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82,400 | Instead, nuclear (and perhaps chromodynamic) binding energy is released, as these baryons become bound into mid-size nuclei having less energy (and, equivalently, less mass) per nucleon compared to the original small (hydrogen) and large (plutonium etc.) nuclei. Even in electron–positron annihilation, there is no net m... | Corporeal substance | 0.784214 |
82,401 | Meanwhile, Parmenides argued that change does not exist, and Democritus argued that everything is composed of minuscule, inert bodies of all shapes called atoms, a philosophy called atomism. All of these notions had deep philosophical problems.Aristotle (384–322 BCE) was the first to put the conception on a sound philo... | Corporeal substance | 0.784214 |
82,402 | A definition of "matter" more fine-scale than the atoms and molecules definition is: matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include su... | Corporeal substance | 0.784214 |
82,403 | Ordinary matter, in the quarks and leptons definition, constitutes about 4% of the energy of the observable universe. The remaining energy is theorized to be due to exotic forms, of which 23% is dark matter and 73% is dark energy. In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not... | Corporeal substance | 0.784214 |
82,404 | In particle physics and astrophysics, the term is used in two ways, one broader and the other more specific. The broader meaning is just quark matter that contains three flavors of quarks: up, down, and strange. In this definition, there is a critical pressure and an associated critical density, and when nuclear matter... | Corporeal substance | 0.784214 |
82,405 | Because of the decentralization of this project, accurate statistics on the number of clients cannot be obtained, but according to the project's website, the pool provides time to 5–15 million systems. Because of client growth, the project is in perpetual need of more servers.The more time servers there are in the pool... | NTP pool | 0.784213 |
82,406 | In 2009, the guitar effects pedal manufacturer Visual Sound recommissioned production of the Panasonic-designed MN3102 and MN3207 BBD chip that it offers for sale.Despite being analog in their representation of individual signal voltage samples, these devices are discrete in the time domain and thus are limited by the ... | Bucket-brigade device | 0.784212 |
82,407 | The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) was created to serve as a standardized vocabulary of phenotypic abnormalities that have been seen in human disease. Applications for the data in the ontology include clinical diagnostics, mapping between phenotypes of model organisms, and as a standard vocabulary for clinical database... | Human Phenotype Ontology | 0.78421 |
82,408 | The 122s form in the I4/mmm tetragonal structure. For example, the tetragonal unit cell of SrFe2As2, at room temperature, has lattice parameters a = b = 3.9243 Å and c = 12.3644 Å. The planar geometry is reminiscent of the cuprate high-Tc superconductors in which the Cu-O layers are believed to support superconductivit... | 122 iron arsenide | 0.78421 |
82,409 | In the theory of harmonic functions, Bôcher's theorem states that a positive harmonic function in a punctured domain (an open domain minus one point in the interior) is a linear combination of a harmonic function in the unpunctured domain with a scaled fundamental solution for the Laplacian in that domain. | Bôcher's theorem | 0.784209 |
82,410 | In complex analysis, the theorem states that the finite zeros of the derivative r ′ ( z ) {\displaystyle r'(z)} of a non-constant rational function r ( z ) {\displaystyle r(z)} that are not multiple zeros are also the positions of equilibrium in the field of force due to particles of positive mass at the zeros of r ( z... | Bôcher's theorem | 0.784209 |
82,411 | In mathematics, Bôcher's theorem is either of two theorems named after the American mathematician Maxime Bôcher. | Bôcher's theorem | 0.784209 |
82,412 | To discover a relationship or to find data from different tables that belong to the same object, an SQL join operation can be used. This might work when the data is smaller in size, but becomes problematic when the data involved grows larger. A graph database might solve the problem of relationships in case of Big Data... | Polyglot persistence | 0.784207 |
