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79,400 | The KAM theorem is usually stated in terms of trajectories in phase space of an integrable Hamiltonian system. The motion of an integrable system is confined to an invariant torus (a doughnut-shaped surface). Different initial conditions of the integrable Hamiltonian system will trace different invariant tori in phase ... | KAM theory | 0.785388 |
79,401 | Because of the difficulty and cost of exploring this zone, current knowledge is limited. Pressure increases at approximately one atmosphere for every 10 meters meaning that some areas of the deep sea can reach pressures of above 1,000 atmospheres. This not only makes great depths very difficult to reach without mechani... | Deep ocean | 0.785388 |
79,402 | Some of this previously explained concepts can be very valuable and applicable when managing populations. In addition to human mediated dispersal through reintroduction and translocation, the dispersal of individuals (consequently promoting the rescue effect) can be ensured by restoring and conserving the habitat lying... | Rescue effect | 0.785388 |
79,403 | None of them are known to be infectious or otherwise pose a health risk to humans; in fact, their biochemistry is so different from our own and their multiplication rate is so slow that microbiologists need not worry about them.Autoclaves are found in many medical settings, laboratories, and other places that need to e... | Autoclave | 0.785388 |
79,404 | Scripta Materialia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is the "letters" section of Acta Materialia and covers novel properties, or substantially improved properties of materials. Specific materials discussed are metals, ceramics and semiconductors at all length scales, and published research endeavors explore the... | Scripta Materialia | 0.785387 |
79,405 | Despite being primarily a military academy for the air force members, the university also trains non-military students in a different variety of fields including electrical, mechanical, and aerospace engineering. Alongside the Israeli Air Force Flight Academy, it is considered one of the best air academies in the regio... | Shahid Sattari Aeronautical University | 0.785386 |
79,406 | On February 9, 2007 it was announced that a number of unexpected signals had been received and that these would need to be separated out before final results could be released. Consequently, the date for the final release of data has been pushed back from April 2007 to December 2007. Speculation on some internet sites,... | Timeline of Gravity Probe B | 0.785384 |
79,407 | Next is the executive summary, which gives a heavily condensed overview of the findings of the report and includes data and graphs. Using the 2014 report as an example, data from the report is formatted in the following way: After the preface, explanatory notes, and executive summary, the World Drug Report has two main... | World Drug Report | 0.785381 |
79,408 | The World Drug Report is a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime annual publication that analyzes market trends, compiling detailed statistics on drug markets. Using data, it helps draw conclusions about drugs as an issue needing intervention by government agencies around the world. UNAIDs stated on its website "The... | World Drug Report | 0.785381 |
79,409 | From 1830 to 1833 Charles Lyell's multi-volume Principles of Geology was published. The work's subtitle was "An attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation". He drew his explanations from field studies conducted directly before he went to work on the founding geo... | Uniformity of nature | 0.785381 |
79,410 | Many geologists have been stifled by the belief that proper methodology includes an a priori commitment to gradual change, and by a preference for explaining large-scale phenomena as the concatenation of innumerable tiny changes. "The current consensus is that Earth's history is a slow, gradual process punctuated by oc... | Uniformity of nature | 0.785381 |
79,411 | Modern geologists do not apply uniformitarianism in the same way as Lyell. They question if rates of processes were uniform through time and only those values measured during the history of geology are to be accepted. The present may not be a long enough key to penetrating the deep lock of the past. | Uniformity of nature | 0.785381 |
79,412 | Quantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainly for problems where the search space is discrete (combinatorial optimization... | Quantum annealing | 0.78538 |
