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78,700 | A generative adversarial network (GAN) is a class of machine learning framework and a prominent framework for approaching generative AI. The concept was initially developed by Ian Goodfellow and his colleagues in June 2014. In a GAN, two neural networks contest with each other in the form of a zero-sum game, where one ... | Generative Adversarial Network | 0.785646 |
78,701 | The GAN architecture has two main components. One is casting optimization into a game, of form min G max D L ( G , D ) {\displaystyle \min _{G}\max _{D}L(G,D)} , which is different from the usual kind of optimization, of form min θ L ( θ ) {\displaystyle \min _{\theta }L(\theta )} . The other is the decomposition of μ ... | Generative Adversarial Network | 0.785646 |
78,702 | In the original paper, as well as most subsequent papers, it is usually assumed that the generator moves first, and the discriminator moves second, thus giving the following minimax game: If both the generator's and the discriminator's strategy sets are spanned by a finite number of strategies, then by the minimax theo... | Generative Adversarial Network | 0.785646 |
78,703 | Neuroscience could potentially solve some of these issues by directly examining the brain, given scientific confidence in the neuroimaging techniques. However, this raises questions concerning balancing legal usages of neuroscience with neuroprivacy protections.In the US, there are certain existing rights that could be... | Neuroprivacy | 0.785645 |
78,704 | There are various legal arguments as to how neuroprivacy is covered under current protections and rights and how future laws should be implemented to define and protect neuroprivacy, as neuroscience has the potential to significantly change the legal status quo. The legal definition of neuroprivacy has yet to be proper... | Neuroprivacy | 0.785645 |
78,705 | Neurological surveillance is relevant to governmental, corporate, academic and technological entities, as the improvement of technology increases the amount of information that can be extrapolated from neuroimaging. Surveillance with current neuroimaging technology is considered difficult, given how fMRI data is diffic... | Neuroprivacy | 0.785645 |
78,706 | Neuroethical concepts such as neuroprivacy developed initially in the 2000s, after the initial invention and development of neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As neuroimaging became highly studied and popula... | Neuroprivacy | 0.785645 |
78,707 | Thomas Hunt Morgan began his career in genetics as a saltationist and started out trying to demonstrate that mutations could produce new species in fruit flies. However, the experimental work at his lab with the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster showed that rather than creating new species in a single step, mutations ... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,708 | Further, Dobzhansky asserted the physicality, and hence the biological reality, of the mechanisms of inheritance: that evolution was based on material genes, arranged in a string on physical hereditary structures, the chromosomes, and linked more or less strongly to each other according to their actual physical distanc... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,709 | Not surprisingly, there were other Russian geneticists with similar ideas, though for some time their work was known to only a few in the West. His 1937 work Genetics and the Origin of Species was a key step in bridging the gap between population geneticists and field naturalists. It presented the conclusions reached b... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,710 | Theodosius Dobzhansky, an immigrant from the Soviet Union to the United States, who had been a postdoctoral worker in Morgan's fruit fly lab, was one of the first to apply genetics to natural populations. He worked mostly with Drosophila pseudoobscura. He says pointedly: "Russia has a variety of climates from the Arcti... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,711 | It also related the broad-scale macroevolution seen by palaeontologists to the small-scale microevolution of local populations. The synthesis was defined differently by its founders, with Ernst Mayr in 1959, G. Ledyard Stebbins in 1966, and Theodosius Dobzhansky in 1974 offering differing basic postulates, though they ... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,712 | The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. The synthesis combined the ideas of natural selection, Mendelian g... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,713 | In 2007, more than half a century after the modern synthesis, Massimo Pigliucci called for an extended evolutionary synthesis to incorporate aspects of biology that had not been included or had not existed in the mid-20th century. It revisits the relative importance of different factors, challenges assumptions made in ... