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81,600 | In mathematics, Clifford's theorem on special divisors is a result of William K. Clifford (1878) on algebraic curves, showing the constraints on special linear systems on a curve C. | Green's conjecture | 0.784525 |
81,601 | Others worked on developing "weak" or "generalised" versions of quantum theory which extended concepts such as complementarity and entanglement to the social domain. In their 2013 book Quantum Social Science, Emmanuel Haven and Andrei Khrennikov developed mathematical formalisms for the application of quantum models to... | Quantum social science | 0.784524 |
81,602 | David Bohm's 1951 book Quantum Theory included a chapter on "Analogies to Quantum Processes" where he considered applications including the understanding of thought processes, and in 1990 he published a paper named "A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter" which asserts that consciousness permeates all form... | Quantum social science | 0.784524 |
81,603 | The idea that quantum physics might play an important role in living systems has long been considered by physicists. Niels Bohr for example believed that his principle of complementarity extended into both biology and psychology, while Erwin Schrödinger wrote in his 1944 book What is Life? of a "quantum theory of biolo... | Quantum social science | 0.784524 |
81,604 | Another example is the idea of wave function collapse. In standard interpretations of quantum physics, a particle is described by a wave function, and attributes such as position or momentum are only discovered through a measurement procedure which collapses the wave function to one of a number of allowed states. In qu... | Quantum social science | 0.784523 |
81,605 | In quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons can become entangled so that a measurement on one instantly affects the state of the other. In quantum social science, people are similarly entangled, whether through shared institutions such as language, or (according to some interpretations) through actual physical pr... | Quantum social science | 0.784523 |
81,606 | Quantum social science is contested by critics, who argue that it is inappropriately importing ideas from quantum physics to the social domain. The most common criticism is that due to quantum decoherence, quantum effects are filtered out at the macroscopic level, so cannot affect social systems. The physicist Max Tegm... | Quantum social science | 0.784523 |
81,607 | Quantum social science is an emerging field of interdisciplinary research which draws parallels between quantum physics and the social sciences. Although there is no settled consensus on a single approach, a unifying theme is that, while the social sciences have long modelled themselves on mechanistic science, they can... | Quantum social science | 0.784523 |
81,608 | While quantum social scientists are divided on the question of whether social processes are physically quantum in nature, or just happen to be amenable to a quantum approach, there are a number of common ideas, themes, and concerns. The most fundamental is that, since its inception, social science has been based on a c... | Quantum social science | 0.784523 |
81,609 | Ideas from quantum physics have long inspired thinkers in areas such as politics, diplomacy, and international relations. The journalist Flora Lewis spoke of the "Quantum Mechanics of Politics" in 1975. In a 1997 lecture on "Diplomacy in the Information Age", former US Secretary of State George P. Shultz credits the ph... | Quantum social science | 0.784523 |
81,610 | Borel–Carathéodory is often used to bound the logarithm of derivatives, such as in the proof of Hadamard factorization theorem. The following example is a strengthening of Liouville's theorem. | Borel–Carathéodory theorem | 0.784522 |
81,611 | In mathematics, the Borel–Carathéodory theorem in complex analysis shows that an analytic function may be bounded by its real part. It is an application of the maximum modulus principle. It is named for Émile Borel and Constantin Carathéodory. | Borel–Carathéodory theorem | 0.784522 |
81,612 | Primary energy sources are transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy that can directly be used by society, such as electrical energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel. In the field of energetics, these forms are called energy carriers and correspond to the conc... | Primary energy resource | 0.784521 |
81,613 | {\displaystyle E(x,y)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\rho /2)^{n}}{n! }}~{\mathit {H}}_{n}(x){\mathit {H}}_{n}(y)~.} This result is useful, in modified form, in quantum physics, probability theory, and harmonic analysis. | Mehler kernel | 0.78452 |
81,614 | In physics, the fundamental solution, (Green's function), or propagator of the Hamiltonian for the quantum harmonic oscillator is called the Mehler kernel. It provides the fundamental solution---the most general solution φ(x,t) to ∂ φ ∂ t = ∂ 2 φ ∂ x 2 − x 2 φ ≡ D x φ . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partia... | Mehler kernel | 0.78452 |
