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81,400 | In the media "such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, theses", and other presentation material.Many tools have been developed to visualize data. Computer-generated imagery can be categorized into several different types: two dimensional (2D), three dimensional (3D), and animated graphics. As technology has ... | Computer Graphics | 0.784612 |
81,401 | The term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense to describe "almost everything on computers that is not text or sound". Typically, the term computer graphics refers to several different things: the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer the various technologies used to create and manipula... | Computer Graphics | 0.784612 |
81,402 | M. G. Kuzyk "Fundamental limits on two-photon absorption cross-sections," Journal of Chemical Physics 119, 8327 (2003). M. G. Kuzyk, "Fundamental Limits of Nonlinear Susceptibilities," Optics and Photonic News, December, page 26 (2003). (Special issue "Optics in 2003") summarizes 29 of "the most exciting research to em... | Nonlinear-optical susceptibility | 0.78461 |
81,403 | The modern concept of polymers as covalently bonded macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann Staudinger, who spent the next decade finding experimental evidence for this hypothesis.Polymers are studied in the fields of polymer science (which includes polymer chemistry and polymer physics), biophysics a... | Organic polymer | 0.784609 |
81,404 | A compound may be labeled as dextrorotary by using the "(+)-" or "d-" prefix. Likewise, a laevorotary compound may be labeled using the "(−)-" or "l-" prefix. The lowercase "d-" and "l-" prefixes are obsolete, and are distinct from the SMALL CAPS "D-" and "L-" prefixes. The "D-" and "L-" prefixes are used to specify th... | Optically active | 0.784609 |
81,405 | Yellowstone and the Eastern Snake River Plain to the west comprise a belt of large, silicic caldera volcanoes that get progressively younger to the east, culminating in the currently active Yellowstone Caldera in northwest Wyoming. The belt, however, is covered with basaltic lavas that display no time progression. Bein... | Plate theory (volcanism) | 0.784607 |
81,406 | As a result, continental extension continued for an exceptionally long period and has not yet given way to true ocean spreading. Melt production is similar to the adjacent mid-ocean ridges which produces oceanic crust around 10 km thick, though under Iceland, rather than forming oceanic crust, melt is emplaced into and... | Plate theory (volcanism) | 0.784607 |
81,407 | Testing the hypothesis, however, is beset with difficulties. A central tenet of the plume theory is that the source of melt is significantly hotter than the surrounding mantle, so the most direct test is to measure the source temperature of magmas. This is difficult as the petrogenesis of magmas is extremely complex, r... | Plate theory (volcanism) | 0.784607 |
81,408 | Second Edition, Springer, 1994. Manfred Einsiedler and Thomas Ward, Ergodic Theory with a view towards Number Theory. Springer, 2011. Jane Hawkins, Ergodic Dynamics: From Basic Theory to Applications, Springer, 2021. ISBN 978-3-030-59242-4 | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,409 | Zund, Joseph D. (2002), "George David Birkhoff and John von Neumann: A Question of Priority and the Ergodic Theorems, 1931–1932", Historia Mathematica, 29 (2): 138–156, doi:10.1006/hmat.2001.2338 (A detailed discussion about the priority of the discovery and publication of the ergodic theorems by Birkhoff and von Neuma... | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,410 | 1990. Joseph M. Rosenblatt and Máté Weirdl, Pointwise ergodic theorems via harmonic analysis, (1993) appearing in Ergodic Theory and its Connections with Harmonic Analysis, Proceedings of the 1993 Alexandria Conference, (1995) Karl E. Petersen and Ibrahim A. Salama, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-5... | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,411 | D.V. Anosov (2001) , "Ergodic theory", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press This article incorporates material from ergodic theorem on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Vladimir Igorevich Arnol'd and André Avez, Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics. New York:... | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,412 | Let (X, Σ, μ) be as above a probability space with a measure preserving transformation T, and let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. The conditional expectation with respect to the sub-σ-algebra ΣT of the T-invariant sets is a linear projector ET of norm 1 of the Banach space Lp(X, Σ, μ) onto its closed subspace Lp(X, ΣT, μ) The latter may al... | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,413 | Let (X, Σ, μ) be a measure space such that μ(X) is finite and nonzero. The time spent in a measurable set A is called the sojourn time. An immediate consequence of the ergodic theorem is that, in an ergodic system, the relative measure of A is equal to the mean sojourn time: μ ( A ) μ ( X ) = 1 μ ( X ) ∫ χ A d μ = lim ... | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,414 | This applies, in particular, to Hamiltonian systems with a first integral I functionally independent from the Hamilton function H and a compact level set X = {(p,q): H(p,q) = E} of constant energy. Liouville's theorem implies the existence of a finite invariant measure on X, but the dynamics of the system is constraine... | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,415 | For an ergodic transformation, the time average equals the space average almost surely. As an example, assume that the measure space (X, Σ, μ) models the particles of a gas as above, and let ƒ(x) denote the velocity of the particle at position x. Then the pointwise ergodic theorems says that the average velocity of all... | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,416 | The equidistribution theorem is a special case of the ergodic theorem, dealing specifically with the distribution of probabilities on the unit interval. More precisely, the pointwise or strong ergodic theorem states that the limit in the definition of the time average of ƒ exists for almost every x and that the (almost... | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,417 | But if the transformation is ergodic, and the measure is invariant, then the time average is equal to the space average almost everywhere. This is the celebrated ergodic theorem, in an abstract form due to George David Birkhoff. (Actually, Birkhoff's paper considers not the abstract general case but only the case of dy... | Ergodic system | 0.784606 |
81,418 | Future collaborative programmes include the NASA-led James Webb Space Telescope, the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. In addition, ESAC also hosts the Spanish Astrobiology Centre (CAB), an innovative research facility aimed mainly at encouraging young Spanish scientists to enter the fields of astrophysics and f... | European Space Astronomy Centre | 0.784605 |
81,419 | The European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) near Madrid in Spain is the ESA's centre for space science (astronomy, solar system exploration and fundamental physics). It hosts the science operation centres for all ESA astronomy and planetary missions together with their scientific archives. Past and present missions repr... | European Space Astronomy Centre | 0.784605 |
81,420 | Martijn Nitzsche, an engineer from the Netherlands, founded Aqua-Aero Water Systems to develop water treatment and purification systems. In the early 2000s, the company invented the WaterPyramid technology. The first WaterPyramid was engineered and installed in collaboration with MWH Global, an international environmen... | Water pyramid | 0.784602 |
81,421 | NBT offers a pipeline from data storage to statistics including artifact rejection, signal visualization, biomarker computation, statistical testing, and biomarker databasing. NBT allows for easy implementation of new biomarkers, and incorporates an online wiki (the NBTwiki) that aims at facilitating collaboration amon... | Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox | 0.784601 |
81,422 | Poil et al., Age dependent electroencephalographic changes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Clinical Neurophysiology, 2014 Poil et al., Integrative EEG biomarkers predict progression to Alzheimer's disease at the MCI stage, Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2013 Diaz et al., The Amsterdam Resting-Stat... | Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox | 0.784601 |
81,423 | Neuronal oscillations are generated at many spatial and temporal scales of neuronal organization, and thought to provide a network-level mechanism for the coordination of spatio-temporally distributed spiking activity. For an adequate understanding of quantitative changes in neurophysiological signals, such as electroe... | Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox | 0.784601 |
81,424 | In the fields of dynamical systems and control theory, a fractional-order system is a dynamical system that can be modeled by a fractional differential equation containing derivatives of non-integer order. Such systems are said to have fractional dynamics. Derivatives and integrals of fractional orders are used to desc... | Fractional-order system | 0.784597 |
81,425 | ONETEP (Order-N Electronic Total Energy Package) is a linear-scaling density functional theory software package able to run on parallel computers. It uses a basis of non-orthogonal generalized Wannier functions (NGWFs) expressed in terms of periodic cardinal sine (psinc) functions, which are in turn equivalent to a bas... | ONETEP | 0.784596 |
81,426 | Jackson integral q-derivative q-difference polynomial Quantum calculus | List of q-analogs | 0.784595 |
81,427 | Iwahori–Hecke algebra Quantum affine algebra Quantum enveloping algebra Quantum group | List of q-analogs | 0.784595 |
81,428 | From the finite-dimensional case of the spectral theorem, it follows that M {\displaystyle M} has a nonnegative symmetric square root, which can be denoted by M1/2. Let X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } be any p × 1 {\displaystyle p\times 1} column vector-valued random variable whose covariance matrix is the p × p {\displ... | Covariance mapping | 0.784594 |