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,714 | In 1918, R. A. Fisher wrote "The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance," which showed how continuous variation could come from a number of discrete genetic loci. In this and other papers, culminating in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, Fisher showed how Mendel... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,715 | E. B. Ford was an experimental naturalist who wanted to test natural selection in nature, virtually inventing the field of ecological genetics. His work on natural selection in wild populations of butterflies and moths was the first to show that predictions made by R. A. Fisher were correct. In 1940, he was the first t... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,716 | From Mayr and Dobzhansky's point of view, suggests the historian of science Betty Smocovitis, Darwinism was reborn, evolutionary biology was legitimised, and genetics and evolution were synthesised into a newly unified science. Everything fitted into the new framework, except "heretics" like Richard Goldschmidt who ann... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,717 | During World War II, Mayr edited a series of bulletins of the Committee on Common Problems of Genetics, Paleontology, and Systematics, formed in 1943, reporting on discussions of a "synthetic attack" on the interdisciplinary problems of evolution. In 1946, the committee became the Society for the Study of Evolution, wi... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,718 | After the synthesis, evolutionary biology continued to develop with major contributions from workers including W. D. Hamilton, George C. Williams, E. O. Wilson, Edward B. Lewis and others. | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,719 | Looking back at the conflicting accounts of the modern synthesis, the historian Betty Smocovitis notes in her 1996 book Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and Evolutionary Biology that both historians and philosophers of biology have attempted to grasp its scientific meaning, but have found it "a moving targe... | Neo-darwinian synthesis | 0.785644 |
78,720 | In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain. Only acoustic waves that have frequencies lying between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz, ... | Sound waves | 0.785644 |
78,721 | The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) was an experimental tokamak built at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) circa 1980 and entering service in 1982. TFTR was designed with the explicit goal of reaching scientific breakeven, the point where the heat being released from the fusion reactions in the plasma is eq... | Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor | 0.785643 |
78,722 | Demand for the wood has been reduced by modern materials science, which has led to polymers, alloys and composite materials that can take lignum vitae's place. Various other hardwoods may also be called lignum vitae and should not be confused with it. The best-known come from Bulnesia arborea and Bulnesia sarmientoi (i... | Lignum vitae | 0.785643 |
78,723 | It is also commonly used to represent this phoneme in several languages of the Caucasus. In physics, it is used to represent the angular wavelength, i.e. the wavelength (λ) divided by 2π, which corresponds to the length taken up by one radian of the wave. == References == | Barred lambda | 0.785643 |
78,724 | A dijoin is a subset of edges that, when contracted, produces a strongly connected graph; equivalently, it is a subset of edges that includes at least one edge from each dicut.If a collection of dicuts are all disjoint, any dijoin must have at least one edge from each of these dicuts, and must have size at least equal ... | Lucchesi–Younger theorem | 0.785641 |
78,725 | In the mathematics of directed graphs, the Lucchesi–Younger theorem is a relationship between dicuts and dijoins. It was published by Cláudio L. Lucchesi and Daniel H. Younger in 1978. Their proof resolved a conjecture that had been posed roughly a decade earlier by Younger, and in unpublished work by Neil Robertson, m... | Lucchesi–Younger theorem | 0.785641 |
78,726 | Ordinarily, the role is separate from a project manager's role, as this often involves overseeing the technical and commercial due-diligence aspects of the works. Owners engineers are usually a "third party" overseeing the executing parties activities throughout the project life Functions often include: Project evaluat... | Owner's engineer | 0.785641 |
78,727 | See Passive dynamics See Zero Moment Point See Leg mechanism See Hexapod (robotics) Walking robots simulate human or animal gait, as a replacement for wheeled motion. Legged motion makes it possible to negotiate uneven surfaces, steps, and other areas that would be difficult for a wheeled robot to reach, as well as cau... | Robot locomotion | 0.785641 |
78,728 | Rodney Brooks Marc Raibert Jessica Hodgins Red Whittaker Shuuji Kajita, who introduced preview control to realize the anticipatory nature of walking in humanoid robots of the Humanoid Robotics Project. | Robot locomotion | 0.785641 |