81,615 | Fullerene or C60 is soccer-ball-shaped or Ih with 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. According to Euler's theorem these 12 pentagons are required for closure of the carbon network consisting of n hexagons and C60 is the first stable fullerene because it is the smallest possible to obey this rule. In this structure none of t... | Fullerene purification | 0.78452 |
81,616 | Fullerene is a ligand in organometallic chemistry. The organometallic chemistry of C60 is dictated by its spherical geometry and localized polyalkene π-electronic structure. All reported derivatives are η2 complexe in which the metal coordinates at a six–six ring fusion with formal double bond. No analogous η4-diene or... | Fullerene purification | 0.78452 |
81,617 | The C60 fullerene dimerizes in a formal cycloaddition to a C120 bucky dumbbell in the solid state by mechanochemistry (high-speed vibration milling) with potassium cyanide as a catalyst. The trimer has also been reported using 4-aminopyridine as catalyst (4% yield) and observed with scanning tunneling microscopy as a ... | Fullerene purification | 0.78452 |
81,618 | One of the classical examples analyzed is the Grassmannian G ( 2 , 4 ) {\displaystyle G(2,4)} since it parameterizes lines in P 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{3}} . Schubert calculus can be used to find the number of lines on a Cubic surface. | Schubert's enumerative calculus | 0.784519 |
81,619 | Even more generally, "Schubert calculus" is often understood to encompass the study of analogous questions in generalized cohomology theories. The objects introduced by Schubert are the Schubert cells, which are locally closed sets in a Grassmannian defined by conditions of incidence of a linear subspace in projective ... | Schubert's enumerative calculus | 0.784519 |
81,620 | In mathematics, Schubert calculus is a branch of algebraic geometry introduced in the nineteenth century by Hermann Schubert, in order to solve various counting problems of projective geometry (part of enumerative geometry). It was a precursor of several more modern theories, for example characteristic classes, and in ... | Schubert's enumerative calculus | 0.784519 |
81,621 | Lidar (, also LIDAR, LiDAR or LADAR, an acronym of "light detection and ranging" or "laser imaging, detection, and ranging") is a method for determining ranges by targeting an object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver. LIDAR may operate in a fixed directio... | Light detection and ranging | 0.784519 |
81,622 | The Neon hardware shares the same floating-point registers as used in VFP. Devices such as the ARM Cortex-A8 and Cortex-A9 support 128-bit vectors, but will execute with 64 bits at a time, whereas newer Cortex-A15 devices can execute 128 bits at a time.A quirk of Neon in Armv7 devices is that it flushes all subnormal n... | ARM architecture family | 0.784515 |
81,623 | Some research papers produced from the CajunBot project: C. Cavanaugh, Design and Integration of the Sensing and Control Subsystems of CajunBot, April 9, 2004 (PDF). S. Golconda, Steering Control for a Skid-Steered Autonomous Ground Vehicle at Varying Speed, M.S. Thesis, February 2005 (Full thesis). A. Lakhotia, S. Gol... | CajunBot | 0.784513 |
81,624 | CajunBot's custom AGV software, CBSystem, was primarily developed in C++ for use on the Linux operating system. Capabilities of CBSystem: Urban path planning for navigation of an RNDF network, while handling lane blockages, stalled vehicles, intersection precedence & queuing, free zone navigation, and parking behavior.... | CajunBot | 0.784513 |
81,625 | CajunBot refers to the autonomous ground vehicles developed by the University of Louisiana at Lafayette for the DARPA Grand Challenges. CajunBot was featured on CNN and on the Discovery Channel science series Robocars.CajunBot's custom AGV software, CBSystem, has artificial intelligence path planning capabilities, as w... | CajunBot | 0.784513 |
81,626 | Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) software developed at UL Lafayette allows CajunBot to pick the shortest path while avoiding obstacles. Estimated Cost: $15,000 vehicle, $90,000 electronics, and $70,000 in-kind loaner equipment. Total hardware: $175,000. Not including thousands of hours of custom programming. | CajunBot | 0.784513 |
81,627 | Sensors: Two Ibeo LIDAR sensors, three SICK LIDAR sensors and two Eaton Vorad Doppler radar detect obstacles. An Iteris lane departure warning system provides information about the position of the vehicle on the road. A C-Nav GPS receiver provides StarFire differential corrections, and an Oxford inertial navigation sen... | CajunBot | 0.784513 |
81,628 | A variant of the VT365 is the VT275 4.5 L V-6, which is basically a 6.0 L V-8 less two cylinders. However, it uses a sequential twin-turbocharger system, instead of the single variable-geometry turbocharger used in the VT365. It is used in the 2006 Ford LCF (Low Cab Forward) and International CF (Cab Forward) (later Ci... | Navistar VT engine | 0.784513 |
