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81,300 | Surprisal analysis was formulated at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem as a joint effort between Raphael David Levine, Richard Barry Bernstein and Avinoam Ben-Shaul in 1972. Levine and colleagues had recognized a need to better understand the dynamics of non-equilibrium systems, particularly of small systems, that are... | Surprisal analysis | 0.784641 |
81,301 | Surprisal analysis is an information-theoretical analysis technique that integrates and applies principles of thermodynamics and maximal entropy. Surprisal analysis is capable of relating the underlying microscopic properties to the macroscopic bulk properties of a system. It has already been applied to a spectrum of d... | Surprisal analysis | 0.784641 |
81,302 | With the recent advancement in biotechnology, researchers were able to determine the precise Genus and species of the ASF bacteria using sequence analysis of 16S rRNA. The strains identified are different from the presumptive identities. The distribution of the bacteria species in the gut depends on their need of and a... | Altered Schaedler flora | 0.784641 |
81,303 | These bacteria are persistent and dominant in normal and SPF mice GI tracts. Confirmation of the correct microbiota presence was limited to looking at the cell Morphology (biology), biochemical traits and growth characteristics Dr. Orcutt lamented that he would have included the Segmented Filamentous Bacterium of the s... | Altered Schaedler flora | 0.784641 |
81,304 | The end character (the ? in this example) separates the individual pipelines in the pipeline set. Records read from the input file pass through either of the two routes of the pipeline topology. | CMS Pipelines | 0.784639 |
81,305 | The secondary output of locate (marked by the second occurrence of the a: label) contains the records that did not meet the selection criterion. These records are translated to upper case (by the xlate stage) and passed to the secondary input stream of faninany (marked by the second occurrence of the i: label). The pip... | CMS Pipelines | 0.784639 |
81,306 | This lock-step approach not only avoids copying the data from one buffer to the next; it also makes it possible to predict the flow of records in multi-stream pipelines. A program can dynamically redefine the pipeline topology. It can replace itself with another pipeline, it can insert a pipeline segment before or afte... | CMS Pipelines | 0.784639 |
81,307 | Exceptions include the dynamical billiards, which model billiard ball-type collisions of atoms in an ideal gas or plasma. The first hard-sphere ergodicity theorem was for Sinai's billiards, which considers two balls, one of them taken as being stationary, at the origin. As the second ball collides, it moves away; apply... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,308 | On the other hand in coding theory the state space is often discrete in both time and state, with less concomitant structure. In all those fields the ideas of time average and ensemble average can also carry extra baggage as well—as is the case with the many possible thermodynamically relevant partition functions used ... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,309 | Once the theory was well developed in physics, it was rapidly formalized and extended, so that ergodic theory has long been an independent area of mathematics in itself. As part of that progression, more than one slightly different definition of ergodicity and multitudes of interpretations of the concept in different f... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,310 | The measure μ ν {\displaystyle \mu _{\nu }} is always ergodic for the shift map if the associated Markov chain is irreducible (any state can be reached with positive probability from any other state in a finite number of steps).The hypotheses above imply that there is a unique stationary measure for the Markov chain. I... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,311 | The ergodic decomposition theorem states that every ergodic system can be split into two parts: the conservative part, and the dissipative part. Mixing is a stronger statement than ergodicity. Mixing asks for this ergodic property to hold between any two sets A , B {\displaystyle A,B} , and not just between some set A ... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,312 | An immediate consequence of the definition of ergodicity is that on a topological space X {\displaystyle X} , and if B {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} is the σ-algebra of Borel sets, if T {\displaystyle T} is μ {\displaystyle \mu } -ergodic then μ {\displaystyle \mu } -almost every orbit of T {\displaystyle T} is dense ... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,313 | A key one for stochastic processes is the Wold decomposition, which states that any stationary process can be decomposed into a pair of uncorrelated processes, one deterministic, and the other being a moving average process. The Ornstein isomorphism theorem states that every stationary stochastic process is equivalent ... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,314 | This set is the Cantor set, sometimes called the Cantor space to avoid confusion with the Cantor function C ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ x n 3 n {\displaystyle C(x)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {x_{n}}{3^{n}}}} In the end, these are all "the same thing". The Cantor set plays key roles in many branches of mathematics. In recreation... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,315 | In formal terms, the cylinder sets form the base for a topology on the space X {\displaystyle X} of all possible infinite-length coin-flips. The measure μ {\displaystyle \mu } has all of the common-sense properties one might hope for: the measure of a cylinder set with h {\displaystyle h} in the m {\displaystyle m} 'th... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,316 | This correspondence works because the axioms of probability theory are identical to those of measure theory; these are the Kolmogorov axioms.The idea of a volume can be very abstract. Consider, for example, the set of all possible coin-flips: the set of infinite sequences of heads and tails. Assigning the volume of 1 t... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,317 | Spin glasses present particular difficulties. Formal mathematical proofs of ergodicity in statistical physics are hard to come by; most high-dimensional many-body systems are assumed to be ergodic, without mathematical proof. | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,318 | This section reviews ergodicity in statistical mechanics. The above abstract definition of a volume is required as the appropriate setting for definitions of ergodicity in physics. Consider a container of liquid, or gas, or plasma, or other collection of atoms or particles. Each and every particle x i {\displaystyle x_... | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,319 | If X {\displaystyle X} is a compact metric space it is naturally endowed with the σ-algebra of Borel sets. The additional structure coming from the topology then allows a much more detailed theory for ergodic transformations and measures on X {\displaystyle X} . | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,320 | In the setting above it follows from the Banach-Alaoglu theorem that there always exists extremal points in P ( X ) T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(X)^{T}} . Hence a transformation of a compact metric space always admits ergodic measures. | Ergodicity | 0.784639 |
81,321 | There is insufficient evidence to show that technology in the classroom learning will enable more learning compared to traditional classroom learning and alternative methods. The common forms of technology used in classroom are projectors, desktops, laptops and mobile devices. Artificial Intelligence(AI) is the use of ... | Australian Computers in Education Conference | 0.784635 |
81,322 | The , , Coxeter group generates 31 permutations of uniform tessellations, 28 are unique in this family and ten are shared in the and families. The alternation (13) is also repeated in other families. The , , Coxeter group generates 31 permutations of uniform tessellations, 23 with distinct symmetry and 4 with distinc... | Birectified 24-cell honeycomb | 0.784634 |
81,323 | The H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering is a department in the Georgia Institute of Technology's College of Engineering dedicated to education and research in industrial engineering. The school is named after H. Milton Stewart, a local philanthropist and successful businessman who formerly gr... | H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering | 0.784634 |
81,324 | In statistics, Pyrrho's lemma is the result that if one adds just one extra variable as a regressor from a suitable set to a linear regression model, one can get any desired outcome in terms of the coefficients (signs and sizes), as well as predictions, the R-squared, the t-statistics, prediction- and confidence-interv... | Pyrrho's lemma | 0.784633 |
81,325 | On the same day (November 30, 1812) that Binet presented his paper to the Academy, Cauchy also presented one on the subject. (See Cauchy–Binet formula.) In this he used the word "determinant" in its present sense, summarized and simplified what was then known on the subject, improved the notation, and gave the multipli... | Determinant of a matrix | 0.784631 |
81,326 | Like Lagrange, he made much use of determinants in the theory of numbers. He introduced the word "determinant" (Laplace had used "resultant"), though not in the present signification, but rather as applied to the discriminant of a quantic. Gauss also arrived at the notion of reciprocal (inverse) determinants, and came ... | Determinant of a matrix | 0.784631 |
81,327 | Nevertheless, various notions of non-commutative determinant have been formulated that preserve some of the properties of determinants, notably quasideterminants and the Dieudonné determinant. For some classes of matrices with non-commutative elements, one can define the determinant and prove linear algebra theorems th... | Determinant of a matrix | 0.784631 |