78,729 | Product optimization Motion planning Motion capture may be performed on humans, insects and other organisms. Machine learning, typically with reinforcement learning. | Robot locomotion | 0.785641 |
78,730 | The biotechnology company Qiagen currently offers two DNA transfection product lines (SuperFect and PolyFect) based on activated PAMAM dendrimer technology. Much work lies ahead before activated PAMAM dendrimers can be used as in vivo gene therapy agents. Although the dendrimers have proved to be highly efficient and n... | Poly(amidoamine) | 0.785641 |
78,731 | In the future, as synthetic control over dendrimer surface chemistry becomes more robust, PAMAM and other dendrimer families may rise to prominence alongside other major approaches to targeted cancer therapy. In a study of folic acid functionalized PAMAM, methotrexate was combined either as an inclusion complex within ... | Poly(amidoamine) | 0.785641 |
78,732 | Poly(amidoamine), or PAMAM, is a class of dendrimer which is made of repetitively branched subunits of amide and amine functionality. PAMAM dendrimers, sometimes referred to by the trade name Starburst, have been extensively studied since their synthesis in 1985, and represent the most well-characterized dendrimer fami... | Poly(amidoamine) | 0.785641 |
78,733 | Furthermore, studying bipedal and insect-like robots may beneficially impact on biomechanics. A major goal in this field is in developing capabilities for robots to autonomously decide how, when, and where to move. However, coordinating numerous robot joints for even simple matters, like negotiating stairs, is difficul... | Robot locomotion | 0.785641 |
78,734 | Alternative splicing may result in several transcript variants; however, not all variants have been fully described.Keratin-7 is found in simple glandular epithelia, and in transitional epithelium. Epithelial cells of the lung and breast both contain keratin-7, but some other glandular epithelia, such as those of the c... | Keratin 7 | 0.78564 |
78,735 | The L-balance theorem of Gorenstein and Walter states that if X is a finite group and T a 2-subgroup of X then L 2 ′ ( C X ( T ) ) ≤ L 2 ′ ( X ) {\displaystyle L_{2'}(C_{X}(T))\leq L_{2'}(X)} Here L2′(X) stands for the 2-layer of a group X, which is the product of all the 2-components of the group, the minimal subnorma... | L-balance theorem | 0.785636 |
78,736 | In mathematical finite group theory, the L-balance theorem was proved by Gorenstein & Walter (1975). The letter L stands for the layer of a group, and "balance" refers to the property discussed below. | L-balance theorem | 0.785636 |
78,737 | The Hardy spaces defined in the preceding section can also be viewed as certain closed vector subspaces of the complex Lp spaces on the unit circle. This connection is provided by the following theorem (Katznelson 1976, Thm 3.8): Given f ∈ Hp, with p ≥ 1, the radial limit f ~ ( e i θ ) = lim r → 1 f ( r e i θ ) {\displ... | Hardy space | 0.785636 |
78,738 | ENDURANCE spent two seasons exploring West Lake Bonney in the Dry Valleys, autonomously collecting aqueous chemistry data as well as making high-resolution maps of the lake floor and the portion of Taylor Glacier which interfaces with the lake. The results are thought to be one of the most comprehensive three-dimension... | Stone Aerospace | 0.785636 |
78,739 | Stone Aerospace is an aerospace engineering firm founded by engineer and explorer Bill Stone, located in Del Valle, a suburb of Austin, Texas. | Stone Aerospace | 0.785636 |
78,740 | The Kirkendall effect is the motion of the interface between two metals that occurs as a consequence of the difference in diffusion rates of the metal atoms. The effect can be observed for example by placing insoluble markers at the interface between a pure metal and an alloy containing that metal, and heating to a tem... | Kirkendall effect | 0.785634 |
78,741 | The Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology in Bellaterra, Spain has developed a chemical process creating hollows in nano-particles and forming double-walled boxes and multi-chambered tubes. The results of the study have appeared in the journal Science.Minute silver cubes were treated with cationic gold which at room temp... | Kirkendall effect | 0.785634 |
78,742 | In 1989, NASA launched COBE, which made two major advances: in 1990, high-precision spectrum measurements showed that the CMB frequency spectrum is an almost perfect blackbody with no deviations at a level of 1 part in 104, and measured a residual temperature of 2.726 K (more recent measurements have revised this figur... | Big Bang | 0.785634 |
78,743 | In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson serendipitously discovered the cosmic background radiation, an omnidirectional signal in the microwave band. Their discovery provided substantial confirmation of the big-bang predictions by Alpher, Herman and Gamow around 1950. Through the 1970s, the radiation was found to be app... | Big Bang | 0.785634 |