79,413 | Shor's algorithm requires a universal quantum computer. During the Qubits 2021 conference held by D-Wave, it was announced that the company is hard at work developing their first universal quantum computers, capable of running Shor's algorithm in addition to other gate-model algorithms such as QAOA and VQE. "A cross-di... | Quantum annealing | 0.78538 |
79,414 | Potentially there may be other classes of problems where quantum speedup might occur. Researchers at Google, LANL, USC, Texas A&M, and D-Wave are working to find such problem classes.In December 2015, Google announced that the D-Wave 2X outperforms both simulated annealing and Quantum Monte Carlo by up to a factor of 1... | Quantum annealing | 0.78538 |
79,415 | If the rate of change of the transverse field is accelerated, the system may leave the ground state temporarily but produce a higher likelihood of concluding in the ground state of the final problem Hamiltonian, i.e., diabatic quantum computation. The transverse field is finally switched off, and the system is expected... | Quantum annealing | 0.78538 |
79,416 | In the context of electrochemistry, specifically in fuel cell engineering, various metal-containing catalysts are used to enhance the rates of the half reactions that comprise the fuel cell. One common type of fuel cell electrocatalyst is based upon nanoparticles of platinum that are supported on slightly larger carbon... | Co catalyst | 0.785378 |
79,417 | A lengthy model archive has the best chance of capturing such events. From the 1970s and into the 1980s, this requirement was not very onerous since EMC (then NMC) scientists, being relatively constrained by computational resources at the time, could only make relatively minor, incremental improvements to their NWP mod... | Model output statistics | 0.785377 |
79,418 | In weather forecasting, model output statistics (MOS) is a multiple linear regression technique in which predictands, often near-surface quantities (such as two-meter-above-ground-level air temperature, horizontal visibility, and wind direction, speed and gusts), are related statistically to one or more predictors. The... | Model output statistics | 0.785377 |
79,419 | The advent of word processing and the decline of typewriting meant that any number of copies of a document could be printed on demand, and the decline of carbon paper, which had already been partially superseded by photocopying and carbonless copy paper, became irrevocable. A few specialist or remnant uses remain. Exam... | Carbon paper | 0.785376 |
79,420 | The Z-drive is so named because of the appearance (in cross section) of the mechanical driveshaft or transmission configuration used to connect the mechanically supplied driving energy to the Z-drive azimuth thruster device. This form of power transmission is called a Z-drive because the rotary motion has to make two r... | Z-drive | 0.785375 |
79,421 | The control group becomes more similar to the cases in regard to exposure than does the general population. Survivorship bias, in which only "surviving" subjects are selected, ignoring those that fell out of view. For example, using the record of current companies as an indicator of business climate or economy ignores ... | Ascertainment bias | 0.785374 |
79,422 | The applications of photophoresis expand into the various divisions of science, thus physics, chemistry as well as in biology. Photophoresis is applied in particle trapping and levitation, in the field flow fractionation of particles, in the determination of thermal conductivity and temperature of microscopic grains an... | Photophoresis | 0.785374 |
79,423 | A methanol reformer is a device used in chemical engineering, especially in the area of fuel cell technology, which can produce pure hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide by reacting a methanol and water (steam) mixture. C H 3 O H ( g ) + H 2 O ( g ) ⟶ C O 2 + 3 H 2 Δ H R 298 0 = 49.2 k J / m o l {\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{... | Methanol reformer | 0.785372 |
79,424 | EPTA is the name of ethanolic phosphotungstic acid, its alcohol solution used in biology. It has the appearance of small, colorless-grayish or slightly yellow-green crystals, with melting point 89 °C (24 H2O hydrate). It is odorless and soluble in water (200 g/100 ml). | Phosphotungstic acid | 0.785372 |