81,328 | For any associative algebra A {\displaystyle A} that is finite-dimensional as a vector space over a field F {\displaystyle F} , there is a determinant map det: A → F . {\displaystyle \det :A\to F.} This definition proceeds by establishing the characteristic polynomial independently of the determinant, and defining the ... | Determinant of a matrix | 0.784631 |
81,329 | The determinant is closely related to two other central concepts in linear algebra, the eigenvalues and the characteristic polynomial of a matrix. Let A {\displaystyle A} be an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} -matrix with complex entries. Then, by the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, A {\displaystyle A} must have exactl... | Determinant of a matrix | 0.784631 |
81,330 | Sylvester's determinant theorem states that for A, an m × n matrix, and B, an n × m matrix (so that A and B have dimensions allowing them to be multiplied in either order forming a square matrix): det ( I m + A B ) = det ( I n + B A ) , {\displaystyle \det \left(I_{\mathit {m}}+AB\right)=\det \left(I_{\mathit {n}}+BA\r... | Determinant of a matrix | 0.784631 |
81,331 | In the United States, the TI-89 is allowed by the College Board on all calculator-permitted tests, including the SAT, some SAT Subject Tests, and the AP Calculus, Physics, Chemistry, and Statistics exams. However, the calculator is banned from use on the ACT, the PLAN, and in some classrooms. The TI-92 series, with oth... | TI-89 Titanium | 0.784631 |
81,332 | Business process management activities can be arbitrarily grouped into categories such as design, modeling, execution, monitoring, and optimization. | Business Process Management | 0.784631 |
81,333 | Process optimization includes retrieving process performance information from modeling or monitoring phase; identifying the potential or actual bottlenecks and the potential opportunities for cost savings or other improvements; and then, applying those enhancements in the design of the process. Process mining tools are... | Business Process Management | 0.784631 |
81,334 | Predictive Business Process Monitoring concerns the application of data mining, machine learning, and other forecasting techniques to predict what is going to happen with running instances of a business process, allowing to make forecasts of future cycle time, compliance issues, etc. Techniques for predictive business ... | Business Process Management | 0.784631 |
81,335 | The Workflow Management Coalition, BPM.com and several other sources use the following definition: Business process management (BPM) is a discipline involving any combination of modeling, automation, execution, control, measurement and optimization of business activity flows, in support of enterprise goals, spanning sy... | Business Process Management | 0.784631 |
81,336 | Monitoring encompasses the tracking of individual processes, so that information on their state can be easily seen, and statistics on the performance of one or more processes can be provided. An example of this tracking is being able to determine the state of a customer order (e.g. order arrived, awaiting delivery, inv... | Business Process Management | 0.784631 |
81,337 | Notations mainly in higher mathematics, Reprint of the 1928 and 1929 originals, Dover, ISBN 0-486-67766-4, MR 3363427 Bezout, Étienne (1779), Théorie générale des equations algébriques, Paris Cayley, Arthur (1841), "On a theorem in the geometry of position", Cambridge Mathematical Journal, 2: 267–271 Cramer, Gabriel (1... | Determinant of a matrix | 0.784631 |
81,338 | Significant improvement on 3D printing skills has made it possible for thermoelectric components to be prepared via 3D printing. Thermoelectric products are made from special materials that absorb heat and create electricity. The requirement of fitting complex geometries in tightly constrained spaces makes 3D printing ... | Thermoelectric figure of merit | 0.784631 |
81,339 | Komsomolsk-on-Amur: IMiM FEBRAS, 2005, p. 134-137 Kozin V.M., Koloshenko JB Experimental studies of deformation of the ice cover caused by moving loads. Problems of continuum mechanics and related problems of mechanical engineering: Sat. | Resonance method of ice destruction | 0.784628 |
81,340 | : Academy of Earth Sciences, 2004, p. 98-99 Kozin V.M., Tereschenkova ES Analysis of the causes and the recommended methods of destruction of congestion. Problems of continuum mechanics and related problems of mechanical engineering: Sat. | Resonance method of ice destruction | 0.784628 |
81,341 | Kozin V.M., Pogorelov, AV Wave resistance amphibious hovercraft when driving on ice. / Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics. - Novosibirsk: Publishing House SB RAS. - 2003. | Resonance method of ice destruction | 0.784628 |
81,342 | Problems of continuum mechanics and related problems of mechanical engineering: Sat. Reports of the Third Conference. Vladivostok, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, September, 2004. | Resonance method of ice destruction | 0.784628 |