78,744 | According to theory, the energy density in matter decreases with the expansion of the universe, but the dark energy density remains constant (or nearly so) as the universe expands. Therefore, matter made up a larger fraction of the total energy of the universe in the past than it does today, but its fractional contribu... | Big Bang | 0.785634 |
78,745 | However, physics currently lacks a widely accepted theory of quantum gravity that can successfully model the earliest conditions of the Big Bang. Crucially, these models are compatible with the Hubble–Lemaître law—the observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from Earth. Extrapolating ... | Big Bang | 0.785634 |
78,746 | This can then easily be translated into the product 3D image. These can then be changed from the editor tools in most engines if the terrain will be custom built. With recent developments neural networks can be built to create or texture the terrain based on previously suggested artwork or heightmap data. | Procedurally generated terrain | 0.785631 |
78,747 | The classification therefore reduces to the classification of commuting pairs of antilinear involutions of a complex Lie algebra. The composite σ∘τ determines a complex symmetric space, while τ determines a real form. From this it is easy to construct tables of symmetric spaces for any given g c {\displaystyle {\mathfr... | Locally symmetric space | 0.785629 |
78,748 | If g c {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{c}} is not simple, then g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is a complex simple Lie algebra, and the corresponding symmetric spaces have the form G/H, where H is a real form of G: these are the analogues of the Riemannian symmetric spaces G/K with G a complex simple Lie group, and K... | Locally symmetric space | 0.785629 |
78,749 | As in the Riemannian case there are semisimple symmetric spaces with G = H × H. Any semisimple symmetric space is a product of symmetric spaces of this form with symmetric spaces such that g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is simple. It remains to describe the latter case. For this, one needs to classify involutions σ ... | Locally symmetric space | 0.785629 |
78,750 | The classification of Riemannian symmetric spaces does not extend readily to the general case for the simple reason that there is no general splitting of a symmetric space into a product of irreducibles. Here a symmetric space G/H with Lie algebra g = h ⊕ m {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}={\mathfrak {h}}\oplus {\mathfra... | Locally symmetric space | 0.785629 |
78,751 | In the Bott periodicity theorem, the loop spaces of the stable orthogonal group can be interpreted as reductive symmetric spaces. | Locally symmetric space | 0.785629 |
78,752 | ESA later resurrected a downsized version of the project as the Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA), with a proposed launch in 2028.On October 10, 2018, Chandra entered safe mode operations, due to a gyroscope glitch. NASA reported that all science instruments were safe. Within days, the 3-second e... | Chandra X-Ray Observatory | 0.785627 |
78,753 | In 1976 the Chandra X-ray Observatory (called AXAF at the time) was proposed to NASA by Riccardo Giacconi and Harvey Tananbaum. Preliminary work began the following year at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), where the telescope is now operated for NASA at the Chandr... | Chandra X-Ray Observatory | 0.785627 |
78,754 | The data gathered by Chandra has greatly advanced the field of X-ray astronomy. Here are some examples of discoveries supported by observations from Chandra: The first light image, of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, gave astronomers their first glimpse of the compact object at the center of the remnant, probably a neut... | Chandra X-Ray Observatory | 0.785627 |
78,755 | The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), previously known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), is a Flagship-class space telescope launched aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia during STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999. Chandra is sensitive to X-ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X-ray telescope, enab... | Chandra X-Ray Observatory | 0.785627 |
78,756 | Primary rock is also referred to as primitive rock, plutonic rock, and the crystalline basement rock of the Earth's continental cratons. It is also loosely, and less precisely, referred to as bedrock, especially in civil engineering, geophysical surveys and drilling science. The Austrian-American astrophysicist Thomas ... | Primary Rock | 0.785627 |
78,757 | For an example of the extensive use and explication of this term as debated in the mid-18th century, see "On the Origin of Eruptive and Primary Rocks" by Thomas Macfarlane and published in three parts in The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist Journal of 1863. And for an example in Australian geology literature, where it... | Primary Rock | 0.785627 |