81,629 | It also uses a 2nd generation (G-2) HEUI (Hydraulic-Electronic Unit injector) direct injection fuel system, as well as a variable-geometry turbocharger, which is designed to reduce turbo lag and create better throttle response. An optional TorqShift 5-speed automatic transmission is available for Ford trucks. This spec... | Navistar VT engine | 0.784513 |
81,630 | The MaxxForce 7, the International/Navistar engine which is a 6.4L V8 engine or also known as the 6.4 L PowerStroke in 2008-2010 model year Ford Super Duty trucks, is a V8 turbo-diesel engine. The engine has a Series Sequential Turbocharger. They are not twin turbos, there is a high pressure and low pressure turbo, wit... | Navistar VT engine | 0.784513 |
81,631 | In mathematics, a module over a (not necessarily commutative) ring is countably generated if it is generated as a module by a countable subset. The importance of the notion comes from Kaplansky's theorem (Kaplansky 1958), which states that a projective module is a direct sum of countably generated modules. More general... | Countably generated module | 0.784512 |
81,632 | The Voyager primary mission was completed in 1989, with the close flyby of Neptune by Voyager 2. The Voyager Interstellar Mission (VIM) is a mission extension, which began when the two spacecraft had already been in flight for over 12 years. The Heliophysics Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate conducted a ... | Voyager program | 0.784512 |
81,633 | A benefit of voxel-based sculpting is that voxels allow complete freedom over form. The topology of a model can be altered continually during the sculpting process as material is added and subtracted, which frees the sculptor from considering the layout of polygons on the model's surface. | Digital sculpting | 0.78451 |
81,634 | Areas of the model that are finely detailed can have very small polygons while other areas can have larger polygons. In many mesh-based programs, the mesh can be edited at different levels of detail, and the changes at one level will propagate to higher and lower levels of model detail. A limitation of mesh-based sculp... | Digital sculpting | 0.78451 |
81,635 | Material can be added and removed, much like sculpting in clay. Still other tools make use of more than one basic geometry representation. A benefit of mesh-based programs is that they support sculpting at multiple resolutions on a single model. | Digital sculpting | 0.78451 |
81,636 | The geometry used in digital sculpting programs to represent the model can vary; each offers different benefits and limitations. The majority of digital sculpting tools on the market use mesh-based geometry, in which an object is represented by an interconnected surface mesh of polygons that can be pushed and pulled ar... | Digital sculpting | 0.78451 |
81,637 | Sculptors and digital artists use digital sculpting to create a model (or Digital Twin) to be materialized through CNC technologies including 3D printing. The final sculptures are often called Digital Sculpture or 3D printed art. While digital technologies have emerged in many art disciplines (painting, photography), t... | Digital sculpting | 0.78451 |
81,638 | Conversely, 3D modeling applications like 3ds Max, Maya and MODO are now incorporating sculpting capability as well, though these are usually less advanced than tools found in sculpting-specific applications. High poly sculpts are also extensively used in CG artwork for movies, industrial design, art, photorealistic il... | Digital sculpting | 0.78451 |
81,639 | The , , Coxeter group generates 511 permutations of uniform tessellations, 271 with unique symmetry and 270 with unique geometry. The expanded 8-cubic honeycomb is geometrically identical to the 8-cubic honeycomb. The 8-cubic honeycomb can be alternated into the 8-demicubic honeycomb, replacing the 8-cubes with 8-demic... | Quadrirectified 8-cubic honeycomb | 0.784509 |
81,640 | This is a cochain complex in the sense that dk+1 ∘ dk = 0 (also written d2 = 0). De Rham's theorem says that the singular cohomology of M with real coefficients is computed by the de Rham complex: H k ( M , R ) ≅ ker d k im d k − 1 . {\displaystyle H^{k}(M,\mathbf {R} )\cong {\frac {\ker d_{k}}{\operatorname {im} d... | Hodge theory | 0.784507 |
81,641 | An online page where prospective students can check the accreditation of programs is maintained by JRCERT.Radiologic Technology students study anatomy, physiology, physics, radiopharmacology, pathology, biology, research, nursing, medical imaging, diagnosis, radiologic instrumentation, emergency medical procedures, med... | Radiologic technologists | 0.784505 |
81,642 | FIT CTU was established on the 1st of July, 2009 and its first academic year started on the 21st of September, 2009. It was created by splitting of faculty of electrical engineering's computer department. About 500 student's were admitted to the first academic year of the institution. Of these 500 students, about 10% w... | Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague | 0.784503 |