81,343 | GML encodes the GML geometries, or geometric characteristics, of geographic objects as elements within GML documents according to the "vector" model. The geometries of those objects may describe, for example, roads, rivers, and bridges. The key GML geometry object types in GML 1.0 and GML 2.0, are the following: Point ... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784628 |
81,344 | It refers to a definition of the CRS that is used to interpret the coordinates in the geometry. The CRS definition may be in a document (i.e. a flat file) or in an online web service. Values of EPSG codes can be resolved by using the EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset registry operated by the Oil and Gas Producers Associa... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784628 |
81,345 | A coordinate reference system (CRS) determines the geometry of each geometry element in a GML document. Unlike KML or GeoRSS, GML does not default to a coordinate system when none is provided. Instead, the desired coordinate system must be specified explicitly with a CRS. The elements whose coordinates are interpreted ... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784628 |
81,346 | While a basic coding existed for most of the new objects introduced by the GML/G-XML agreement, and for some introduced by Galdos within the OGC process (notably coverages), it soon became apparent that few of these encodings were compliant with the abstract specifications developed by the ISO TC/211, specifications wh... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,347 | The following GML example illustrates the distinction between features and geometry objects. The Building feature has several geometry objects, sharing one of them (the Point with identifier p21) with the SurveyMonument feature: Note that the reference is to the shared Point and not to the SurveyMonument, since any fea... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,348 | An xlink:href attribute on a GML geometry property means that the value of the property is the resource referenced in the link. For example, a Building feature in a particular GML application schema might have a position given by the primitive GML geometry object type Point. However, the Building is a separate entity f... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,349 | In GML, a feature can have various geometry properties that describe geometric aspects or characteristics of the feature (e.g. the feature's Point or Extent properties). GML also provides the ability for features to share a geometry property with one another by using a remote property reference on the shared geometry p... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,350 | GML defines features distinct from geometry objects. A feature is an application object that represents a physical entity, e.g. a building, a river, or a person. A feature may or may not have geometric aspects. A geometry object defines a location or region instead of a physical entity, and hence is different from a fe... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,351 | GML contains a rich set of primitives which are used to build application specific schemas or application languages. These primitives include: Feature Geometry Coordinate reference system Topology Time Dynamic feature Coverage (including geographic images) Unit of measure Directions Observations Map presentation stylin... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,352 | Following is a list of known, publicly accessible GML Application Schemas: AIXM Aeronautical Information eXchange Model ( see http://aixm.aero – Commercial Aviation Related Schema) CAAML – Canadian Avalanche Association Markup Language CityGML – a common information model and GML application schema for virtual 3D city ... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,353 | (Note that although GML versions 1 and 2 had the element, it is treated as a defect and is not used.) Using the element instead of the element, the same point can be represented as follows: The coordinates of a geometry object can be represented with the element: The element is used to represent a list of coordinate tu... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,354 | Coordinates in GML represent the coordinates of geometry objects. Coordinates can be specified by any of the following GML elements: GML has multiple ways to represent coordinates. For example, the element can be used, as follows: Note that, when expressed as above, the individual coordinates (e.g. 88.56) are not separ... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,355 | This resulted in many new types entering GML's core object list, including observations, dynamic features, temporal objects, default styles, topology, and viewpoints. Much of the work was conducted by Galdos under contract to NTT Data. This laid the foundation for GML 3, although a significant new development occurred ... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,356 | On the one hand G-XML required the use of many fundamental constructs not at the time in the GML lexicon, including temporality, spatial references by identifiers, objects having histories, and the concept of topology-based styling. GML, on the other hand, offered a limited set of primitives (geometry, feature) and a r... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,357 | The GML Simple Features Profile is a more complete profile of GML than the above Point Profile and supports a wide range of vector feature objects, including the following: A reduced geometry model allowing 0d, 1d and 2d linear geometric objects (all based on linear interpolation) and the corresponding aggregate geomet... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,358 | The GML Point Profile contains a single GML geometry, namely a object type. Any XML Schema can use the Point Profile by importing it and referencing the subject instance: Note that when using the Point Profile, the only geometry object is the ' ' object. The rest of the geography is defined by the photo-collection sche... | Geography Markup Language | 0.784627 |
81,359 | The representation theory of Lie algebras plays an important role in various parts of theoretical physics. There, one considers operators on the space of states that satisfy certain natural commutation relations. These commutation relations typically come from a symmetry of the problem—specifically, they are the relati... | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,360 | Given a complex Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , a real Lie algebra g 0 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{0}} is said to be a real form of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} if the complexification g 0 ⊗ R C ≃ g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{0}\otimes _{\mathbb {R} }\mathbb {C} \simeq {\mathfrak {g}}} is ... | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,361 | {\displaystyle \sigma (x\otimes y\otimes z)=y\otimes z\otimes x.} With this notation, a Lie algebra can be defined as an object A {\displaystyle A} in the category of vector spaces together with a morphism : A ⊗ A → A {\displaystyle :A\otimes A\rightarrow A} that satisfies the two morphism equalities ∘ ( i d + τ ) = 0... | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,362 | Dr. Dan Arvizu, the 2010 honoree, is the Director and Chief Executive of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and he is from Mexico. | Hispanic Scientist of the Year Award | 0.784626 |
81,363 | The 2003 honoree was Dr. Mario Molina, a Nobel Laureate in Chemistry from Mexico. | Hispanic Scientist of the Year Award | 0.784626 |
81,364 | {\displaystyle =F_{2}.} The three-dimensional Euclidean space R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} with the Lie bracket given by the cross product of vectors has the same commutation relations as above: thus, it is isomorphic to s o ( 3 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {so}}(3)} . This Lie algebra is unitarily equivalent to... | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,365 | The Lie algebra s o ( 3 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {so}}(3)} of the group SO(3) is spanned by the three matrices F 1 = ( 0 0 0 0 0 − 1 0 1 0 ) , F 2 = ( 0 0 1 0 0 0 − 1 0 0 ) , F 3 = ( 0 − 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ) . {\displaystyle F_{1}=\left({\begin{array}{ccc}0&0&0\\0&0&-1\\0&1&0\end{array}}\right),\quad F_{2}=\left({\begi... | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,366 | The Heisenberg algebra H 3 ( R ) {\displaystyle {\rm {H}}_{3}(\mathbb {R} )} is a three-dimensional Lie algebra generated by elements x, y, and z with Lie brackets = z , = 0 , = 0 {\displaystyle =z,\quad =0,\quad =0} . It is usually realized as the space of 3×3 strictly upper-triangular matrices, with the commutator... | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,367 | Typically, the space of states is very far from being irreducible under the pertinent operators, but one can attempt to decompose it into irreducible pieces. In doing so, one needs to know the irreducible representations of the given Lie algebra. In the study of the quantum hydrogen atom, for example, quantum mechanics... | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,368 | For d ( 2 ) ⊂ g l ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}(2)\subset {\mathfrak {gl}}(2)} , the commutator of two elements g ∈ g l ( 2 ) {\displaystyle g\in {\mathfrak {gl}}(2)} and d ∈ d ( 2 ) {\displaystyle d\in {\mathfrak {d}}(2)}: , ] = − = {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left&={\begin{bmatrix}ax&by\\cx&dy\\\end{b... | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,369 | Although the definitions above are sufficient for a conventional understanding of Lie algebras, once this is understood, additional insight can be gained by using notation common to category theory, that is, by defining a Lie algebra in terms of linear maps—that is, morphisms of the category of vector spaces—without co... | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,370 | Lie algebras can be classified to some extent. In particular, this has an application to the classification of Lie groups. | Lie subalgebra | 0.784626 |