82,413 | In the theory of partial differential equations, a partial differential operator P {\displaystyle P} defined on an open subset U ⊂ R n {\displaystyle U\subset {\mathbb {R} }^{n}} is called hypoelliptic if for every distribution u {\displaystyle u} defined on an open subset V ⊂ U {\displaystyle V\subset U} such that P u... | Hypoelliptic operator | 0.784206 |
82,414 | The applicability of muography to glacier studies was first demonstrated with a survey of the top portion of Aletch glacier located in the Central European Alps. In 2017, a Japanese/Swiss collaboration conducted a larger scale muography imaging experiment based at Eiger Glacier to determine the bedrock geometry beneath... | Muography | 0.784204 |
82,415 | The Mu-Ray project has been using muography to image Vesuvius, famous for its eruption of 79 AD, which destroyed local settlements including Pompeii and Herculaneum. The Mu-Ray project is funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics) and the Istituto Nazional... | Muography | 0.784204 |
82,416 | Muography may potentially be implemented to image extraterrestrial objects such as the geology of Mars. Cosmic rays are numerous and omnipresent in outer space. Therefore, it is predicted that the interaction of the cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere to generate pions/mesons and subsequently to decay into muons also... | Muography | 0.784204 |
82,417 | Unlike Riemannian manifolds, symplectic manifolds are not very rigid: Darboux's theorem shows that all symplectic manifolds of the same dimension are locally isomorphic. In contrast, isometries in Riemannian geometry must preserve the Riemann curvature tensor, which is thus a local invariant of the Riemannian manifold.... | Hamiltonian isotopy | 0.784202 |
82,418 | A celebrated conjecture of Vladimir Arnold relates the minimum number of fixed points for a Hamiltonian symplectomorphism φ: M → M {\displaystyle \varphi :M\to M} , in case M {\displaystyle M} is a compact symplectic manifold, to Morse theory (see ). More precisely, the conjecture states that φ {\displaystyle \varphi }... | Hamiltonian isotopy | 0.784202 |
82,419 | Representations of finite-dimensional subgroups of the group of symplectomorphisms (after ħ-deformations, in general) on Hilbert spaces are called quantizations. When the Lie group is the one defined by a Hamiltonian, it is called a "quantization by energy". The corresponding operator from the Lie algebra to the Lie al... | Hamiltonian isotopy | 0.784202 |
82,420 | As mentioned above, the Freudenthal suspension theorem follows quickly from homotopy excision; this proof is in terms of the natural map π k ( X ) → π k + 1 ( Σ X ) {\displaystyle \pi _{k}(X)\to \pi _{k+1}(\Sigma X)} . If a space X {\displaystyle X} is n {\displaystyle n} -connected, then the pair of spaces ( C X , X )... | Freudenthal suspension theorem | 0.7842 |
82,421 | Let X be an n-connected pointed space (a pointed CW-complex or pointed simplicial set). The map X → Ω ( Σ X ) {\displaystyle X\to \Omega (\Sigma X)} induces a map π k ( X ) → π k ( Ω ( Σ X ) ) {\displaystyle \pi _{k}(X)\to \pi _{k}(\Omega (\Sigma X))} on homotopy groups, where Ω denotes the loop functor and Σ denotes t... | Freudenthal suspension theorem | 0.7842 |
82,422 | In mathematics, and specifically in the field of homotopy theory, the Freudenthal suspension theorem is the fundamental result leading to the concept of stabilization of homotopy groups and ultimately to stable homotopy theory. It explains the behavior of simultaneously taking suspensions and increasing the index of th... | Freudenthal suspension theorem | 0.7842 |
82,423 | Let Sn denote the n-sphere and note that it is (n − 1)-connected so that the groups π n + k ( S n ) {\displaystyle \pi _{n+k}(S^{n})} stabilize for n ⩾ k + 2 {\displaystyle n\geqslant k+2} by the Freudenthal theorem. These groups represent the kth stable homotopy group of spheres. | Freudenthal suspension theorem | 0.7842 |
82,424 | It theorizes that an increasing phenotypic independence corresponds to a decrease in the likelihood that a given mutation will result in an increase in fitness. Expanding on Fisher's work, Sewall Wright provided more evidence in his 1968 book Evolution and the Genetics of Populations: Genetic and Biometric Foundations ... | Pleiotropy | 0.784198 |
82,425 | Organized by UNESCO in cooperation with UNEP, this was the world's first intergovernmental conference on environmental education. In the subsequent Tbilisi Declaration, environment was interpreted in its 'totality—natural and built, technological and social (economic, political, cultural-historical, ethical, aesthetic)... | Environmental education | 0.784198 |