79,425 | As said above, the constant in Borel's theorem may not be improved, as shown by Adolf Hurwitz in 1891. Let ϕ = 1 + 5 2 {\displaystyle \phi ={\tfrac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}} be the golden ratio. Then for any real constant c with c > 5 {\displaystyle c>{\sqrt {5}}\;} there are only a finite number of rational numbers p/q suc... | Lagrange's approximation theorem | 0.785371 |
79,426 | Hermann Weyl proved a basic result showing that this was equivalent to bounds for exponential sums formed from the sequence. This showed that Diophantine approximation results were closely related to the general problem of cancellation in exponential sums, which occurs throughout analytic number theory in the bounding ... | Lagrange's approximation theorem | 0.785371 |
79,427 | All preceding lower bounds are not effective, in the sense that the proofs do not provide any way to compute the constant implied in the statements. This means that one cannot use the results or their proofs to obtain bounds on the size of solutions of related Diophantine equations. However, these techniques and result... | Lagrange's approximation theorem | 0.785371 |
79,428 | The circle of ideas surrounding this theorem and its relatives is known as metric Diophantine approximation or the metric theory of Diophantine approximation (not to be confused with height "metrics" in Diophantine geometry) or metric number theory. Duffin & Schaeffer (1941) proved a generalization of Khinchin's result... | Lagrange's approximation theorem | 0.785371 |
79,429 | Let ψ {\displaystyle \psi } be a positive real-valued function on positive integers (i.e., a positive sequence) such that q ψ ( q ) {\displaystyle q\psi (q)} is non-increasing. A real number x (not necessarily algebraic) is called ψ {\displaystyle \psi } -approximable if there exist infinitely many rational numbers p/q... | Lagrange's approximation theorem | 0.785371 |
79,430 | There are different ways to set up the notion of number in metaphysics theories. Platonist theories postulate number as a fundamental category itself. Others consider it to be a property of an entity called a "group" comprising other entities; or to be a relation held between several groups of entities, such as "the nu... | System-building metaphysics | 0.785371 |
79,431 | British empiricism marked something of a reaction to rationalist and system-building metaphysics, or speculative metaphysics as it was pejoratively termed. The skeptic David Hume famously declared that most metaphysics should be consigned to the flames (see below). Hume was notorious among his contemporaries as one of ... | System-building metaphysics | 0.785371 |
79,432 | Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality. This includes the first principles of: being or existence, identity, change, space and time, cause and effect, necessity, actuality, and possibility.Metaphysics is considered one of the four main branches of philosophy, along with e... | System-building metaphysics | 0.785371 |
79,433 | Some, such as the logical positivists, and many scientists, reject the metaphysical realism as meaningless and unverifiable. Others reply that this criticism also applies to any type of knowledge, including hard science, which claims to describe anything other than the contents of human perception, and thus that the wo... | System-building metaphysics | 0.785371 |
79,434 | For example: claiming that "electrons have charge" is espousing a scientific theory; while exploring what it means for electrons to be (or at least, to be perceived as) "objects", charge to be a "property", and for both to exist in a topological entity called "space", is the task of metaphysics.There are two broad stan... | System-building metaphysics | 0.785371 |
79,435 | Metaphysical study is conducted using deduction from that which is known a priori. Like foundational mathematics (which is sometimes considered a special case of metaphysics applied to the existence of number), it tries to give a coherent account of the structure of the world, capable of explaining our everyday and sci... | System-building metaphysics | 0.785371 |
79,436 | Apriori knowledge of space and time is all that remains of metaphysics as traditionally conceived. There is a reality beyond sensory data or phenomena, which he calls the realm of noumena; however, we cannot know it as it is in itself, but only as it appears to us. He allows himself to speculate that the origins of phe... | System-building metaphysics | 0.78537 |
79,437 | Immanuel Kant attempted a grand synthesis and revision of the trends already mentioned: scholastic philosophy, systematic metaphysics, and skeptical empiricism, not to forget the burgeoning science of his day. As did the systems builders, he had an overarching framework in which all questions were to be addressed. Like... | System-building metaphysics | 0.78537 |