81,429 | Nomenclatures differ. Some statisticians, following the probabilist William Feller in his two-volume book An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, call the matrix K X X {\displaystyle \operatorname {K} _{\mathbf {X} \mathbf {X} }} the variance of the random vector X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } , bec... | Covariance mapping | 0.784594 |
81,430 | In probability theory and statistics, a covariance matrix (also known as auto-covariance matrix, dispersion matrix, variance matrix, or variance–covariance matrix) is a square matrix giving the covariance between each pair of elements of a given random vector. Intuitively, the covariance matrix generalizes the notion o... | Covariance mapping | 0.784594 |
81,431 | Verify correct operation and generate statistics. Use ECPB power and supervisory cables.In the Spanish Talgo-RD system, a constant spray of water is used to lubricate the metal surfaces, to reduce heat and wear. A Talgo RD gauge changer is 20 m (65 ft 7 in) long and 6 m (19 ft 8 in) wide. | Gauge changer | 0.784594 |
81,432 | In the year 2000, David R. Smith's team of UCSD researchers produced a new class of composite materials by depositing a structure onto a circuit-board substrate consisting of a series of thin copper split-rings and ordinary wire segments strung parallel to the rings. This material exhibited unusual physical properties ... | Negative refractive indices | 0.784592 |
81,433 | In the mathematical area of graph theory, a graph is even-hole-free if it contains no induced cycle with an even number of vertices. More precisely, the definition may allow the graph to have induced cycles of length four, or may also disallow them: the latter is referred to as even-cycle-free graphs.Addario-Berry et a... | Even-hole-free graph | 0.784591 |
81,434 | A Japanese expert on biology, agriculture, and ecological systems, it was Ai who smuggled Desmond "Coyote" Hawkins onto the Ares (the two were friends and lovers as students in London). She is the charismatic leader of the farm team, one of the important work groups and cliques among the First Hundred. She thus becomes... | Green Mars | 0.784587 |
81,435 | But B I R ≃ R {\displaystyle B_{I}R\simeq R} is a Noetherian ring since R is. (The ring R {\displaystyle R} is called the Rees algebra.) Thus, B I M {\displaystyle B_{I}M} is a Noetherian module and any submodule is finitely generated over B I R {\displaystyle B_{I}R} ; in particular, B I N {\displaystyle B_{I}N} is ... | Krull's intersection theorem | 0.784587 |
81,436 | For both a local ring and an integral domain, the "Noetherian" cannot be dropped from the assumption: for the local ring case, see local ring#Commutative case. For the integral domain case, take A {\displaystyle A} to be the ring of algebraic integers (i.e., the integral closure of Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } in C {... | Krull's intersection theorem | 0.784587 |
81,437 | Besides the use in completion of a ring, a typical application of the lemma is the proof of the Krull's intersection theorem, which says: ⋂ n = 1 ∞ I n = 0 {\textstyle \bigcap _{n=1}^{\infty }I^{n}=0} for a proper ideal I in a commutative Noetherian ring that is either a local ring or an integral domain. By the lemma a... | Krull's intersection theorem | 0.784587 |
81,438 | One consequence of the lemma is the Krull intersection theorem. The result is also used to prove the exactness property of completion. The lemma also plays a key role in the study of ℓ-adic sheaves. | Krull's intersection theorem | 0.784587 |
81,439 | In mathematics, the Artin–Rees lemma is a basic result about modules over a Noetherian ring, along with results such as the Hilbert basis theorem. It was proved in the 1950s in independent works by the mathematicians Emil Artin and David Rees; a special case was known to Oscar Zariski prior to their work. An intuitive ... | Krull's intersection theorem | 0.784587 |
81,440 | Brain imaging studies typically show a great deal of activity in an area of the temporal lobe known as the fusiform gyrus, an area also known to cause prosopagnosia when damaged (particularly when damage occurs on both sides). This evidence has led to a particular interest in this area and it is sometimes referred to a... | Face perception | 0.784585 |
81,441 | It may suggest that the latter extends from the area implicated in object perception to a much greater area involved in facial perception. This agrees with the object form topology hypothesis proposed by Ishai. However, the relatedness of object and facial perception was process-based, and appears to be associated with... | Face perception | 0.784585 |
81,442 | Increased brain activation in precuneus and cuneus often occurs when differentiation of two faces are easy (kin and familiar non-kin faces) and the role of posterior medial substrates for visual processing of faces with familiar features (faces averaged with that of a sibling).The object form topology hypothesis posits... | Face perception | 0.784584 |