82,426 | Renewable energy education (REE) is a relatively new field of education. The overall objectives of REE pertain to giving a working knowledge and understanding of concepts, facts, principles and technologies for gathering the renewable sources of energy. Based on these objectives, the role of a renewable energy educatio... | Environmental education | 0.784198 |
82,427 | Some requirements for this career are a bachelor's degree with a double major in environmental science and either biology, physics or chemistry. Environmental Engineer- Involves the combination of biology/chemistry with engineering to generate ways to ensure the health of the planet. Scientific research is analyzed and... | Environmental education | 0.784198 |
82,428 | At the undergraduate and graduate level, it can be considered its own field within education, environmental studies, environmental science and policy, ecology, or human/cultural ecology programs. Environmental education is not restricted to in-class lesson plans. Children can learn about the environment in many ways. | Environmental education | 0.784198 |
82,429 | Environmental education (EE) refers to organized efforts to teach how natural environments function, and particularly, how human beings can manage behavior and ecosystems to live sustainably. It is a multi-disciplinary field integrating disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, ecology, earth science, atmospheri... | Environmental education | 0.784198 |
82,430 | REE should be taught with the world's population in mind as the world will run out of non-renewable resources within the next century. Renewable energy education is also being brought to political leaders as a means of getting more sustainable development to occur around the globe. This is happening in the hopes that i... | Environmental education | 0.784198 |
82,431 | The objective was to be able to detect life inside rock in a non-destructive way, since in Mars analogue environment, half of the biomass lay in its hidden form. His supervisors were Gilles Joncas and Yvan Dutil. This was the first master's degree in astrobiology at the Université Laval and one of the first in Québec. | Stéphane Dumas (astrophysicist) | 0.784198 |
82,432 | Stéphane Dumas (1970–2016) was a Canadian physicist who, together with his colleague Yvan Dutil, has created a noise-resistant coding system for messages aimed at communicating with extraterrestrial civilization. This system was used in the creation of messages beamed towards close stars from the Yevpatoria RT-70 radio... | Stéphane Dumas (astrophysicist) | 0.784198 |
82,433 | Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review is an annual review of oceanography and marine biology that has been published since 1963. It was originally edited by Harold Barnes. It was originally published by Aberdeen University Press and Allen & Unwin but is now published by CRC Press, part of Taylor & Francis. ... | Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review | 0.784196 |
82,434 | Stretched Clusters can span 2, 3 or 4 datacenters (chain or ring topology, a 4-site cluster requiring 8 cluster nodes). Cluster consistency is ensured by a majority voting set. From two storage devices in two datacenters, SVC presents one common logical instance. | IBM SAN Volume Controller | 0.784195 |
82,435 | Development of new CCR5 antagonists continues, both for their antiviral effects and also for potential utility in a variety of autoimmune indications. Researchers at Roche Palo Alto discovered a novel series of potent CCR5 small-molecule antagonists. Lead optimization was pursued by balancing opposing trends of metabol... | CCR5 receptor antagonist | 0.784195 |
82,436 | As mentioned, the CCR5 receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Before the discovery of CCR5's role in HIV infection, many pharmaceutical companies had already built a substantial collection of compounds that target GPCRs. Some of these compounds would prove to be a starting point for CCR5 antagonist medicinal ... | CCR5 receptor antagonist | 0.784195 |
82,437 | That compound showed good binding potency and the start of an antiviral activity. Further structure–activity relationship (SAR) optimization of the amide region and identifying the enantiomeric preference led to the cyclobutyl amide structure in compound 3. However, the problem with the CYP2D6 activity of the compound ... | CCR5 receptor antagonist | 0.784195 |