81,643 | Students in undergraduate and graduate study programme can choose from variety of specializations from Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Computer Security, Web and Software Engineering to Data Science. Specializations can be selected throughout the study programme, but it needs to be selected before choosing bach... | Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague | 0.784503 |
81,644 | The four color theorem states that the vertices of every planar graph can be colored with four colors, so that no two adjacent vertices have equal colors. An erroneous proof was published in 1879 by Alfred Kempe, but it was discovered to be erroneous by 1890. The four color theorem was not given a valid proof until 197... | Errera graph | 0.784502 |
81,645 | Another, larger, type of cluster can be formed by coalescing two of these icosahedral clusters, so that the central atom of each cluster becomes one of the boundary atoms for the other cluster. The resulting cluster of 19 atoms has two interior atoms (the centers of the two icosahedra) with 17 atoms in the outer shell ... | Errera graph | 0.784502 |
81,646 | Chemical graph theory concerns the graph-theoretic structure of molecules and other clusters of atoms. Both the Errera graph itself and its dual graph are relevant in this context. Atoms of metals such as gold can form clusters in which a central atom is surrounded by twelve more atoms, in the pattern of an icosahedron... | Errera graph | 0.784502 |
81,647 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Errera graph is a graph with 17 vertices and 45 edges. Alfred Errera published it in 1921 as a counterexample to Kempe's erroneous proof of the four color theorem; it was named after Errera by Hutchinson & Wagon (1998). | Errera graph | 0.784502 |
81,648 | In order to increase the life-cycle of membrane filtration systems, energy efficient membranes are being developed in membrane bioreactor systems. Technology has been introduced which allows the power required to aerate the membrane for cleaning to be reduced whilst still maintaining a high flux level. Mechanical clean... | Ultrafiltration | 0.784501 |
81,649 | Domain-specific modelling – Software engineering methodologyPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Eclipse Modeling Framework – Project of Eclipse Foundation Generic Modeling Environment Graphical Modeling Framework – framework within the Eclipse platformPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallbac... | Platform-independent model | 0.7845 |
81,650 | A platform-independent model (PIM) in software engineering is a model of a software system or business system that is independent of the specific technological platform used to implement it (.e.g a programming language or a database). The term platform-independent model is most frequently used in the context of the mod... | Platform-independent model | 0.7845 |
81,651 | In statistics, the Newcastle–Ottawa scale is a tool used for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies included in a systematic review and/or meta-analyses. Using the tool, each study is judged on eight items, categorized into three groups: the selection of the study groups; the comparability of the groups; and t... | Newcastle–Ottawa scale | 0.784498 |
81,652 | However, the result only holds under the assumptions of the theorem: markets exist for all possible goods, there are no externalities, markets are perfectly competitive, and market participants have perfect information. In the absence of perfect information or complete markets, outcomes will generally be Pareto-ineffic... | Pareto efficiency | 0.784497 |
81,653 | In a more complex economy with production, an allocation would consist both of consumption vectors and production vectors, and feasibility would require that the total amount of each consumed good is no greater than the initial endowment plus the amount produced. Under the assumptions of the first welfare theorem, a co... | Pareto efficiency | 0.784497 |
81,654 | A situation is called Pareto-optimal or Pareto-efficient if no change could lead to improved satisfaction for some agent without some other agent losing or, equivalently, if there is no scope for further Pareto improvement (in other words, the situation is not Pareto-dominated).The Pareto front (also called Pareto fron... | Pareto efficiency | 0.784497 |
81,655 | The Egorychev method is a collection of techniques introduced by Georgy Egorychev for finding identities among sums of binomial coefficients, Stirling numbers, Bernoulli numbers, Harmonic numbers, Catalan numbers and other combinatorial numbers. The method relies on two observations. First, many identities can be prove... | Egorychev method | 0.784495 |
81,656 | Most other atmospheric inputs come from man-made or anthropogenic sources the most significant of which are the oxides of sulphur produced by burning sulphur rich fuels such as coal and oil which give rise to acid rain. The chemistry of sulphur oxides is complex both in the atmosphere and in river systems. However the ... | Freshwater environmental quality parameters | 0.784494 |
