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82,600 | Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics (APCTP) is an international non-governmental research institute for physical sciences. It is located in the Campus of the Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), in Pohang, South Korea, and was founded in 1996 by Nobel Laureate Chen-Ning Yang. Its previous pres... | Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics | 0.784119 |
82,601 | The APCTP focuses on theoretical physics research, leading international programs in the Asia-Pacific region. It was founded in June 1996 as an international non-governmental organizations, with current member states: Australia, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, ... | Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics | 0.784119 |
82,602 | Ion implantation is a low-temperature process by which ions of one element are accelerated into a solid target, thereby changing the physical, chemical, or electrical properties of the target. Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in materials science research. ... | Ion irradiation | 0.784118 |
82,603 | The above is known as the Levi lemma for strings; the lemma can occur in a more general form in graph theory and in monoid theory; for example, there is a more general Levi lemma for traces originally due to Christine Duboc. Several proofs of Levi's Lemma for traces can be found in The Book of Traces.A monoid in which ... | Levi lemma | 0.784118 |
82,604 | The design of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope is very modular and construction can be phased in time. In 2012, the first phase of the implementation of the KM3NeT research facility has started with the construction of the seabed infrastructure at the KM3NeT-Fr and KM3NeT-It sites. A prototype KM3NeT Digital Optical Modul... | KM3NeT | 0.784117 |
82,605 | Once fully completed, the KM3NeT research infrastructure will consist of several large subdetectors. At first, two of these - together forming the ARCA detector - will indeed form a telescope searching for distant neutrino-sources. Another subdetector - baptised ORCA - will be optimised to measure the properties of the... | KM3NeT | 0.784117 |
82,606 | Its prime objective is to detect neutrinos from sources in our galaxy. Arrays of thousands of optical sensor modules will detect the faint light in the deep sea from charged particles originating from collisions of the neutrinos and the water or rock in the vicinity of the detector. The research infrastructure will als... | KM3NeT | 0.784117 |
82,607 | Some nuclides can be induced to eject a neutron by gamma radiation. One such nuclide is 9Be; its photodisintegration is significant in nuclear astrophysics, pertaining to the abundance of beryllium and the consequences of the instability of 8Be. This also makes this isotope useful as a neutron source in nuclear reactor... | Neutron emission | 0.784117 |
82,608 | Many flow batteries use carbon felt electrodes due to its low cost and adequate electrical conductivity, although these electrodes somewhat limit power density due to their low inherent activity toward many redox couples.In other words, a flow battery is an electrochemical cell, with the property that the ionic solutio... | Flow batteries | 0.784113 |
82,609 | optimization for each application Long cycle and calendar lives (because there are no solid-to-solid phase transitions, that cause degradation of lithium-ion and related batteries) Quick response times No need for "equalisation" charging (the overcharging of a battery to ensure all cells have an equal charge) No harmfu... | Flow batteries | 0.784113 |
82,610 | It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center. The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian). It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10... | Milky Way | 0.784112 |
82,611 | Theoretical production ecology tries to quantitatively study the growth of crops. The plant is treated as a kind of biological factory, which processes light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients into harvestable parts. Main parameters kept into consideration are temperature, sunlight, standing crop biomass, plant prod... | Theoretical production ecology | 0.784112 |
82,612 | Theoretical production ecology assumes that the growth of common agricultural crops, such as cereals and tubers, usually consists of four (or five) phases: Germination – Agronomical research has indicated a temperature dependence of germination time (GT, in days). Each crop has a unique critical temperature (CT, dimens... | Theoretical production ecology | 0.784112 |
82,613 | Modelling is essential in theoretical production ecology. Unit of modelling usually is the crop, the assembly of plants per standard surface unit. Analysis results for an individual plant are generalised to the standard surface, e.g. the leaf area index is the projected surface area of all crop leaves above a unit area... | Theoretical production ecology | 0.784112 |
82,614 | A lubricant, often bentonite slurry, is injected into this gap. The pressure of the lubricant prevents the gap from collapsing. Depending on the geology a 35mm overcut may create ground subsidence. | Microtunneling | 0.784111 |
82,615 | The current value of its mass is 4.154±0.014 million solar masses.Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery that Sagittarius A* is a supermassive compact object, for which a black hole was the only plausible explanation at the time.In May 2022, astronomers released... | Sagittarius A* | 0.784109 |
