides of the rectangle are repre... | Algebra tile | 0.828784 |
4,253 | Algebra tiles allow both an algebraic and geometric approach to algebraic concepts. They give students another way to solve algebraic problems other than just abstract manipulation. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) recommends a decreased emphasis on the memorization of the rules of algebra and the... | Algebra tile | 0.828784 |
4,254 | Stage-specific changes can be observed in all living organisms. Modifications in overall methylation levels via reduced representation bisulfite sequencing can be useful in developmental biology. | Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing | 0.828764 |
4,255 | The Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution publishes the journals "Molecular Biology and Evolution" and "Genome Biology and Evolution" and holds an annual international meeting. Other journals dedicated to molecular evolution include Journal of Molecular Evolution and Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Researc... | Protein evolution | 0.828753 |
4,256 | Molecular systematics is the product of the traditional fields of systematics and molecular genetics. It uses DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to resolve questions in systematics, i.e. about their correct scientific classification or taxonomy from the point of view of evolutionary biology. Molecular systematics has been ... | Protein evolution | 0.828753 |
4,257 | Integral membrane proteins are permanently attached to the membrane. Such proteins can be separated from the biological membranes only using detergents, nonpolar solvents, or sometimes denaturing agents. They can be classified according to their relationship with the bilayer: Integral polytopic proteins are transmembra... | Membrane proteins | 0.828733 |
4,258 | When run for longer and longer periods of time, it will generate a sequence of approximations which converge to the universal probability distribution. Other methods of dealing with the issue include limiting the search space by including training sequences. Solomonoff proved this distribution to be machine-invariant w... | Algorithmic probability | 0.828722 |
4,259 | Algorithmic probability is the main ingredient of Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference, the theory of prediction based on observations; it was invented with the goal of using it for machine learning; given a sequence of symbols, which one will come next? Solomonoff's theory provides an answer that is optimal in a... | Algorithmic probability | 0.828722 |
4,260 | Solomonoff invented the concept of algorithmic probability with its associated invariance theorem around 1960, publishing a report on it: "A Preliminary Report on a General Theory of Inductive Inference." He clarified these ideas more fully in 1964 with "A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference," Part I and Part II. | Algorithmic probability | 0.828722 |
4,261 | Kolmogorov's Invariance theorem clarifies that the Kolmogorov Complexity, or Minimal Description Length, of a dataset is invariant to the choice of Turing-Complete language used to simulate a Universal Turing Machine: ∀ x ∈ { 0 , 1 } ∗ , | K U ( x ) − K U ′ ( x ) | ≤ O ( 1 ) {\displaystyle \forall x\in \{0,1\}^{*},|K_{... | Algorithmic probability | 0.828721 |
4,262 | Combinatorics is an area of discrete mathematics. Discrete mathematics is the study of countable structures. These objects have a definite beginning and end. The study of enumerable objects is the opposite of disciplines such as analysis, where calculus and infinite structures are studied. | Word combinatorics | 0.828717 |
4,263 | The basic idea of Chomsky's work is to divide language into four levels, or the language hierarchy. The four levels are: regular, context-free, context-sensitive, and computably enumerable or unrestricted. Regular is the least complex while computably enumerable is the most complex. While his work grew out of combinato... | Word combinatorics | 0.828717 |
4,264 | In physics and engineering, a resultant force is the single force and associated torque obtained by combining a system of forces and torques acting on a rigid body via vector addition. The defining feature of a resultant force, or resultant force-torque, is that it has the same effect on the rigid body as the original ... | Resultant force | 0.828716 |
4,265 | Binary data is data whose unit can take on only two possible states. These are often labelled as 0 and 1 in accordance with the binary numeral system and Boolean algebra. Binary data occurs in many different technical and scientific fields, where it can be called by different names including bit (binary digit) in compu... | Binary variable | 0.82871 |
4,266 | Moreover, Boolean algebra provides a convenient mathematical structure for collection of bits, with a semantic of a collection of propositional variables. Boolean algebra operations are known as "bitwise operations" in computer science. Boolean functions are also well-studied theoretically and easily implementable, eit... | Binary variable | 0.82871 |
4,267 | In statistics, binary data is a statistical data type consisting of categorical data that can take exactly two possible values, such as "A" and "B", or "heads" and "tails". It is also called dichotomous data, and an older term is quantal data. The two values are often referred to generically as "success" and "failure".... | Binary variable | 0.82871 |