78,758 | Primary rock is an early term in geology that refers to crystalline rock formed first in geologic time, containing no organic remains, such as granite, gneiss and schist as well as igneous and magmatic formations from all ages. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary published in 1913 provides the following term as use... | Primary Rock | 0.785627 |
78,759 | This goes back to Gerhard Huisken's extension of Hamilton's work to higher dimensions, where the main part of the work is that the Weyl tensor and the semi-traceless Riemann tensor become zero in the long-time limit. This extends to the more general Ricci flow convergence theorems, some expositions of which directly us... | Schur's lemma (from Riemannian geometry) | 0.785625 |
78,760 | The Enormous Toroidal Plasma Device (ETPD) is an experimental physics device housed at the Basic Plasma Science Facility at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). It previously operated as the Electric Tokamak (ET) between 1999 and 2006 and was noted for being the world's largest tokamak before being decommissio... | Enormous Toroidal Plasma Device | 0.785624 |
78,761 | Since CHO cells have a very high propensity of genetic instability (like all immortalised cells) one should not assume that the names applied indicate their usefulness for manufacturing purposes. For example, the three K1 offspring cultures available in 2013 each have significant accumulated mutations compared to each ... | Chinese hamster ovary | 0.785621 |
78,762 | This is a timeline of women in computing. It covers the time when women worked as "human computers" and then as programmers of physical computers. Eventually, women programmers went on to write software, develop Internet technologies and other types of programming. Women have also been involved in computer science, var... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,763 | Grete Hermann published the foundational paper for computerized algebra. It was her doctoral thesis, titled "The Question of Finitely Many Steps in Polynomial Ideal Theory", and published in Mathematische Annalen. | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,764 | Frances E. Allen became the first female IBM Fellow in 1989. In 2006, she became the first female recipient of the ACM's Turing Award. Frances Brazier, professor of Computer Science at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, is one of the founder of NLnet, the first Internet service provider in the Netherlands. | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,765 | Ellen Spertus earned a PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT in 1998 with the notable thesis "ParaSite: Mining the structural information on the World-Wide Web". Margaret Hamilton received the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award. Sue Black starts her campaign to preserve Bletchley Park. | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,766 | Audrey Tang becomes "digital minister" in Taiwan. Kate Devlin co-organizes the first "sex-tech hackathon" in the UK. Maja Matarić co-founds Embodied Robotics. | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,767 | Sophie Wilson is a British computer scientist. She is known for designing the Acorn Micro-Computer, as well as the instruction set of the ARM processor. The Association for Women in Computing (AWC) is founded. Christiane Floyd becomes the first woman to work as a computer science professor in Germany. | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,768 | PyLadies, an international organization of women interested in coding Python, is started in Los Angeles. Meg Whitman becomes CEO of Hewlett-Packard. Bettina Speckmann is the first winner of the Netherlands Prize for ICT Research where she was recognized for her work on geographic information systems. Noriko H. Arai is ... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,769 | Monica S. Lam receives a Ph.D. for her work on optimising compilers. She has since then performed influential research in many areas of computer science as well as co-authored a famous textbook on compilers. Anita Borg founds the electronic mailing list for women in technology, Systers. French computer scientist, Joëll... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,770 | Mary Shaw became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University. Adele Goldberg was one of developers of the Smalltalk language. Karen Spärck Jones was one of the pioneers of information retrieval and natural language processing. Sandra Kurtzig founded ASK Computer Systems, an early... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,771 | Mary Coombs was one of the first programmers on, and was the first female programmer on LEO, the first business computer. She went on to work on LEO II and LEO III. Hungarian-born Klara Dan von Neumann pioneers the programming of MANIAC I. Canadian, Beatrice Worsley, completes her doctorate in computer science, becomin... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,772 | Mary Allen Wilkes was the first person to use a computer in a private home (in 1965) and the first developer of an operating system (LAP) for the first minicomputer (LINC). Sister Mary Kenneth Keller became the first American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Computer Science in 1965. Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference ... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,773 | Margaret R. Fox was appointed Chief of the Office of Computer Information in 1966, part of the Institute for Computer Science and Technology of NBS. She held the post until 1975. She was also actively involved in the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and served as the first Secretary for the American Federation... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,774 | Lorinda Cherry worked on the Writer's Workbench (wwb) for Bell Labs. Marsha R. Williams becomes the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science. | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,775 | Irene Greif became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Indian computer scientist Sudha Murthy is hired as first woman to work for TELCO as an engineer. Charity Cheiky co-founds the pioneering microcomputer systems manufacturer Ohio Scientific Instruments, ... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,776 | American women were recruited to do ballistics calculations and program computers during WWII. Around 1943–1945, these women "computers" used a differential analyzer in the basement of the Moore School of Electrical Engineering to speed up their calculations, though the machine required a mechanic to be totally accurat... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,777 | The Austrian Johanna Piesch published two pioneering papers on switching algebra. | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,778 | Shafi Goldwasser, a theoretical computer scientist, is a two-time recipient of the Gödel Prize for research on complexity theory, cryptography and computational number theory, and the invention of zero-knowledge proofs. Barbara Liskov together with Jeannette Wing, developed the Liskov substitution principle. Liskov was... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,779 | and Activision. Ruzena Bajcsy founds the General Robotics, Automation, Sensing and Perception (GRASP) lab at the University of Pennsylvania. Priti Shankar does work with generalizing the Bose Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BHC) codes for error-correcting. | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,780 | Lynn Conway co-authored Introduction to VLSI Systems, a bestselling very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design textbook that triggered the Mead and Conway revolution in integrated circuit design. Patricia Selinger was one of the key architects of IBM System R, and in 1979 wrote the canonical paper on relational query o... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,781 | Jean E.Sammet publishes Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals, which was the standard in the field at the time. Margaret Hamilton was in late 1960s Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program. MIT wo... | Timeline of women in computing | 0.785621 |
78,782 | In 2007, ITT was awarded a $207 million initial contract by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to lead a team to develop and deploy the Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) system. ADS-B is a key component of the FAA's NextGen air traffic control modernization program intended to increase safety ... | ITT Avionics | 0.785619 |
78,783 | International telecommunications manufacturing subsidiaries included Standard Telephones and Cables in the United Kingdom and Australia, Indosat in Indonesia, Standard Elektrik Lorenz (today part of Nokia Germany) and Intermetall Gesellschaft für Metallurgie und Elektronik mbH (acquired from Clevite in 1965; now TDK-Mi... | ITT Avionics | 0.785619 |
78,784 | Administratively, FG-AI4H was created by ITU-T Study Group 16. Under ITU-T's framework, participation in Focus Groups is open to anyone from an ITU Member State. The secretariat is provided by the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (under Director Chaesub Lee). It was first created at the July 2018 meeting with a... | ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health | 0.785619 |
78,785 | The ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health (AI for Health) is an inter-agency collaboration between the World Health Organization and the ITU, which created a benchmarking framework to assess the accuracy of AI in health.This organization convenes an international network of experts and stakeholders ... | ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health | 0.785619 |