81,657 | Oxygen is probably the most important chemical constituent of surface water chemistry, as all aerobic organisms require it for survival. It enters the water mostly via diffusion at the water-air interface. Oxygen's solubility in water decreases as water temperature increases. Fast, turbulent streams expose more of the ... | Freshwater environmental quality parameters | 0.784494 |
81,658 | Where two rivers meet at a confluence there exists a mixing zone. A mixing zone may be very large and extend for many miles as in the case of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers in the United States and the River Clwyd and River Elwy in North Wales. In a mixing zone water chemistry may be very variable and can be diffi... | Freshwater environmental quality parameters | 0.784494 |
81,659 | The geology that underlies a river or lake has a major impact on its chemistry. A river flowing across very ancient precambrian schists is likely to have dissolved very little from the rocks and maybe similar to de-ionised water at least in the headwaters. Conversely a river flowing through chalk hills, and especially ... | Freshwater environmental quality parameters | 0.784494 |
81,660 | iRobot Corp. introduced the Roomba in 2002 The Institute for Personal Robots in Education introduced the concept to teach computing using personal robots in 2006. Stanford University Personal Robotics Program introduced PR1 in 2007. Willow Garage introduced the PR2 robot in 2010. RoboDynamics introduced Luna in 2011. M... | Personal robotics | 0.784493 |
81,661 | Turning a robot like ASIMO or Atlas into a universally applicable personal robot or artificial servant is mainly a programming task. As of today vast improvements in motion planning, computer vision (esp. scene recognition), natural language processing, and automated reasoning are indispensable to make this a possibili... | Personal robotics | 0.784493 |
81,662 | A personal robot is one whose human interface and design make it useful for individuals. This is by contrast to industrial robots which are generally configured and operated by robotics specialists. A personal robot is one that enables an individual to automate the repetitive or menial part of home or work life making ... | Personal robotics | 0.784493 |
81,663 | Green and Tao's proof has three main components: Szemerédi's theorem, which asserts that subsets of the integers with positive upper density have arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. It does not a priori apply to the primes because the primes have density zero in the integers. A transference principle that extends... | Green–Tao theorem | 0.784492 |
81,664 | In number theory, the Green–Tao theorem, proved by Ben Green and Terence Tao in 2004, states that the sequence of prime numbers contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. In other words, for every natural number k, there exist arithmetic progressions of primes with k terms. The proof is an extension of Szemeréd... | Green–Tao theorem | 0.784492 |
81,665 | The proof of the Green–Tao theorem does not show how to find the arithmetic progressions of primes; it merely proves they exist. There has been separate computational work to find large arithmetic progressions in the primes. The Green–Tao paper states 'At the time of writing the longest known arithmetic progression of ... | Green–Tao theorem | 0.784492 |
81,666 | Many of the extensions of Szemerédi's theorem hold for the primes as well. Independently, Tao and Ziegler and Cook, Magyar, and Titichetrakun derived a multidimensional generalization of the Green–Tao theorem. The Tao–Ziegler proof was also simplified by Fox and Zhao.In 2006, Tao and Ziegler extended the Green–Tao theo... | Green–Tao theorem | 0.784492 |
81,667 | : 565 The conference hosts tutorials, demonstrations and training sessions.PyCon 2020 was listed as one of "The best software engineering conferences of 2020" and "As Python becomes ever more popular in the scientific community and for big data, the influence of PyCon will continue to grow." PyCon is often attended by... | Python Conference | 0.784491 |
81,668 | Genetics stimulated research to improve crop production through plant breeding. Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering molecular biology, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). It has also developed its own tech... | Pest resistance | 0.78449 |
81,669 | Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture and particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for su... | Pest resistance | 0.78449 |
81,670 | The Shannon–Hartley theorem says that the limit of reliable information rate (data rate exclusive of error-correcting codes) of a channel depends on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio according to: where I is the information rate in bits per second excluding error-correcting codes, B is the bandwidth of the channel in... | Eb/N0 | 0.784488 |
81,671 | For each irrational number x take a sequence of rational numbers {xk} with the property that {xk} converges to x with respect to the Euclidean topology. The rational sequence topology is specified by letting each rational number singleton to be open, and using as a neighborhood base for each irrational number x, the se... | Rational sequence topology | 0.784487 |