81,371 | Luciferase is a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes that produce bioluminescence, and is usually distinguished from a photoprotein. The name was first used by Raphaël Dubois who invented the words luciferin and luciferase, for the substrate and enzyme, respectively. Both words are derived from the Latin wor... | Luciferase | 0.784624 |
81,372 | There is a way to perform a canonical quantization without having to resort to the non covariant approach of foliating spacetime and choosing a Hamiltonian. This method is based upon a classical action, but is different from the functional integral approach. The method does not apply to all possible actions (for instan... | Energy quantization | 0.784623 |
81,373 | Nevertheless, the Groenewold–van Hove theorem dictates that no perfect quantization scheme exists. Specifically, if the quantizations of x and p are taken to be the usual position and momentum operators, then no quantization scheme can perfectly reproduce the Poisson bracket relations among the classical observables. S... | Energy quantization | 0.784623 |
81,374 | However, as a natural quantization scheme (a functor), Weyl's map is not satisfactory. For example, the Weyl map of the classical angular-momentum-squared is not just the quantum angular momentum squared operator, but it further contains a constant term 3ħ2/2. (This extra term offset is pedagogically significant, since... | Energy quantization | 0.784623 |
81,375 | This led him to discover the phase-space star-product of a pair of functions. More generally, this technique leads to deformation quantization, where the ★-product is taken to be a deformation of the algebra of functions on a symplectic manifold or Poisson manifold. | Energy quantization | 0.784623 |
81,376 | This algebra is quotiented over by the ideal generated by the Euler–Lagrange equations. Then, this quotient algebra is converted into a Poisson algebra by introducing a Poisson bracket derivable from the action, called the Peierls bracket. This Poisson algebra is then ℏ -deformed in the same way as in canonical quantiz... | Energy quantization | 0.784622 |
81,377 | Canonical quantization develops quantum mechanics from classical mechanics. One introduces a commutation relation among canonical coordinates. Technically, one converts coordinates to operators, through combinations of creation and annihilation operators. The operators act on quantum states of the theory. The lowest en... | Energy quantization | 0.784622 |
81,378 | In physics, quantisation (in American English quantization) is the systematic transition procedure from a classical understanding of physical phenomena to a newer understanding known as quantum mechanics. It is a procedure for constructing quantum mechanics from classical mechanics. A generalization involving infinite ... | Energy quantization | 0.784622 |
81,379 | In mathematical physics, geometric quantization is a mathematical approach to defining a quantum theory corresponding to a given classical theory. It attempts to carry out quantization, for which there is in general no exact recipe, in such a way that certain analogies between the classical theory and the quantum theor... | Energy quantization | 0.784622 |
81,380 | A positively curved universe is described by elliptic geometry, and can be thought of as a three-dimensional hypersphere, or some other spherical 3-manifold (such as the Poincaré dodecahedral space), all of which are quotients of the 3-sphere. Poincaré dodecahedral space is a positively curved space, colloquially descr... | Topology of the universe | 0.784622 |
81,381 | The Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) model using Friedmann equations is commonly used to model the universe. The FLRW model provides a curvature of the universe based on the mathematics of fluid dynamics, that is, modeling the matter within the universe as a perfect fluid. Although stars and structures of mas... | Topology of the universe | 0.784622 |
81,382 | Knowing this propagation speed, we then know the size of the gas cloud as well as the distance to the gas cloud, we then have two sides of a triangle and can then determine the angles. Using a method similar to this, the BOOMERanG experiment has determined that the sum of the angles to 180° within experimental error, c... | Topology of the universe | 0.784622 |
81,383 | The curvature is a quantity describing how the geometry of a space differs locally from the one of the flat space. The curvature of any locally isotropic space (and hence of a locally isotropic universe) falls into one of the three following cases: Zero curvature (flat); a drawn triangle's angles add up to 180° and the... | Topology of the universe | 0.784622 |
81,384 | Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks is a scientific book series edited by Rafelski. The first volume of 2016 published as open-access under the Creative Commons license 4.0. is subtitled 'From Hagedorn Temperature to ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at CERN', and the volume in preparation was subtitled ‘Quark–gluon ... | Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks | 0.784621 |