82,438 | Pfizer turned to high-throughput screening in their search for a good starting point for a small molecule CCR5 antagonist. Their screening resulted in a compound that presented weak affinity and no antiviral activity but represented a good starting point for further optimization. Compounds 1–9 in Table 1 show the devel... | CCR5 receptor antagonist | 0.784195 |
82,439 | The Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron (or SppS, also known as the Proton–Antiproton Collider) was a particle accelerator that operated at CERN from 1981 to 1991. To operate as a proton-antiproton collider the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) underwent substantial modifications, altering it from a one beam synchrotron t... | Proton–Antiproton Collider | 0.784194 |
82,440 | A similar result holds when D {\displaystyle D} is invertible, namely det ( A B C D ) = det ( D ) det ( A B C D ) det ( I m 0 − D − 1 C D − 1 ) ⏟ = det ( D − 1 ) = ( det D ) − 1 = det ( D ) det ( A − B D − 1 C B D − 1 0 I n ) = det ( D ) det ( A − B D − 1 C ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\det {\begin{pmatrix}A&B\\C... | Determinant | 0.784193 |
82,441 | This homomorphism is surjective and its kernel is SL n ( K ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {SL} _{n}(K)} (the matrices with determinant one). Hence, by the first isomorphism theorem, this shows that SL n ( K ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {SL} _{n}(K)} is a normal subgroup of GL n ( K ) {\displaystyle \operatornam... | Determinant | 0.784193 |
82,442 | For operators in a finite factor, one may define a positive real-valued determinant called the Fuglede−Kadison determinant using the canonical trace. In fact, corresponding to every tracial state on a von Neumann algebra there is a notion of Fuglede−Kadison determinant. | Determinant | 0.784193 |
82,443 | Suppose A is a unital *-algebra and O is a unital *-subalgebra whose self-adjoint elements correspond to observables. A unitary representation of O may be decomposed as the direct sum of irreducible unitary representations of O. Each isotypic component in this decomposition is called a superselection sector. Observable... | Superselection sectors | 0.784191 |
82,444 | Zero Robotics is an international high school programming competition where students control robotic SPHERES (Synchronised Position Hold Engage and Reorient Experimental Satellites) aboard the International Space Station. Each year teams of students work to produce code capable of performing in a game that can be deplo... | Zero Robotics | 0.78419 |
82,445 | 2018 ECO-SPHERES ISS Finals 1. Alliance: Naughty Dark Spaghetti The Dark Team of LSA, IIS "Avogadro" - Liceo Scientifico, Italy Stuy-Naught, Stuyvesant High School, NY, USA Spaghetti Code, Cedarburg High School, WI, USA2. Alliance: Hit or Miss Proof Robotics, Proof School, CA, USA Crab Nebula, Liceo Cecioni, Italy Rock... | Zero Robotics | 0.78419 |
82,446 | The Zero Robotics competition was created by NASA Astronaut Gregory Chamitoff when he was working with the SPHERES and realised that the coding interface would be suitable for high school students. Drawing inspiration from FIRST Robotics, Zero Robotics became a competition that emphasised building science, technology, ... | Zero Robotics | 0.78419 |
82,447 | The Zero Robotics competition is divided into two types of tournaments. High School Tournament: Among students aged between 14 and 18 years. The tournament takes place between September and December each year. This is an international event open to teams from the USA, Australia, Russia, ESA member states and select int... | Zero Robotics | 0.78419 |
82,448 | Participants in the challenge Zero Robotics learn to program in either C / C++, or MATLAB, or (in the middle school competition) Scratch. Within these languages there are different APIs to enforce the main parameters of the movements of the satellite. A specialised IDE is offered online on the official website of the c... | Zero Robotics | 0.78419 |
82,449 | Participants in Zero Robotics are encouraged to learn and/or improve their knowledge related to basic physics, since optimal algorithms require precise control over forces influencing the speed of the SPHERES. However, students report that "good results by working exclusively through imposition of the satellite coordi... | Zero Robotics | 0.78419 |