79,438 | Silver nanofoams are specific metal nanofoams consisting of mainly silver that are uniquely regarded for their antibacterial and electrical properties. Many of these silver nanofoams are alloys of silver and another metal such as aluminum. They are unique for their hierarchical porous structure are a current point of m... | Nanofoam | 0.785369 |
79,439 | If the application is of an abstraction to a value, however, it will result in a lambda calculus expression that may itself be an application (rather than a value), and so cannot be pushed onto the stack. In this case, the current contents of S, E, and C are pushed onto the dump D (which is a stack of these triples), S... | SECD machine | 0.785369 |
79,440 | The SECD machine is a highly influential (see: § Landin's contribution) virtual machine and abstract machine intended as a target for functional programming language compilers. The letters stand for Stack, Environment, Control, Dump—the internal registers of the machine. The registers Stack, Control, and Dump point to ... | SECD machine | 0.785369 |
79,441 | Using Cameron–Martin theorem one may establish (See Liptser and Shiryayev 1977, p. 280) that for a q × q {\displaystyle q\times q} symmetric non-negative definite matrix H ( t ) {\displaystyle H(t)} whose elements H j , k ( t ) {\displaystyle H_{j,k}(t)} are continuous and satisfy the condition ∫ 0 1 ∑ j , k = 1 q | H ... | Cameron–Martin formula | 0.785369 |
79,442 | In mathematics, the Cameron–Martin theorem or Cameron–Martin formula (named after Robert Horton Cameron and W. T. Martin) is a theorem of measure theory that describes how abstract Wiener measure changes under translation by certain elements of the Cameron–Martin Hilbert space. | Cameron–Martin formula | 0.785369 |
79,443 | The American Chemical Society style, or ACS style, is often used in Chemistry and some of the physical sciences. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed. In the style of the American Institute of Physics (AIP style), references a... | Citation style | 0.785367 |
79,444 | Titles use standardized abbreviations following Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum for periodicals and Taxonomic Literature 2 (later IPNI) for books. Pechenik Citation Style is a style described in A Short Guide to Writing about Biology, 6th ed. (2007), by Jan A. Pechenik. In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a bibliographic s... | Citation style | 0.785367 |
79,445 | See AMA Manual of Style. The style of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), or IEEE style, encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed. In areas of biology that falls within the ICNafp (which itself uses thi... | Citation style | 0.785367 |
79,446 | A number of important matrix decompositions (Golub & Van Loan 1996) involve orthogonal matrices, including especially: QR decomposition M = QR, Q orthogonal, R upper triangular Singular value decomposition M = UΣVT, U and V orthogonal, Σ diagonal matrix Eigendecomposition of a symmetric matrix (decomposition according ... | Orthonormal matrix | 0.785365 |
79,447 | In chemistry, a nitrene or imene (R−:Ṅ·) is the nitrogen analogue of a carbene. The nitrogen atom is uncharged and univalent, so it has only 6 electrons in its valence level—two covalent bonded and four non-bonded electrons. It is therefore considered an electrophile due to the unsatisfied octet. A nitrene is a reactiv... | Nitrene | 0.785364 |
79,448 | With alkenes, nitrenes react to form aziridines, very often with nitrenoid precursors such as nosyl- or tosyl-substituted phenyliodinane (PhI=NNs or PhI=NTs respectively)) but the reaction is known to work directly with the sulfonamide in presence of a transition metal based catalyst such as copper, palladium, or gold:... | Nitrene | 0.785364 |
79,449 | At x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} , the Tutte polynomial specialises to the flow polynomial studied in combinatorics. For a connected and undirected graph G and integer k, a nowhere-zero k-flow is an assignment of “flow” values 1 , 2 , … , k − 1 {\displaystyle 1,2,\dots ,k-1} to the edges of an arbitrary orientation of G su... | Tutte polynomial | 0.785362 |
79,450 | At various points and lines of the ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} -plane, the Tutte polynomial evaluates to quantities that have been studied in their own right in diverse fields of mathematics and physics. Part of the appeal of the Tutte polynomial comes from the unifying framework it provides for analysing these qua... | Tutte polynomial | 0.785362 |