82,616 | Carrying capacity has been used as a tool in Neo-Malthusian arguments to limit population growth since the 1950s. The concept of carrying capacity has been applied to determining the population limits in Shanghai, a city faced with rapid urbanization.The application of the concept of carrying capacity for the human pop... | Sustainable population | 0.784109 |
82,617 | Quality & Quantity is an interdisciplinary double-blind peer-reviewed academic journal dealing with methodological issues in the fields of economics, psychology and sociology, mathematics, and statistics. The journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media. | Quality & Quantity | 0.784109 |
82,618 | Multibeam echosounders are also commonly used for geological and oceanographic research, and since the 1990s for offshore oil and gas exploration and seafloor cable routing. More recently, multibeam echsounders are also used in the renewable energy sector such as offshore windfarms. In 1989, Atlas Electronics (Bremen, ... | Multibeam echosounders | 0.784104 |
82,619 | At the other extreme, the neighborhood filter N ( x ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(x)} is the smallest (that is, coarsest) filter on X {\displaystyle X} that converges to x ; {\displaystyle x;} that is, any filter converging to x {\displaystyle x} must contain N ( x ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(x)} as a subset. Sai... | Convergent filter | 0.784103 |
82,620 | In mathematics, the Laplace limit is the maximum value of the eccentricity for which a solution to Kepler's equation, in terms of a power series in the eccentricity, converges. It is approximately 0.66274 34193 49181 58097 47420 97109 25290.Kepler's equation M = E − ε sin E relates the mean anomaly M with the eccentric... | Laplace limit | 0.784102 |
82,621 | The wind power, solar power and hydroelectric power industries provide good examples of this. In 2020, the global renewable energy market was valued at $881.7 billion and consumption grew 2.9 EJ. China was the largest contributor to renewable growth, accounting an increment of 1.0 EJ in consumption, followed by the US,... | Renewable energy industry | 0.784101 |
82,622 | The renewable-energy industry is the part of the energy industry focusing on new and appropriate renewable energy technologies. Investors worldwide have paid greater attention to this emerging industry in recent years. In many cases, this has translated into rapid renewable energy commercialization and considerable ind... | Renewable energy industry | 0.784101 |
82,623 | Renewable energy use tends to be more labor-intensive than fossil fuels, and so a transition toward renewables promises employment gains. In 2019, 11.5 million people work either directly in renewables or indirectly in supplier industries. The wind power industry employs some 1.7 million people, the photovoltaic sector... | Renewable energy industry | 0.784101 |
82,624 | Venture capital and private equity investments in renewable energy companies increased by 167 percent in 2006, according to investment analysts at New Energy Finance Limited.New investment into the sector jumped US$148 billion in 2007, up 60 per cent over 2006, noted a report by the Sustainable Energy Finance Initiativ... | Renewable energy industry | 0.784101 |
82,625 | : 27 In 2000, venture capital (VC) investment in renewable energy was about 1% of total VC investment. In 2007 that figure was closer to 10%, with solar power alone making up about 3% of the entire Venture Capital asset class of ~$33B. More than 60 start-ups have been funded by VCs in the last three years. | Renewable energy industry | 0.784101 |
82,626 | The number of companies in this category has expanded from around 60 in 2005.: 15 Some $150 billion was invested in renewable energy globally in 2009, including new capacity (asset finance and projects) and biofuels refineries. This is more than double the 2006 investment figure of $63 billion. Almost all of the increa... | Renewable energy industry | 0.784101 |
82,627 | ), wind power company Iberdrola (Spain), and U.S. biofuels producers VeraSun Energy, Aventine, and Pacific Ethanol.Renewable energy industries expanded during most of 2008, with large increases in manufacturing capacity, diversification of manufacturing locations, and shifts in leadership. By August 2008, there were at... | Renewable energy industry | 0.784101 |
82,628 | Net-zero and 100% renewable energy global goals create market opportunities for renewable industries such as solar and wind energy and lithium-ion batteries. By 2050, it’s estimated that the renewable market will reach a value of one trillion dollars, the same size as the current oil market.In 2020, renewable sources i... | Renewable energy industry | 0.784101 |
82,629 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-8-6 triangular honeycomb (or 3,8,6 honeycomb) is a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) with Schläfli symbol {3,8,6}. It has infinitely many order-8 triangular tiling, {3,8}, around each edge. All vertices are ultra-ideal (existing beyond the ideal boundary)... | Order-8-infinite triangular honeycomb | 0.7841 |
82,630 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-8-6 hexagonal honeycomb (or 6,8,6 honeycomb) is a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) with Schläfli symbol {6,8,6}. It has six order-8 hexagonal tilings, {6,8}, around each edge. All vertices are ultra-ideal (existing beyond the ideal boundary) with infinit... | Order-8-infinite triangular honeycomb | 0.7841 |