82,450 | The CH states that there is no set whose cardinality is strictly between that of the integers and the real numbers. CH is independent of ZFC: it can be neither proven nor disproven within the context of that axiom system (provided that ZFC is consistent). That CH is consistent with ZFC was demonstrated by Kurt Gödel in... | Aleph null | 0.784188 |
82,451 | In molecular biology, the CVNH domain (CyanoVirin-N Homology domain) is a conserved protein domain. It is found in the sugar-binding antiviral protein cyanovirin-N (CVN) as well as proteins from filamentous ascomycetes and in the fern Ceratopteris richardii.Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is an 11-kDa protein from the cyanobacteri... | CVNH domain | 0.784188 |
82,452 | In software engineering, tester-driven development, or bug-driven development, is an anti-pattern where the requirements are determined by bug reports or test results rather than, for example, the value or cost of a feature. The concept is generally invoked facetiously, and comes with the implication that high volumes ... | Tester-driven development | 0.784187 |
82,453 | Spin trapping is an analytical technique employed in chemistry and biology for the detection and identification of short-lived free radicals through the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. EPR spectroscopy detects paramagnetic species such as the unpaired electrons of free radicals. However, when... | Spin trap | 0.784186 |
82,454 | In testing, ACORN performs extremely well, for appropriate parameters. However in its present form, ACORN has not been shown to be suitable for cryptography.There have been few critical appraisals regarding ACORN. One of these, warns of an unsatisfactory configuration of the acorni() routine when using GSLIB GeoStatist... | ACORN PRNG | 0.784186 |
82,455 | In stereochemistry, topicity is the stereochemical relationship between substituents and the structure to which they are attached. Depending on the relationship, such groups can be heterotopic, homotopic, enantiotopic, or diastereotopic. | Topicity | 0.784185 |
82,456 | In mathematics, the Reeb foliation is a particular foliation of the 3-sphere, introduced by the French mathematician Georges Reeb (1920–1993). It is based on dividing the sphere into two solid tori, along a 2-torus: see Clifford torus. Each of the solid tori is then foliated internally, in codimension 1, and the dividi... | Reeb foliation | 0.784184 |
82,457 | Since the states obey the Schrödinger equation, the path integral must reproduce the Heisenberg equations of motion for the averages of x and ẋ variables, but it is instructive to see this directly. The direct approach shows that the expectation values calculated from the path integral reproduce the usual ones of quant... | Functional integral (QFT) | 0.784183 |
82,458 | It is very common in path integrals to perform a Wick rotation from real to imaginary times. In the setting of quantum field theory, the Wick rotation changes the geometry of space-time from Lorentzian to Euclidean; as a result, Wick-rotated path integrals are often called Euclidean path integrals. | Functional integral (QFT) | 0.784183 |
82,459 | The Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX), and its predecessor, the Current Drive Experiment-Upgrade (CDX-U), are devices dedicated to the study of liquid lithium as a plasma-facing component (PFC) at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. | Lithium Tokamak Experiment | 0.784181 |
82,460 | In quantum mechanics, back action refers to the effect of a detector on a measurement. Ideally, a detector should have no influence on the quantity it is measuring. However, in quantum systems it is sometimes the case that back action by the detector is an inherent feature of the system, and not just a result of the de... | Back action (quantum) | 0.784179 |
82,461 | Since R1R2R3 can be combinations of differing groups which can be varied in order to provide a number of silyl ethers, this group of chemical compounds provides a wide spectrum of selectivity for protecting group chemistry. Common silyl ethers are: trimethylsilyl (TMS), tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tert-butyldimeth... | Silyl ether | 0.784178 |