79,451 | In his paper on the dichotomy for planar graphs, Vertigan claims (in his conclusion) that the same result holds when further restricted to graphs with vertex degree at most three, save for the point T G ( 0 , − 2 ) {\displaystyle T_{G}(0,-2)} , which counts nowhere-zero Z3-flows and is computable in polynomial time.The... | Tutte polynomial | 0.785362 |
79,452 | It is essentially a generating function for the number of edge sets of a given size and connected components, with immediate generalizations to matroids. It is also the most general graph invariant that can be defined by a deletion–contraction recurrence. Several textbooks about graph theory and matroid theory devote e... | Tutte polynomial | 0.785362 |
79,453 | The importance of this polynomial stems from the information it contains about G {\displaystyle G} . Though originally studied in algebraic graph theory as a generalization of counting problems related to graph coloring and nowhere-zero flow, it contains several famous other specializations from other sciences such as ... | Tutte polynomial | 0.785362 |
79,454 | The Tutte polynomial, also called the dichromate or the Tutte–Whitney polynomial, is a graph polynomial. It is a polynomial in two variables which plays an important role in graph theory. It is defined for every undirected graph G {\displaystyle G} and contains information about how the graph is connected. It is denote... | Tutte polynomial | 0.785362 |
79,455 | The concept was first demonstrated by researchers at Yale University and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2007. Prior to this experimental demonstration, the quantum bus had been described by scientists at NIST as one of the possible cornerstone building blocks in quantum computing architect... | Quantum bus | 0.785362 |
79,456 | LINC was originally developed by two New Zealand computer programmers (Gil Simpson and Peter Hoskins) while working in Saudi Arabia in the early 1980s. It was first developed exclusively for operation with a single model of Burroughs computer system comprising a totally integrated system of: B1000 hardware, MCP operati... | LINC 4GL | 0.78536 |
79,457 | (Similarly, different names were intentionally used for control structures: DO.WHEN rather than IF or LOOP, and LOOK.UP or DETERMINE rather than READ, with the OPEN and CLOSE statements generated automatically.) What allowed LINC to make programmers much more efficient and the application systems they produced easier t... | LINC 4GL | 0.78536 |
79,458 | We have seen how a reproducing kernel Hilbert space defines a reproducing kernel function that is both symmetric and positive definite. The Moore–Aronszajn theorem goes in the other direction; it states that every symmetric, positive definite kernel defines a unique reproducing kernel Hilbert space. The theorem first a... | Reproducing kernel Hilbert space | 0.78536 |
79,459 | Mercer's theorem can also be extended to address the vector-valued setting and we can therefore obtain a feature map view of the vvRKHS. Lastly, it can also be shown that the closure of the span of { Γ x c: x ∈ X , c ∈ R T } {\displaystyle \{\Gamma _{x}c:x\in X,c\in \mathbb {R} ^{T}\}} coincides with H {\displaystyle H... | Reproducing kernel Hilbert space | 0.78536 |
79,460 | This second property parallels the reproducing property for the scalar-valued case. This definition can also be connected to integral operators, bounded evaluation functions, and feature maps as we saw for the scalar-valued RKHS. We can equivalently define the vvRKHS as a vector-valued Hilbert space with a bounded eval... | Reproducing kernel Hilbert space | 0.78536 |
79,461 | Once in the grid, renewable energy is impossible to separate from the conventionally generated energy. This makes purchasing of a green certificate equal to purchasing a claim, that the certificate owner consumed energy from the renewable portion of the whole energy in the grid. Therefore certificate purchase does not ... | Green certificate | 0.785357 |
79,462 | A green certificate are a tradable commodity proving that certain electricity is generated using renewable energy sources. Typically one certificate represents the generation of one Megawatthour of electricity. What is defined as "renewable" varies from certificate trading scheme to trading scheme. Usually, at least th... | Green certificate | 0.785357 |