78,786 | The biochemistry involved in reprogramming the differentiated somatic cell nucleus and activating the recipient egg was also far from being well understood. However, by 2014 researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten and in 2016, a Korean Company Sooam Biotech was reported to be produ... | Animal cloning | 0.785617 |
78,787 | The fact that the number of k-colorings is a polynomial in k follows from a recurrence relation called the deletion–contraction recurrence or Fundamental Reduction Theorem. It is based on edge contraction: for a pair of vertices u {\displaystyle u} and v {\displaystyle v} the graph G / u v {\displaystyle G/uv} is obtai... | Chromatic polynomial | 0.785617 |
78,788 | George David Birkhoff introduced the chromatic polynomial in 1912, defining it only for planar graphs, in an attempt to prove the four color theorem. If P ( G , k ) {\displaystyle P(G,k)} denotes the number of proper colorings of G with k colors then one could establish the four color theorem by showing P ( G , 4 ) > 0... | Chromatic polynomial | 0.785617 |
78,789 | The ChromaticPolynomial function in the Combinatorica package of the computer algebra system Mathematica uses the second recurrence if the graph is dense, and the first recurrence if the graph is sparse. The worst case running time of either formula satisfies the same recurrence relation as the Fibonacci numbers, so in... | Chromatic polynomial | 0.785617 |
78,790 | The chromatic polynomial is a graph polynomial studied in algebraic graph theory, a branch of mathematics. It counts the number of graph colorings as a function of the number of colors and was originally defined by George David Birkhoff to study the four color problem. It was generalised to the Tutte polynomial by Hass... | Chromatic polynomial | 0.785617 |
78,791 | A root (or zero) of a chromatic polynomial, called a “chromatic root”, is a value x where P ( G , x ) = 0 {\displaystyle P(G,x)=0} . Chromatic roots have been very well studied, in fact, Birkhoff’s original motivation for defining the chromatic polynomial was to show that for planar graphs, P ( G , x ) > 0 {\displaysty... | Chromatic polynomial | 0.785617 |
78,792 | The VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge is considered a unique milestone in vehicular robotics, just like the DARPA Grand Challenge in 2005 and the DARPA Urban Challenge in 2007. The vehicles collected about 50 terabytes of data to be used in the future for further processing off-line. | VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge | 0.785617 |
78,793 | The 2010 World Expo's theme was “better cities, better life”; therefore issues related to sustainable mobility were central to the Expo and this challenge of reaching Shanghai with driverless vehicles provided a clear demonstration of future vehicles; it is considered one of the main milestones in Robotics. VisLab, tha... | VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge | 0.785617 |
78,794 | Optimer ligands are produced via solid-phase synthesis. Solid-phase chemical synthesis was invented in the 1960s by Robert Bruce Merrifield, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1984.Solid-phase synthesis is carried out on a solid support held between filters, in columns that enable all reagents an... | Optimer Ligand | 0.785615 |
78,795 | Optical flow sensors are used extensively in computer optical mice, as the main sensing component for measuring the motion of the mouse across a surface. Optical flow sensors are also being used in robotics applications, primarily where there is a need to measure visual motion or relative motion between the robot and o... | Optical flow | 0.785612 |
78,796 | Phase correlation – inverse of normalized cross-power spectrum Block-based methods – minimizing sum of squared differences or sum of absolute differences, or maximizing normalized cross-correlation Differential methods of estimating optical flow, based on partial derivatives of the image signal and/or the sought flow f... | Optical flow | 0.785612 |
78,797 | The term photosensitizer does not appear in scientific literature until the 1960s. Instead, scientists would refer to photosensitizers as sensitizers used in photo-oxidation or photo-oxygenation processes. Studies during this time period involving photosensitizers utilized organic photosensitizers, consisting of aromat... | Photosensitizer | 0.785609 |
78,798 | One branch of chemistry which frequently utilizes photosensitizers is polymer chemistry, using photosensitizers in reactions such as photopolymerization, photocrosslinking, and photodegradation. Photosensitizers are also used to generate prolonged excited electronic states in organic molecules with uses in photocatalys... | Photosensitizer | 0.785609 |
78,799 | In the early 20th century, chemists observed that various aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen could absorb wavelength specific light to generate a peroxide species. This discovery of oxygen's reduction by a photosensitizer led to chemists studying photosensitizers as photoredox catalysts for their roles in ... | Photosensitizer | 0.785608 |
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