82,462 | A selective deprotection will likely be successful if there is a substantial difference in sterics (e.g., primary TBS vs. secondary TBS or primary TES vs primary TBS) or electronics (e.g. primary TBDPS vs. primary TBS). Unfortunately, some optimization is inevitably required and it is often necessary to run deprotectio... | Silyl ether | 0.784178 |
82,463 | Automatic bug-fixing is an active research topic in computer science. There are many implementations of various bug-fixing techniques especially for C and Java programs. Note that most of these implementations are research prototypes for demonstrating their techniques, i.e., it is unclear whether their current implemen... | Automatic bug fixing | 0.784177 |
82,464 | Note that although it generates C patches, it can extract code from binary programs without source code. LeakFix: A tool that automatically fixes memory leaks in C programs. Prophet: The first generate-and-validate tool that uses machine learning techniques to learn useful knowledge from past human patches to recognize... | Automatic bug fixing | 0.784177 |
82,465 | Machine learning techniques can improve the effectiveness of automatic bug-fixing systems. One example of such techniques learns from past successful patches from human developers collected from open source repositories in GitHub and SourceForge. It then use the learned information to recognize and prioritize potential... | Automatic bug fixing | 0.784177 |
82,466 | Branko Grünbaum writes that the Kovner–Besicovitch theorem was first published in Russian, in a 1935 textbook on the calculus of variations by Mikhail Lavrentyev and Lazar Lyusternik, where it was credited to Soviet mathematician and geophysicist S. S. Kovner. Additional proofs were given by Abram Samoilovitch Besicovi... | Kovner–Besicovitch measure | 0.784177 |
82,467 | The convex sets with the smallest possible Kovner–Besicovitch measure are the triangles, for which the measure is 2/3. The result that triangles are the minimizers of this measure is known as Kovner's theorem or the Kovner–Besicovitch theorem, and the inequality bounding the measure above 2/3 for all convex sets is the... | Kovner–Besicovitch measure | 0.784177 |
82,468 | In plane geometry the Kovner–Besicovitch measure is a number defined for any bounded convex set describing how close to being centrally symmetric it is. It is the fraction of the area of the set that can be covered by its largest centrally symmetric subset. | Kovner–Besicovitch measure | 0.784177 |
82,469 | IEST-RP-NANO200.1: Planning of Nanoscale Science and Technology Facilities: Guidelines for Design, Construction, and Start-Up IEST-RP-NANO205.1: Nanotechnology Safety: Application of Prevention Through Design Principles to Nanotechnology Facilities | Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology | 0.784176 |
82,470 | The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (IEST) is a non-profit, technical society where professionals who impact controlled environments connect, gain knowledge, receive advice, and work together to create industry best practices. The organization uniquely serves environmental test engineers, qualificati... | Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology | 0.784176 |
82,471 | Cilk++ added a kind of objects called hyperobjects, that allow multiple strands to share state without race conditions and without using explicit locks. Each strand has a view on the hyperobject that it can use and update; when the strands synchronize, the views are combined in a way specified by the programmer.The mos... | Cilk Plus | 0.784176 |
82,472 | The Cilk-1 compiler was released in September 1994. The original Cilk language was based on ANSI C, with the addition of Cilk-specific keywords to signal parallelism. When the Cilk keywords are removed from Cilk source code, the result should always be a valid C program, called the serial elision (or C elision) of the ... | Cilk Plus | 0.784176 |
82,473 | The Cilk programming language grew out of three separate projects at the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science: Theoretical work on scheduling multi-threaded applications. StarTech – a parallel chess program built to run on the Thinking Machines Corporation's Connection Machine model CM-5. PCM/Threaded-C – a C-based pack... | Cilk Plus | 0.784176 |
82,474 | Spontaneous symmetry breaking offered a framework to introduce bosons into relativistic quantum field theories. However, according to Goldstone's theorem, these bosons should be massless. The only observed particles which could be approximately interpreted as Goldstone bosons were the pions, which Yoichiro Nambu relate... | Higgs mechanism | 0.784174 |