81,672 | In mathematics, more specifically general topology, the rational sequence topology is an example of a topology given to the set R of real numbers. | Rational sequence topology | 0.784487 |
81,673 | History of black holes Timeline of black hole physics – Timeline of black hole physics John Michell – geologist who first proposed the idea "dark stars" in 1783Dark star Pierre-Simon Laplace – early mathematical theorist (1796) of the idea of black holes Albert Einstein – in 1915, arrived at the theory of general relat... | Outline of black holes | 0.784487 |
81,674 | Kugelblitz (astrophysics) – concentration of light so intense that it forms an event horizon and becomes self-trapped: according to general relativity, if enough radiation is aimed into a region, the concentration of energy can warp spacetime enough for the region to become a black hole. Wormhole – hypothetical topolog... | Outline of black holes | 0.784487 |
81,675 | Ring singularity – describes the altering gravitational singularity of a rotating black hole, or a Kerr black hole, so that the gravitational singularity becomes shaped like a ring. Immirzi parameter – numerical coefficient appearing in loop quantum gravity, a nonperturbative theory of quantum gravity. Membrane paradig... | Outline of black holes | 0.784487 |
81,676 | Gravitational singularity – or spacetime singularity is a location where the quantities that are used to measure the gravitational field become infinite in a way that does not depend on the coordinate system. Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems – set of results in general relativity which attempt to answer the questio... | Outline of black holes | 0.784487 |
81,677 | Schwarzschild metric – describes the gravitational field outside a spherical, uncharged, non-rotating mass such as a star, planet, or black hole. Kerr metric – describes the geometry of empty spacetime around an uncharged, rotating black hole (axially symmetric with an event horizon which is topologically a sphere) Rei... | Outline of black holes | 0.784487 |
81,678 | No-hair theorem – postulates that all black hole solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations of gravitation and electromagnetism in general relativity can be completely characterized by only three externally observable classical parameters: mass, electric charge, and angular momentum. Black hole information paradox – r... | Outline of black holes | 0.784487 |
81,679 | The UK Data Service is commissioned to provide data access and support for researchers from all sectors including higher education, central and local government, foundations, charities and business. There are currently more than 6,000 datasets available from a variety of sources. Key data types include: UK Census data ... | UK Data Service | 0.784486 |
81,680 | The UK Data Service enabled continued research access to data throughout the pandemic and the first COVID-19 datasets were made available in July 2020. Within six months of the pandemic they held their first online COVID-19 data dive with researchers and policy makers across the UK and beyond.The organisation frequentl... | UK Data Service | 0.784486 |
81,681 | Information security is at the heart of the UK Data Service and flows through everything they do. Lead partner, the UK Data Archive at the University of Essex, was the first university to be awarded ISO27001 certification, an international standard of information security. Working closely with HMRC DataLab and the Offi... | UK Data Service | 0.784486 |
81,682 | A restrained joint may be pulled apart or otherwise prone to failure.Another area of application for Poisson's effect is in the realm of structural geology. Rocks, like most materials, are subject to Poisson's effect while under stress. In a geological timescale, excessive erosion or sedimentation of Earth's crust can ... | Poisson’s ratio | 0.784486 |
81,683 | To find the location of point sources of a target in a scattering medium, first, a light field of whole targets should be measured. Then simulated intensity plane is made by a phase space with all possible coordinates that may account for measured phase space. By applying optimization process with the non-negative leas... | Phase space measurement with forward modeling | 0.784486 |
81,684 | This approach requires the phase space data of light in imaging system and a forward model to describe scattering events in a turbid medium. Phase space of light can be obtained by using digital micromirror device (DMD) or light field microscopy. Phase space measurement with forward modeling can be used in neuroscience... | Phase space measurement with forward modeling | 0.784486 |
81,685 | Phase space measurement with forward modeling can be used in neuroscience to record neuronal activity in the brain. Researchers have been widely using two-photon scanning microscopy to visualize neurons and their activity by imaging fluorescence emitted from calcium indicators expressed in neurons. However, two-photon ... | Phase space measurement with forward modeling | 0.784486 |