81,443 | The fusiform gyri are preferentially responsive to faces, whereas the parahippocampal/lingual gyri are responsive to buildings.While certain areas respond selectively to faces, facial processing involves many neural networks, including visual and emotional processing systems. While looking at faces displaying emotions ... | Face perception | 0.784584 |
81,444 | Much effort has gone into developing software that can recognize human faces. This work has occurred in a branch of artificial intelligence known as computer vision, which uses the psychology of face perception to inform software design. Recent breakthroughs use noninvasive functional transcranial Doppler spectroscopy ... | Face perception | 0.784584 |
81,445 | During face perception, neural networks make connections with the brain to recall memories.According to the Seminal Model of face perception, there are three stages of face processing: recognition of the face recall of memories and information linked with that face name recallThere are exceptions to this order. For exa... | Face perception | 0.784584 |
81,446 | The general commutation rules are summarized by In this sense, orbital angular momentum has the common sense properties of rotations. Each of the above commutators can be easily demonstrated by holding an everyday object and rotating it through the same angle about any two different axes in both possible orderings; the... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,447 | The eight gluons states (8-dimensional column vectors) are simultaneous eigenstates of the adjoint representation of SU(3), the 8-dimensional representation acting on its own Lie algebra su(3), for the λ3 and λ8 matrices. By forming tensor products of representations (the standard representation and its dual) and takin... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,448 | The eight Gell-Mann matrices λn (see article for them and the structure constants) are important for quantum chromodynamics. They originally arose in the theory SU(3) of flavor which is still of practical importance in nuclear physics. They are the generators for the SU(3) group, so an element of SU(3) can be written a... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,449 | Let U ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {U}}} be a unitary operator, so the inverse is the Hermitian adjoint U ^ − 1 = U ^ † {\displaystyle {\widehat {U}}^{-1}={\widehat {U}}^{\dagger }} , which commutes with the Hamiltonian: then the observable corresponding to the operator U ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {U}}} is conserved, an... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,450 | Group theory is an abstract way of mathematically analyzing symmetries. Unitary operators are paramount to quantum theory, so unitary groups are important in particle physics. The group of N dimensional unitary square matrices is denoted U(N). Unitary operators preserve inner products which means probabilities are also... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,451 | Generally, the correspondence between continuous symmetries and conservation laws is given by Noether's theorem. The form of the fundamental quantum operators, for example energy as a partial time derivative and momentum as a spatial gradient, becomes clear when one considers the initial state, then changes one paramet... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,452 | All previous quantities have classical definitions. Spin is a quantity possessed by particles in quantum mechanics without any classical analogue, having the units of angular momentum. The spin vector operator is denoted S ^ = ( S x ^ , S y ^ , S z ^ ) {\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbf {S} }}=({\widehat {S_{x}}},{\wide... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,453 | In relativistic quantum mechanics, wavefunctions are no longer single-component scalar fields, but now 2(2s + 1) component spinor fields, where s is the spin of the particle. The transformations of these functions in spacetime are given below. Under a proper orthochronous Lorentz transformation (r, t) → Λ(r, t) in Mink... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,454 | In relativistic quantum mechanics, relativistic wave equations predict a remarkable symmetry of nature: that every particle has a corresponding antiparticle. This is mathematically contained in the spinor fields which are the solutions of the relativistic wave equations. Charge conjugation switches particles and antipa... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,455 | The total angular momentum operator is the sum of the orbital and spin and is an important quantity for multi-particle systems, especially in nuclear physics and the quantum chemistry of multi-electron atoms and molecules. We have a similar rotation matrix: | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,456 | The irreducible representations of D(K) and D(J), in short "irreps", can be used to build to spin representations of the Lorentz group. Defining new operators: so A and B are simply complex conjugates of each other, it follows they satisfy the symmetrically formed commutators: and these are essentially the commutators ... | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,457 | Parity (physics) § Molecules CPT theorem CP violation PT symmetry Lorentz violation | Symmetries in quantum mechanics | 0.784583 |