79,463 | According to the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula, we have e X e Y = e Z {\displaystyle e^{X}e^{Y}=e^{Z}} , where Z = X + Y + 1 2 + 1 12 ] + ⋯ , {\displaystyle Z=X+Y+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{12}}]+\cdots ,} with ⋯ {\displaystyle \cdots } indicating other terms expressed as repeated commutators involving X and Y. Thu... | Left invariant | 0.785355 |
79,464 | One approach to proving the second part of the Lie group-Lie algebra correspondence (the homomorphisms theorem) is to use the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula, as in Section 5.7 of Hall's book. Specifically, given the Lie algebra homomorphism ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } from Lie ( G ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Lie} (... | Left invariant | 0.785355 |
79,465 | {\displaystyle 1\to \pi _{1}(G)\to {\widetilde {G}}{\overset {p}{\to }}G\to 1.} Equivalently, given a Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} and a simply connected Lie group G ~ {\displaystyle {\widetilde {G}}} whose Lie algebra is g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , there is a one-to-one correspondence between ... | Left invariant | 0.785355 |
79,466 | By the first isomorphism theorem, exp {\displaystyle \exp } induces the isomorphism g / Γ → G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}/\Gamma \to G} . By the rigidity argument, the fundamental group π 1 ( G ) {\displaystyle \pi _{1}(G)} of a connected Lie group G is a central subgroup of a simply connected covering G ~ {\display... | Left invariant | 0.785355 |
79,467 | Let G be a connected Lie group. Since the Lie algebra of the center of G is the center of the Lie algebra of G (cf. the previous §), G is abelian if and only if its Lie algebra is abelian. If G is abelian, then the exponential map exp: g → G {\displaystyle \exp :{\mathfrak {g}}\to G} is a surjective group homomorphism.... | Left invariant | 0.785355 |
79,468 | However, by restricting our attention to the simply connected Lie groups, the Lie group-Lie algebra correspondence will be one-to-one.In this article, a Lie group refers to a real Lie group. For the complex and p-adic cases, see complex Lie group and p-adic Lie group. In this article, manifolds (in particular Lie group... | Left invariant | 0.785355 |
79,469 | In mathematics, Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence allows one to correspond a Lie group to a Lie algebra or vice versa, and study the conditions for such a relationship. Lie groups that are isomorphic to each other have Lie algebras that are isomorphic to each other, but the converse is not necessarily true. One obvi... | Left invariant | 0.785355 |
79,470 | Multiple Asynchronous Periodic Polling (MAPP) is a synchronization method used primarily in Computer Science. This method is similar to periodic polling. In MAPP, two or more periodic polling handlers (such as using multiple timers) are applied to form a single aggregate polling scheme. | Multiple asynchronous periodic polling | 0.785355 |
79,471 | Specific occupational safety and health risk factors vary depending on the specific sector and industry. Construction workers might be particularly at risk of falls, for instance, whereas fishermen might be particularly at risk of drowning. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics identifies the fishing, aviation, ... | Industrial safety | 0.785354 |
79,472 | deep (2,100 meters) as well as a number of ground facilities. The Baksan Experiment on Sterile Transitions (BEST) is currently (2019) being conducted at Baksan with aims of understanding sterile neutrinos. The laboratory itself is located in a 4,000 meter long horizontal tunnel mined specifically for this purpose; this... | Baksan Neutrino Observatory | 0.785354 |
79,473 | Eureqa is a proprietary modeling engine originally created by Cornell's Artificial Intelligence Lab and later commercialized by Nutonian, Inc. The software uses evolutionary search to determine mathematical equations that describe sets of data in their simplest form. This task is generally referred to as symbolic regre... | Eureqa | 0.785353 |
79,474 | In the October 2011 edition of "Physical Biology", Lipson described a yeast experiment that predicted seven known equations. This took place after Lipson had asked scientists from different disciplines to share their work to test Eureqa's versatility.The program was named Eureqa after Archimedes' famous expression "Eur... | Eureqa | 0.785353 |