82,475 | Stars with masses lower than 8 M☉ are thought to be too small to produce supernova explosions, and end their lives by producing a planetary nebula instead, while a star heavier than 12 M☉ would have produced a nebula with a different chemical composition from that observed in the Crab Nebula. Recent studies, however, s... | Tau A | 0.784174 |
82,476 | The event was long considered unrecorded in Islamic astronomy, but in 1978 a reference was found in a 13th-century copy made by Ibn Abi Usaibia of a work by Ibn Butlan, a Nestorian Christian physician active in Baghdad at the time of the supernova.Given its great distance, the daytime "guest star" observed by the Chine... | Tau A | 0.784174 |
82,477 | The United Devices Cancer Research Project, which began in 2001, was seeking possible drugs for the treatment of cancer using distributed computing. There were around 150,000 users in the United States and 170,000 in Europe along with hundreds of thousands more in other parts of the world. The project was an alliance o... | Grid.org | 0.784174 |
82,478 | The role of the non-action-centered subsystem is to maintain general knowledge. The implicit layer is made of Associative Neural Networks, while the bottom layer is associative rules. Knowledge is further divided into semantic and episodic, where semantic is generalized knowledge, and episodic is knowledge applicable t... | CLARION (cognitive architecture) | 0.784172 |
82,479 | The role of the action-centered subsystem is to control both external and internal actions. The implicit layer is made of neural networks called Action Neural Networks, while the explicit layer is made up of action rules. There can be synergy between the two layers, for example learning a skill can be expedited when th... | CLARION (cognitive architecture) | 0.784172 |
82,480 | Connectionist Learning with Adaptive Rule Induction On-line (CLARION) is a computational cognitive architecture that has been used to simulate many domains and tasks in cognitive psychology and social psychology, as well as implementing intelligent systems in artificial intelligence applications. An important feature o... | CLARION (cognitive architecture) | 0.784172 |
82,481 | In the top level, knowledge is encoded using localist chunk nodes whereas, in the bottom level, knowledge is encoded in a distributed manner through collections of (micro)feature nodes. Knowledge may be encoded redundantly between the two levels and may be processed in parallel within the two levels. In the top level, ... | CLARION (cognitive architecture) | 0.784172 |
82,482 | Learning can be represented with both explicit and implicit knowledge individually while also representing bottom-up and top-down learning. Learning with implicit knowledge is represented through Q-learning, while learning with just explicit knowledge is represented with one-shot learning such as hypothesis testing. Bo... | CLARION (cognitive architecture) | 0.784172 |
82,483 | They consist of three major components: a central biochemical oscillator with a period of about 24 hours that keeps time; a series of input pathways to this central oscillator to allow entrainment of the clock; a series of output pathways tied to distinct phases of the oscillator that regulate overt rhythms in biochemi... | Circadian oscillator | 0.784172 |
82,484 | A circadian clock, or circadian oscillator, is a biochemical oscillator that cycles with a stable phase and is synchronized with solar time. Such a clock's in vivo period is necessarily almost exactly 24 hours (the earth's current solar day). In most living things, internally synchronized circadian clocks make it possi... | Circadian oscillator | 0.784172 |
82,485 | Protein interaction network analysis showed that dozens of gene products were directly or indirectly associate with known clock components. Pathway analysis revealed these genes are overrepresented for components of insulin and hedgehog signaling pathway, the cell cycle, and folate metabolism. Coupled with data demonst... | Circadian oscillator | 0.784172 |
82,486 | Modern experimental approaches using systems biology have identified many novel components in biological clocks that suggest an integrative view on how organisms maintain circadian oscillation.Recently, Baggs et al. developed a novel strategy termed "Gene Dosage Network Analysis" (GDNA) to describe network features in ... | Circadian oscillator | 0.784172 |