81,458 | "Saka Dirgantara" is the Air Scout specialism programme of the Indonesian Scout Association – Gerakan Pramuka aimed at the Rover Scout section (16–20) known as Satuan Karya. This aeronautical skills programme focuses on three different aspects: Aero Sport: Motorized Flight, Non Motorized Flight, Aeromodelling, Sky Divi... | Air Scout | 0.784582 |
81,459 | In mathematics, Vitale's random Brunn–Minkowski inequality is a theorem due to Richard Vitale that generalizes the classical Brunn–Minkowski inequality for compact subsets of n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn to random compact sets. | Vitale's random Brunn–Minkowski inequality | 0.78458 |
81,460 | Hemispheric traverses and atmospheric sampling are possible during hops.While airborne, the craft could acquire images and videos during flight. While on the ground, it could photograph and analyze the chemistry and geology of the surface. It could potentially fly through geysers on Triton's surface to analyze the mate... | Triton Hopper | 0.784579 |
81,461 | Note that this union may not be a disjoint union.If M {\displaystyle M} is a sum of submodules M λ {\displaystyle M_{\lambda }} , then Supp M = ⋃ λ Supp M λ . {\displaystyle \operatorname {Supp} M=\bigcup _{\lambda }\operatorname {Supp} M_{\lambda }.} If M {\displaystyle M} is a finitely generated A-module, then Su... | Support of a module | 0.784578 |
81,462 | The parasitic diseases collectively called malaria, caused by various species of Plasmodium, carried by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Lymphatic filariasis (the main cause of elephantiasis) which can be spread by a wide variety of mosquito species. West Nile virus is a significant concern in the United State... | Mosquito bite | 0.784578 |
81,463 | In commutative algebra, the support of a module M over a commutative ring A is the set of all prime ideals p {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}} of A such that M p ≠ 0 {\displaystyle M_{\mathfrak {p}}\neq 0} (that is, the localization of M at p {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}} is not equal to zero). It is denoted by Supp ... | Support of a module | 0.784578 |
81,464 | In 2004, when scientists fitted the evolution of dark energy with the cosmological data, they found that the equation of state had possibly crossed the cosmological constant boundary (w = –1) from above to below. A proven no-go theorem indicates this situation, called the Quintom scenario, requires at least two degrees... | Quintessence (physics) | 0.784578 |
81,465 | In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe. The first example of this scenario was proposed by Ratra and Peebles (1988) and Wetterich (1988). The concept was expanded ... | Quintessence (physics) | 0.784578 |
81,466 | In mathematics, especially in the areas of abstract algebra dealing with group cohomology or relative homological algebra, Shapiro's lemma, also known as the Eckmann–Shapiro lemma, relates extensions of modules over one ring to extensions over another, especially the group ring of a group and of a subgroup. It thus rel... | Shapiro's lemma | 0.784577 |
81,467 | When H is a subgroup of finite index in G, then the group ring R is finitely generated projective as a left and right R module, so the previous theorem applies in a simple way. Let M be a finite-dimensional representation of G and N a finite-dimensional representation of H. In this case, the module S ⊗R N is called the... | Shapiro's lemma | 0.784577 |
81,468 | There may also be more direct electrophysiological effects on neural membranes as the mechanism of action of electrical interaction with neural elements. The end effect is a "normalization" of a neural network function from its perturbed state. Presumed mechanisms of action for neurostimulation include depolarizing blo... | Nerve stimulation | 0.784577 |
81,469 | Emerging applications involve targeted introduction of genes or gene regulators and light (optogenetics), and by 2014, these had been at minimum demonstrated in mammalian models, or first-in-human data had been acquired. The most clinical experience has been with electrical stimulation. Neuromodulation, whether electri... | Nerve stimulation | 0.784577 |
81,470 | In 2012, the global pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline announced an initiative in bioelectric medicine in which the autonomic nervous system's impact on the immune system and inflammatory disease might be treated through electrical stimulation rather than pharmaceutical agents. The company's first investment in 201... | Nerve stimulation | 0.784577 |
81,471 | Taking as base the field of rational numbers, the Kronecker–Weber theorem states that an algebraic number field K is abelian over Q if and only if it is a subfield of a cyclotomic field Q ( ζ n ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} \left(\zeta _{n}\right)} , where ζ n {\displaystyle \zeta _{n}} denotes a primitive nth root of u... | Conductor of an abelian extension | 0.784577 |