4,268 | Hence, "binary data" in computers are actually sequences of bytes. On a higher level, data is accessed in groups of 1 word (4 bytes) for 32-bit systems and 2 words for 64-bit systems. In applied computer science and in the information technology field, the term binary data is often specifically opposed to text-based da... | Binary variable | 0.82871 |
4,269 | Then π 1 ( M n ) ≅ F n {\displaystyle \pi _{1}(M_{n})\cong F_{n}} , and, moreover, up to a quotient by a finite normal subgroup isomorphic to Z 2 n {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}^{n}} , the mapping class group of M n {\displaystyle M_{n}} is equal to Out ( F n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Out} (F_{n})} ; see. Dif... | Whitehead's algorithm | 0.828707 |
4,270 | The Ingenuity team was comparatively small, with never more than 65 full-time-equivalent employees at JPL. Program workers at AeroVironment and NASA AMES and Langley research centers brought the total to 150. Key personnel include: MiMi Aung – Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Project Manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laborator... | Mars Helicopter Ingenuity | 0.8287 |
4,271 | Polar coordinates provide a number of fundamental tools in Riemannian geometry. The radial coordinate is the most significant: geometrically it represents the geodesic distance to p of nearby points. | Normal coordinates | 0.828699 |
4,272 | Correlation coefficients of the effects found in studies of personality variables cannot be comparable with effects found in studies of situational variables because the two styles of research do not employ a common metric. After converting the statistics that social psychologists use in analyzing situation variables a... | Person–situation debate | 0.828688 |
4,273 | In mathematics, a quadratic form is a polynomial with terms all of degree two ("form" is another name for a homogeneous polynomial). For example, is a quadratic form in the variables x and y. The coefficients usually belong to a fixed field K, such as the real or complex numbers, and one speaks of a quadratic form over... | Quadratic space | 0.828681 |
4,274 | In these conditions, where E is the amplitude of incident electric field, and θ is the amplitude of the angle between sensor axis and direction of electric field E, the signal detected is proportional to |E|cos θ (right). This allows obtainment of the correct total amplitude of the field in the form of | E | = E x 2 + ... | EMF measurement | 0.828681 |
4,275 | By Cayley's theorem, every group is isomorphic to some permutation group. The way in which the elements of a permutation group permute the elements of the set is called its group action. Group actions have applications in the study of symmetries, combinatorics and many other branches of mathematics, physics and chemist... | Permutation group | 0.828679 |
4,276 | These algorithms run faster than the naïve algorithm, some of them proportional to the square root of the size of the group, and thus exponential in half the number of digits in the size of the group. However none of them runs in polynomial time (in the number of digits in the size of the group). Baby-step giant-step F... | Discrete log problem | 0.828677 |
4,277 | For example, consider the equation 3k ≡ 13 (mod 17) for k. From the example above, one solution is k = 4, but it is not the only solution. Since 316 ≡ 1 (mod 17)—as follows from Fermat's little theorem—it also follows that if n is an integer then 34+16n ≡ 34 × (316)n ≡ 13 × 1n ≡ 13 (mod 17). Hence the equation has infi... | Discrete log problem | 0.828677 |
4,278 | Using simulations for univariate data, Larsen advocated the use of a Variance Ratio to investigate the effect of spatial configuration, spatial association, and data aggregation. A detailed description of the variation of statistics due to MAUP is presented by Reynolds, who demonstrates the importance of the spatial ar... | Modifiable Areal Unit Problem | 0.828671 |
4,279 | A researcher might also attempt to design areal units to maximize a particular statistical result. Others have argued that it may be difficult to construct a single set of optimal aggregation units for multiple variables, each of which may exhibit non-stationarity and spatial autocorrelation across space in different w... | Modifiable Areal Unit Problem | 0.82867 |
4,280 | In biology, a motor unit is made up of a motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by the neuron's axon terminals, including the neuromuscular junctions between the neuron and the fibres. Groups of motor units often work together as a motor pool to coordinate the contractions of a single muscle. The... | Motor unit | 0.828657 |
4,281 | The expression of multiple MHC genes in a single muscle fiber is an example of polymorphism. The relative expression of these myosin types is determined partly by genetics and partly by other biological factors such as activity, innervation and hormones.The typing of motor units has thus gone through many stages and re... | Motor unit | 0.828657 |