81,686 | Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces is a book in geometry by Mikhail Gromov. It was originally published in French in 1981 under the title Structures métriques pour les variétés riemanniennes, by CEDIC (Paris). | Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces | 0.784484 |
81,687 | The ability to perform tests using non-homogeneous models represents a major benefit of the invariants methods relative to the more commonly used maximum likelihood methods for phylogenetic model testing. Phylogenetic invariants, which are defined as the subset of invariants that take on a value of zero only when the s... | Phylogenetic invariants | 0.784484 |
81,688 | The equation shown above is only one of a large number of symmetry invariants for the Jukes-Cantor model; in fact, there are a total of 241 symmetry invariants for that model. Symmetry invariants are non-phylogenetic in nature; they take on the expected value of zero regardless of the tree topology. However, it is poss... | Phylogenetic invariants | 0.784484 |
81,689 | Some invariants are straightforward consequences of symmetries in the model of nucleotide substitution and they will take on a value of zero regardless of the underlying tree topology. For example, if we assume the Jukes-Cantor model of sequence evolution and a four-taxon tree we expect: f A C A T − f C G C A = 0 {\dis... | Phylogenetic invariants | 0.784484 |
81,690 | Invariants are formulas in the expected pattern frequencies, not the observed pattern frequencies. When they are computed using the observed pattern frequencies, we will usually find that they are not precisely zero even when the model and tree topology are correct. By testing whether such polynomials for various trees... | Phylogenetic invariants | 0.784484 |
81,691 | At this point the number of programs that allow empirical datasets to be analyzed using invariants is limited. However, phylogenetic invariants may provide solutions to other problems in phylogenetics and they represent an area of active research for that reason. | Phylogenetic invariants | 0.784484 |
81,692 | We can calculate three values from the data to identify the best topology given the data: X = N 1133 − N 1233 − N 1134 + N 1234 {\displaystyle X=N_{1133}-N_{1233}-N_{1134}+N_{1234}} Y = N 1313 − N 1323 − N 1314 + N 1324 {\displaystyle Y=N_{1313}-N_{1323}-N_{1314}+N_{1324}} Z = N 1331 − N 1332 − N 1341 + N 1342 {\displa... | Phylogenetic invariants | 0.784484 |
81,693 | Each possible quartet has different expected values for q1, q2, and q3: The expected values q1, q2, and q3 are all zero on the star topology (a quartet with an internal branch length of zero). For practicality, Holland et al. used least squares to solve for the q values. Empirical tests of the squangles method have bee... | Phylogenetic invariants | 0.784484 |
81,694 | Different flattening matrices are produced for each topology. However, comparisons of the original Eriksson SVD method (ErikSVD) to neighbor joining and the maximum likelihood approach implemented in the PHYLIP program dnaml were mixed; ErikSVD underperformed the other two methods when used with simulated data but it a... | Phylogenetic invariants | 0.784484 |
81,695 | Lamé's Theorem is the result of Gabriel Lamé's analysis of the complexity of Euclidean algorithm. Using Fibonacci numbers, he proved in 1844 that when looking for the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers a and b, the algorithm finishes in at most 5k steps, where k is the number of digits (decimal) of b. | Lamé's theorem | 0.784483 |
81,696 | Tilling over-pumps oxygen to local soil residents, such as bacteria and fungi. As a result, the chemistry of the soil changes. Biological decomposition accelerates and the microbiota mass increases at the expense of other organic matter, adversely affecting most plants, including trees and vegetables. | Natural Farming | 0.784483 |
81,697 | Natural farming is a closed system, one that demands no human-supplied inputs and mimics nature.Fukuoka's natural farming practice rejected the use of modern technology, and after twenty-five years, his farm demonstrated consistently comparable yields to that of the most technologically advanced farms in Japan, doing s... | Natural Farming | 0.784483 |
81,698 | Natural farming (自然農法, shizen nōhō), also referred to as "the Fukuoka Method", "the natural way of farming", or "do-nothing farming", is an ecological farming approach established by Masanobu Fukuoka (1913–2008). Fukuoka, a Japanese farmer and philosopher, introduced the term in his 1975 book The One-Straw Revolution. ... | Natural Farming | 0.784483 |
81,699 | The simplest example of a lattice is the integer lattice ℤn of all points with integer coefficients; its determinant is 1. For n = 2, the theorem claims that a convex figure in the Euclidean plane symmetric about the origin and with area greater than 4 encloses at least one lattice point in addition to the origin. The ... | Minkowski's theorem | 0.784482 |
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