81,472 | As a result, deep fusion models can be involved.These deep fusion models will employ “neural network(s) to promote the density map regression accuracy.”These models will first mark the location of each civilian within the picture. Then, the models shall decide the density maps of the area by using the “pedestrian’s loc... | Crowd counting | 0.784576 |
81,473 | Due to the rapid progress in technology and growth of CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) over the last decade, the usage of CNN in crowd counting has skyrocketed. The CNN based methods can largely be grouped under the following different models: | Crowd counting | 0.784576 |
81,474 | After performing several iterations of random cropping, the sub images are then fed into the machine learning algorithm to help the algorithm generalize better. To tackle the problems associated with crowd counting in heavy density areas density based counting methods can be employed. | Crowd counting | 0.784576 |
81,475 | On February 25, 2014, Bentley acquired DocQnet Systems’ eB Services BizDocQnet Systems. On September 26, 2014, Bentley acquired SITEOPS, optimization software for enhanced land development site design, from Blueridge Analytics. On January 14, 2015, Bentley acquired C3global for predictive modeling. | Bentley Systems | 0.784574 |
81,476 | On June 18, 1997, Bentley acquired IdeaGraphix, a developer of MicroStation-based application software for architecture, engineering, and facilities management. On January 15, 1998, Bentley acquired Jacobus. On January 2, 2001, Bentley acquired Intergraph's civil engineering, plot-services and raster conversion softwar... | Bentley Systems | 0.784574 |
81,477 | The model takes into account complex physical phenomena such as masking, shadowing and interreflections between points on the surface facets. It can be viewed as a generalization of Lambert’s law. Today, it is widely used in computer graphics and animation for rendering rough surfaces. It also has important implication... | Oren–Nayar diffuse model | 0.784574 |
81,478 | A surface that obeys Lambert's Law appears equally bright from all viewing directions. This model for diffuse reflection was proposed by Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1760 and has been perhaps the most widely used reflectance model in computer vision and graphics. For a large number of real-world surfaces, such as concret... | Oren–Nayar diffuse model | 0.784574 |
81,479 | Reflectance is a physical property of a material that describes how it reflects incident light. The appearance of various materials are determined to a large extent by their reflectance properties. Most reflectance models can be broadly classified into two categories: diffuse and specular. In computer vision and comput... | Oren–Nayar diffuse model | 0.784574 |
81,480 | The focus of mind uploading, in the case of copy-and-transfer, is on data acquisition, rather than data maintenance of the brain. A set of approaches known as loosely coupled off-loading (LCOL) may be used in the attempt to characterize and copy the mental contents of a brain. The LCOL approach may take advantage of se... | Whole brain emulation | 0.784574 |
81,481 | Advocates of mind uploading point to Moore's law to support the notion that the necessary computing power is expected to become available within a few decades. However, the actual computational requirements for running an uploaded human mind are very difficult to quantify, potentially rendering such an argument speciou... | Whole brain emulation | 0.784574 |
81,482 | There are uncertainties with this approach using current microscopy techniques. If it is possible to replicate neuron function from its visible structure alone, then the resolution afforded by a scanning electron microscope would suffice for such a technique. However, as the function of brain tissue is partially determ... | Whole brain emulation | 0.784574 |
81,483 | Gamma was the first single chip graphics geometry processor for the PC. Permedia was the first low-cost OpenGL accelerator chip. 3Dlabs was a member of the OpenGL Architecture Review Board and played an important role in the development of OpenGL 2.0 and ongoing evolution of the OpenGL API. The new media processor busi... | 3Dlabs | 0.78457 |
81,484 | The final coup was the acquisition of American cosmetic manufacturer Jafra Cosmetics in May 2004.At the end of 2005, Jörg Mittelsten Scheid left the board. Since January 2013, corporate management at Vorwerk has been in the hands of: Walter Muyres (Managing Partner), Reiner Strecker (Managing Partner) and Frank van Oer... | Neato XV-11 | 0.78457 |
81,485 | Neato was founded in Newark, California in 2005 by Stanford alumni Joe Augenbraun, Linda Pouliot and JB Gomez through Stanford's annual Entrepreneur Challenge.In February 2010, the company released its first product, the XV-11 robotic vacuum cleaner.In 2011, an enhanced version of its robotic vacuum cleaner was develop... | Neato XV-11 | 0.78457 |