82,487 | Graduate School of Information Science Department of Information Science Graduate School of Materials Science Department of Materials Science Graduate School of Knowledge Science Department of Knowledge Science 9 Research Areas from April 2016. Human life design area Knowledge Management Security and Networks Intellige... | Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology | 0.784169 |
82,488 | 1991 Graduate School of Materials Science was organized. The Center for Information Science was established. 1992 The Center for New Materials was established. | Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology | 0.784169 |
82,489 | In a Lie algebra, the Lie bracket is an alternating bilinear map. The determinant of a matrix is a multilinear alternating map of the rows or columns of the matrix. | Alternating multilinear map | 0.784168 |
82,490 | In mathematics, more specifically in multilinear algebra, an alternating multilinear map is a multilinear map with all arguments belonging to the same vector space (for example, a bilinear form or a multilinear form) that is zero whenever any pair of arguments is equal. More generally, the vector space may be a module ... | Alternating multilinear map | 0.784168 |
82,491 | In software engineering, the module pattern is a design pattern used to implement the concept of software modules, defined by modular programming, in a programming language with incomplete direct support for the concept. This pattern can be implemented in several ways depending on the host programming language, such as... | Module pattern | 0.784167 |
82,492 | Photographic paper is a paper coated with a light-sensitive chemical formula, like photographic film, used for making photographic prints. When photographic paper is exposed to light, it captures a latent image that is then developed to form a visible image; with most papers the image density from exposure can be suffi... | Photographic paper | 0.784166 |
82,493 | Numerous photo sensitive papers that do not use silver chemistry exist. Most are hand made by enthusiasts but cyanotype prints are made on what was commonly sold as blueprint paper. Certain precious metal including platinum and other chemistries have also been in common use at certain periods. | Photographic paper | 0.784166 |
82,494 | Spinplasmonics is a field of nanotechnology combining spintronics and plasmonics. The field was pioneered by Professor Abdulhakem Elezzabi at the University of Alberta in Canada. In a simple spinplasmonic device, light waves couple to electron spin states in a metallic structure. The most elementary spinplasmonic devic... | Spinplasmonics | 0.784166 |
82,495 | SAP SQL Anywhere is a proprietary relational database management system (RDBMS) product from SAP. SQL Anywhere was known as Sybase SQL Anywhere prior to the acquisition of Sybase by SAP. | SQL Anywhere | 0.784163 |
82,496 | In their 1986 paper, "Externalities in Economies with Imperfect Information and Incomplete Markets", Bruce Greenwald and Joseph Stiglitz showed that the fundamental welfare theorems do not hold if there are incomplete markets or imperfect information. The paper establishes that a competitive equilibrium of an economy w... | Second welfare theorem | 0.784162 |
82,497 | However, there is no guarantee that the Pareto optimal market outcome is socially desirable, as there are many possible Pareto efficient allocations of resources differing in their desirability (e.g. one person may own everything and everyone else nothing).The second theorem states that any Pareto optimum can be suppor... | Second welfare theorem | 0.784162 |
82,498 | There are two fundamental theorems of welfare economics. The first states that in economic equilibrium, a set of complete markets, with complete information, and in perfect competition, will be Pareto optimal (in the sense that no further exchange would make one person better off without making another worse off). The ... | Second welfare theorem | 0.784162 |
82,499 | Hence, ( X , Y ) {\displaystyle (\mathbf {X} ,\mathbf {Y} )} is not feasible. Since all Pareto-dominating allocations are not feasible, ( X ∗ , Y ∗ ) {\displaystyle (\mathbf {X^{*}} ,\mathbf {Y^{*}} )} must itself be Pareto optimal.Note that while the fact that Y ∗ {\displaystyle \mathbf {Y^{*}} } is profit maximizing ... | Second welfare theorem | 0.784162 |
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