79,475 | Since the 1970s, the primary way companies have performed data science has been to hire teams of data scientists, and equip them with tools like R, Python, SAS, and SQL to execute predictive and statistical modeling. In 2007, Michael Schmidt, then a PhD student in Computational Biology at Cornell, believed that the vol... | Eureqa | 0.785353 |
79,476 | Steps taken to reduce the chance of over-optimization can include modifying the inputs +/- 10%, shmooing the inputs in large steps, running Monte Carlo simulations and ensuring slippage and commission is accounted for.Forward testing the algorithm is the next stage and involves running the algorithm through an out of s... | Trading system | 0.785349 |
79,477 | Strategies designed to generate alpha are considered market timing strategies. These types of strategies are designed using a methodology that includes backtesting, forward testing and live testing. Market timing algorithms will typically use technical indicators such as moving averages but can also include pattern rec... | Trading system | 0.785349 |
79,478 | Financial market news is now being formatted by firms such as Need To Know News, Thomson Reuters, Dow Jones, and Bloomberg, to be read and traded on via algorithms. "Computers are now being used to generate news stories about company earnings results or economic statistics as they are released. And this almost instanta... | Trading system | 0.785349 |
79,479 | This interdisciplinary movement is sometimes called econophysics. Some researchers also cite a "cultural divide" between employees of firms primarily engaged in algorithmic trading and traditional investment managers. Algorithmic trading has encouraged an increased focus on data and had decreased emphasis on sell-side ... | Trading system | 0.785349 |
79,480 | The relative abundance of each isotopologue (e.g. mass-47 CO2) is proportional to the relative abundance of each isotopic species. 47R/44R = (2×+2×+)/()This predicted abundance assumes a non-biased stochastic distribution of isotopes, natural materials tend to deviate from these stochastic values, the study of which fo... | Carbonate clumped-isotope | 0.785349 |
79,481 | A geometric interpretation of this result can be given using a generalization of a theorem by Johann Bernoulli It follows from André's theorem that the radius of convergence of the series A(x) is π/2. This allows one to compute the asymptotic expansion A n ∼ 2 ( 2 π ) n + 1 n ! . {\displaystyle A_{n}\sim 2\left({\frac ... | Tangent number | 0.785348 |
79,482 | This differential equation can be solved by separation of variables (using the initial condition A ( 0 ) = A 0 / 0 ! = 1 {\displaystyle A(0)=A_{0}/0!=1} ), and simplified using a tangent half-angle formula, giving the final result A ( x ) = tan ( π 4 + x 2 ) = sec x + tan x {\displaystyle A(x)=\tan \left({\frac {... | Tangent number | 0.785348 |
79,483 | Let B be an A-algebra, and let M be a B-module. Let P be a simplicial cofibrant A-algebra resolution of B. André notates the qth cohomology group of B over A with coefficients in M by Hq(A, B, M), while Quillen notates the same group as Dq(B/A, M). The qth André–Quillen cohomology group is: D q ( B / A , M ) = H q ( A ... | Lichtenbaum–Schlessinger functor | 0.785346 |
79,484 | Sir John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester (1458–1464) George Acworth, Anglican priest and civil lawyer Reginald Pole, cardinal Jacopo Zabarella (1533–1589) physics, metaphysics, and mathematics. Theophilos Corydalleus (1563–1546) Greek Neo-Aristotelian philosopher, started Korydalism. Saint Francis de Sales (1567–1622), doub... | University of Padua | 0.785343 |
79,485 | The last years of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century saw a reversal of the centralisation process that had taken place in the sixteenth: scientific institutes were set up in what became veritable campuses; a new building to house the Arts and Philosophy faculty was built in another part of the c... | University of Padua | 0.785343 |
79,486 | In addition to the garden, best visited in the spring and summer, the university also manages nine museums, including a History of physics museum. The university began teaching medicine around 1250. | University of Padua | 0.785343 |
79,487 | ARWU ranks the university in the 151st-200th range globally for 2022.The 2021 Times Higher Education World University Rankings lists the university at 4th place in Italy and in the 201st-250th range worldwide. QS World University Rankings ranks the university 4th in Italy in 2021 and the best in Italy to study geology ... | University of Padua | 0.785343 |