81,385 | Johann Rafelski (born 19 May 1950) is a German-American theoretical physicist. He is a professor of physics at the University of Arizona in Tucson, guest scientist at CERN (Geneva), and has been LMU-Excellent Guest Professor at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Munich, Germany. Rafelski's current research i... | Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks | 0.784621 |
81,386 | In statistics, the inverted Dirichlet distribution is a multivariate generalization of the beta prime distribution, and is related to the Dirichlet distribution. It was first described by Tiao and Cuttman in 1965.The distribution has a density function given by p ( x 1 , … , x k ) = Γ ( ν 1 + ⋯ + ν k + 1 ) ∏ j = 1 k + ... | Inverted Dirichlet distribution | 0.78462 |
81,387 | Integer1 -eq Integer2 - Integer1 and Integer2 variables are algebraically equal -ne - not equal -gt - greater than -ge - greater or equal -lt - less than -le - less or equal | Test (Unix) | 0.784617 |
81,388 | Open Bionics is a UK-based company that develops low-cost, 3D printed bionic arms for amputees with below elbow amputations. Their bionic arms are fully functional with lights, bio feedback vibrations and different functions that allow the user to grab, pinch, high-five, fist bump and thumbs-up. The company is based in... | Open Bionics | 0.784617 |
81,389 | The theory of evolution is taught in Japan as part of the education policy. The teaching of evolution began already under the Japanese Empire, and the first academic lecture on evolution was given at Tokyo Imperial University by American biology expert Edward Morse on September 12, 1877. | Creation and evolution in public education | 0.784616 |
81,390 | US based creationist organizations such as the Institute for Creation Research (ICR) have worked alongside them. Some scientists have protested that anti-evolution books published by this group (such as The Evolution Deceit (1999) by Harun Yahya) have become more influential than real biology textbooks. The teaching of... | Creation and evolution in public education | 0.784616 |
81,391 | On April 25, 2007, Member of Parliament Martin Henriksen (Danish People's Party) asked Education Minister Bertel Haarder (Liberal Party of Denmark) for information about how many educational institutions had received The Atlas of Creation (2006) by Harun Yahya. The minister responded that the Ministry of Education was ... | Creation and evolution in public education | 0.784616 |
81,392 | A 90% decrease in porosity has also been observed in MICP treated soil. Light microscopic imaging suggested that the mechanical strength enhancement of cemented sandy material is caused mostly due to point-to-point contacts of calcium carbonate crystals and adjacent sand grains.One-dimensional column experiments allowe... | Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation | 0.784613 |
81,393 | MICP technique may be applied to produce a material that can be used as a filler in rubber and plastics, fluorescent particles in stationery ink, and a fluorescent marker for biochemistry applications, such as western blot. | Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation | 0.784613 |
81,394 | The advent of iPhone/Android and associated astronomy apps have somewhat eliminated the need for this device. However, the Skyscout had a low-intensity light system that allowed users' eyes to adapt to the darkness needed for observing stars. The Celestron SkyScout's database of star and planet positions only extended ... | SkyScout | 0.784613 |
81,395 | The study of computer graphics is a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics and image processing. As an academic discipline, compute... | Computer Graphics | 0.784612 |
81,396 | 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical, wireframe representation of any three-dimensional object, called a "3D model", via specialized software. Models may be created automatically or manually; the manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts s... | Computer Graphics | 0.784612 |
81,397 | Since the mid-2010s, as a result of advances in deep neural networks, models have been created which take as input a natural language description and produces as output an image matching that description. Text-to-image models generally combine a language model, which transforms the input text into a latent representati... | Computer Graphics | 0.784612 |
81,398 | Computer graphics may be used in the following areas: Augmented reality Computational biology Computational photography Computational physics Computer-aided design Computing Design Digital art Education Extended reality Graphic design Infographics Information visualization Mixed reality Rational drug design Simulation ... | Computer Graphics | 0.784612 |
81,399 | For the arcades, advances were made in commercial, real-time 3D graphics. In 1988, the first dedicated real-time 3D graphics boards were introduced for arcades, with the Namco System 21 and Taito Air System. On the professional side, Evans & Sutherland and SGI developed 3D raster graphics hardware that directly influen... | Computer Graphics | 0.784612 |
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