4,282 | Low oxidative presence. IIi — fibers intermediate between IIa and IIb.Histochemical and Physiological types correspond as follows: S and Type I, FR and type IIa, FF and type IIb, FI and IIi.Immunohistochemical (a more recent form of fiber typing)Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) Myosin Light Chain — alkali (MLC1) Myosin Light C... | Motor unit | 0.828657 |
4,283 | Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology, plant ecology, phytochemistry, cell biology, genetics, biophysics, and molecular biology. Fundamental processes of plant physiology include photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutritio... | Physiology | 0.828649 |
4,284 | In materials chemistry, a binary phase or binary compound is a chemical compound containing two different elements. Some binary phase compounds are molecular, e.g. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). More typically binary phase refers to extended solids. Famous examples zinc sulfide, which contains zinc and sulfur, and tungst... | Binary phase | 0.828633 |
4,285 | Molecular Biology of the Cell is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Cell Biology. It covers research on the molecular basis of cell structure and function. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 4.803. | Molecular Biology of the Cell | 0.828625 |
4,286 | The Bioinformatic Harvester was a bioinformatic meta search engine created by the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and subsequently hosted and further developed by KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for genes and protein-associated information. Harvester currently works for human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, drosoph... | Bioinformatic Harvester | 0.828623 |
4,287 | doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth146. PMID 14988114. Liebel U, Kindler B, Pepperkok R (2005). | Bioinformatic Harvester | 0.828623 |
4,288 | Liebel U, Kindler B, Pepperkok R (August 2004). "'Harvester': a fast meta search engine of human protein resources". Bioinformatics. 20 (12): 1962–3. | Bioinformatic Harvester | 0.828623 |
4,289 | In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods. | Secondary calculus | 0.828618 |
4,290 | On the contrary, the most natural language in which to study these objects is differential calculus over commutative algebras. Therefore, the latter must be regarded as a fundamental tool of secondary calculus. On the other hand, differential calculus over commutative algebras gives the possibility to develop algebraic... | Secondary calculus | 0.828618 |
4,291 | More generally, the analog of differential forms in secondary calculus are the elements of the first term of the so-called C-spectral sequence, and so on. The simplest diffieties are infinite prolongations of partial differential equations, which are subvarieties of infinite jet spaces. The latter are infinite dimensio... | Secondary calculus | 0.828618 |
4,292 | All the constructions in classical differential calculus have an analog in secondary calculus. For instance, higher symmetries of a system of partial differential equations are the analog of vector fields on differentiable manifolds. The Euler operator, which associates to each variational problem the corresponding Eul... | Secondary calculus | 0.828618 |
4,293 | A large number of modern mathematical theories harmoniously converges in the framework of secondary calculus, for instance: commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, homological algebra and differential topology, Lie group and Lie algebra theory, differential geometry, etc. | Secondary calculus | 0.828618 |
4,294 | In statistics, k-medians clustering is a cluster analysis algorithm. It is a variation of k-means clustering where instead of calculating the mean for each cluster to determine its centroid, one instead calculates the median. This has the effect of minimizing error over all clusters with respect to the 1-norm distance ... | K-median problem | 0.828614 |
4,295 | Submitted content is categorized under the following subject areas: biochemistry, bioinformatics, biophysics, biotechnology, cellular biology, developmental biology, genetics, genomics, immunology, microbiology, molecular biology, neuroscience, structural biology, synthetic biology and systems biology. Open Biology pub... | Open Biology | 0.82861 |
4,296 | Open Biology is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by the Royal Society covering biology at the molecular and cellular levels. The first issue was published in September 2011 with an editorial about the launch of the journal. All papers are made freely available under an open access model immediat... | Open Biology | 0.828609 |
4,297 | Defining equation (physical chemistry) List of equations in classical mechanics Table of thermodynamic equations List of equations in wave theory List of relativistic equations List of equations in fluid mechanics List of electromagnetism equations List of equations in gravitation List of photonics equations List of eq... | Lists of physics equations | 0.828607 |
4,298 | Variables commonly used in physics Continuity equation Constitutive equation Defining equation (physics) | Lists of physics equations | 0.828607 |
4,299 | Physical constant Physical quantity SI units SI derived unit SI electromagnetism units List of common physics notations | Lists of physics equations | 0.828607 |
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