79,488 | Ermolao Barbaro (1454–1493), appointed professor of philosophy in 1477 Leonik Tomeu (1456–1531) first to teach Aristotle in original Greek Jacopo Zabarella (1533–1589) held chairs of logic, and philosophy, from 1564 to 1589 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) held chair of mathematics between 1592 and 1610 Elena Cornaro Piscop... | University of Padua | 0.785343 |
79,489 | The University of Padua offers a wide range of degrees, organized by Departments: Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment Department of Biology Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health Department of Biomedical Sciences Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Science... | University of Padua | 0.785343 |
79,490 | The nations themselves fell into two groups: the cismontanes for the Italian students the ultramontanes for those who came from beyond the AlpsFrom the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, the university was renowned for its research, particularly in the areas of medicine, astronomy, philosophy and law. At the time it ... | University of Padua | 0.785343 |
79,491 | The university is conventionally said to have been founded in 1222 when a large group of students and professors left the University of Bologna in search of more academic freedom ('Libertas scholastica'). The first subjects to be taught were law and theology. The curriculum expanded rapidly, and by 1399 the institution... | University of Padua | 0.785343 |
79,492 | The pH value of a neutral solution is 7.0 at 25°C (standard laboratory conditions). Solutions with a pH value below 7.0 are considered acidic and solutions with pH value above 7.0 are basic. Since most naturally occurring organic compounds are weak electrolytes, such as carboxylic acids and amines, pH indicators find m... | Acid-base indicator | 0.785343 |
79,493 | In the mathematical theory of Kleinian groups, the density conjecture of Lipman Bers, Dennis Sullivan, and William Thurston, later proved independently by Namazi & Souto (2012) and Ohshika (2011), states that every finitely generated Kleinian group is an algebraic limit of geometrically finite Kleinian groups. | Density theorem for Kleinian groups | 0.785342 |
79,494 | In 2002, Krister Wolff and Peter Nordin of Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, built a flapping-wing robot that learned flight techniques. The balsa-wood design was driven by machine learning software technology known as a steady-state linear evolutionary algorithm. Inspired by natural evolution, the software ... | Ornithopter | 0.785342 |
79,495 | Given a Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} over a field of characteristic 0 {\displaystyle 0} , and a Lie algebra representation there is a decomposition related to the decomposition of the Lie algebra from its Cartan subalgebra. If we set with λ ∈ h ∗ {\displaystyle \lambda \in {\mathfrak {h}}^{*}} , called... | Cartan algebra | 0.785341 |
79,496 | But, it turns out these weights can be used to classify the irreducible representations of the Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} . For a finite dimensional irreducible g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} -representation V {\displaystyle V} , there exists a unique weight λ ∈ Φ {\displaystyle \lambda \in \Phi }... | Cartan algebra | 0.785341 |
79,497 | Over non-algebraically closed fields, not all Cartan subalgebras are conjugate. An important class are splitting Cartan subalgebras: if a Lie algebra admits a splitting Cartan subalgebra h {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}} then it is called splittable, and the pair ( g , h ) {\displaystyle ({\mathfrak {g}},{\mathfrak {h}... | Cartan algebra | 0.785341 |
79,498 | The dimension of a Cartan subalgebra is not in general the maximal dimension of an abelian subalgebra, even for complex simple Lie algebras. For example, the Lie algebra s l 2 n ( C ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}_{2n}(\mathbb {C} )} of 2 n {\displaystyle 2n} by 2 n {\displaystyle 2n} matrices of trace 0 {\displaysty... | Cartan algebra | 0.785341 |
79,499 | Any nilpotent Lie algebra is its own Cartan subalgebra. A Cartan subalgebra of g l n {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {gl}}_{n}} , the Lie algebra of n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrices over a field, is the algebra of all diagonal matrices. For the special Lie algebra of traceless n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrices... | Cartan algebra | 0.785341 |
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