81,486 | Neato Robotics was acquired by Vorwerk in 2017. Neato Robotics is now an independent subsidiary located in San Jose, California. The company is known for its line of robotic vacuum cleaners. As of 2020, the company had approximately 130 employees.As of May 2, 2023 the company announced it was shutting down but would co... | Neato XV-11 | 0.78457 |
81,487 | In the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), Immanuel Kant notes the value of the division of labour:All crafts, trades and arts have profited from the division of labour; for when each worker sticks to one particular kind of work that needs to be handled differently from all the others, he can do it better a... | Division of labour | 0.78457 |
81,488 | These mutations, when homozygous in the diploid stage, often cause spores to have maturation defects or to produce barren fruiting bodies with few ascospores (sexual spores). The majority of these homozygous mutations cause abnormal meiosis (e.g. disturbed chromosome pairing or disturbed pachytene or diplotene). The nu... | Neurospora crassa | 0.784569 |
81,489 | There is a project underway to produce strains containing knockout mutants of every N. crassa gene.In its natural environment, N. crassa lives mainly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It can be found growing on dead plant matter after fires. Neurospora is actively used in research around the world. It is important ... | Neurospora crassa | 0.784569 |
81,490 | In actuality, they proved to be the opening gun in what became molecular genetics and all developments that have followed from that." In the 24 April 2003 issue of Nature, the genome of N. crassa was reported as completely sequenced. The genome is about 43 megabases long and includes approximately 10,000 genes. | Neurospora crassa | 0.784569 |
81,491 | This led them to propose the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis that specific genes code for specific proteins. Their hypothesis was later elaborated to enzyme pathways by Norman Horowitz, also working on Neurospora. As Norman Horowitz reminisced in 2004, "These experiments founded the science of what Beadle and Tatum c... | Neurospora crassa | 0.784569 |
81,492 | Later scholars have invoked both Babylonian mathematics and music theory in an attempt to explain this passage.Ptolemy's Almagest, a treatise on mathematical astronomy written in the second century AD, uses base 60 to express the fractional parts of numbers. In particular, his table of chords, which was essentially the... | Sexagesimal | 0.784568 |
81,493 | The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS) is a computer program that simulates the circulations of the Martian atmosphere at regional and local scales. MRAMS, developed by Scot Rafkin and Timothy Michaels, is derived from the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) developed by William R. Cotton and Rog... | Mars regional atmospheric modeling system | 0.784567 |
81,494 | The MRAMS dynamical core was developed from RAMS and has been changed excessively to account for the large difference in atmospheres between Mars and Earth. Some MRAMS models parameterize numerous features including dust and dust lifting, cloud microphysics, radiative transfer, and steep topography. | Mars regional atmospheric modeling system | 0.784567 |
81,495 | The Church–Kleene ordinal is again related to Kripke–Platek set theory, but now in a different way: whereas the Bachmann–Howard ordinal (described above) was the smallest ordinal for which KP does not prove transfinite induction, the Church–Kleene ordinal is the smallest α such that the construction of the Gödel univer... | Large countable ordinals | 0.784567 |
81,496 | Organotin chemistry is the scientific study of the synthesis and properties of organotin compounds or stannanes, which are organometallic compounds containing tin carbon bonds. The first organotin compound was diethyltin diiodide ((CH3CH2)2SnI2), discovered by Edward Frankland in 1849. The area grew rapidly in the 1900... | Organotin chemistry | 0.784567 |
81,497 | Let (V, b) be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field k of characteristic different from 2 together with a non-degenerate symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear form. If f: U → U' is an isometry between two subspaces of V then f extends to an isometry of V.Witt's theorem implies that the dimension of a maximal tot... | Witt's theorem | 0.784567 |
81,498 | Founded in 1964, SSAISB, is the oldest AI society in the world. It is the largest Artificial Intelligence Society in the United Kingdom. The society has an international membership drawn from both academia and industry. It is a member of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence (previously known as European... | Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour | 0.784566 |
81,499 | The objectives of the Society are: to promote the study of artificial intelligence, simulation of behaviour and the design of intelligent systems. to facilitate co-operation and communication among those interested in the study of artificial intelligence, simulation of behaviour and the design of intelligent systems. t... | Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour | 0.784566 |
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