82,631 | MicroUnity Systems Engineering, Inc. was a private company located in Los Altos, California and an early developer of broadband microprocessor technologies licensed widely across digital media industries. John Moussouris, the CEO and Chairman for MicroUnity has been the mind behind the supercomputer-on-a-chip that will... | MicroUnity | 0.7841 |
82,632 | Paul Dirac suggested in 1938 that the universal gravitational constant had decreased during the billions of years of its existence. This caused German physicist Pascual Jordan to propose in 1964, a modification of the theory of general relativity, that all planets slowly expand. This explanation is considered a viable ... | Expanding Earth | 0.784099 |
82,633 | The CIMET Master programme covers a wide range of areas such as color, photonics, computer vision and imaging science, computer science and multimedia technology. The programme objective is to educate students in advanced methodologies and models in computational color science. CIMET offers three areas of specializatio... | Color in Informatics and Media Technology | 0.784099 |
82,634 | The development process is modeled as the development of gene expression states. The gene expression pattern S ( 0 ) {\displaystyle S(0)} at time t = 0 {\displaystyle t=0} is defined as the initial expression state. The interactions among genes change the expression states during the development process. This process i... | Wagner's gene network model | 0.784098 |
82,635 | Since the release of Android Studio 3.0 in October 2017, Kotlin has been included as an alternative to the standard Java compiler. The Android Kotlin compiler produces Java 8 bytecode by default (which runs in any later JVM), but lets the programmer choose to target Java 9 up to 20, for optimization, or allows for more... | Kotlin (programming language) | 0.784097 |
82,636 | In recent years, several other Staphylococcus species have been implicated in human infections, notably S. lugdunensis, S. schleiferi, and S. caprae. Common abbreviations for coagulase-negative staphylococci are CoNS, CNS, or CNST. The American Society for Microbiology abbreviates coagulase-negative staphylococci as "C... | Coagulase negative staphylococci | 0.784096 |
82,637 | The Hofmann–Martius rearrangement in organic chemistry is a rearrangement reaction converting an N-alkylated aniline to the corresponding ortho and / or para aryl-alkylated aniline. The reaction requires heat, and the catalyst is an acid like hydrochloric acid. When the catalyst is a metal halide the reaction is also c... | Hofmann–Martius rearrangement | 0.784095 |
82,638 | The Hecke algebra of a pair (g,K) is the algebra of K-finite distributions on G with support in K, with the product given by convolution. | Hecke algebra of a pair | 0.784094 |
82,639 | In mathematical representation theory, the Hecke algebra of a pair (g,K) is an algebra with an approximate identity, whose approximately unital modules are the same as K-finite representations of the pairs (g,K). Here K is a compact subgroup of a Lie group with Lie algebra g. | Hecke algebra of a pair | 0.784094 |
82,640 | The source of this issue may be in terminology: the term theory is used differently here than in physics, chemistry, and other sciences. Specific instantiations of Optimality Theory may make falsifiable predictions, in the same way specific proposals within other linguistic frameworks can. What predictions are made, an... | Optimality Theory | 0.784094 |
82,641 | Optimality Theory also has roots in neural network research. It arose in part as an alternative to the connectionist theory of Harmonic Grammar, developed in 1990 by Géraldine Legendre, Yoshiro Miyata and Paul Smolensky. Variants of Optimality Theory with connectionist-like weighted constraints continue to be pursued i... | Optimality Theory | 0.784094 |
82,642 | In practice, implementations of Optimality Theory often make use of many concepts of phonological theories of representations, such as the syllable, the mora, or feature geometry. Completely distinct from these, there are sub-theories which have been proposed entirely within Optimality Theory, such as positional faithf... | Optimality Theory | 0.784094 |
82,643 | Unified shader architecture (or unified shading architecture) is a hardware design by which all shader processing units of a piece of graphics hardware are capable of handling any type of shading tasks. Most often Unified Shading Architecture hardware is composed of an array of computing units and some form of dynamic ... | Unified Shader Model | 0.784091 |
82,644 | The concept has been universal since then. Early shader abstractions (such as Shader Model 1.x) used very different instruction sets for vertex and pixel shaders, with vertex shaders having much more flexible instruction set. Later shader models (such as Shader Model 2.x and 3.0) reduced the differences, approaching un... | Unified Shader Model | 0.784091 |
82,645 | In the field of 3D computer graphics, the unified shader model (known in Direct3D 10 as "Shader Model 4.0") refers to a form of shader hardware in a graphical processing unit (GPU) where all of the shader stages in the rendering pipeline (geometry, vertex, pixel, etc.) have the same capabilities. They can all read text... | Unified Shader Model | 0.784091 |
82,646 | The Isfahan Observatory was shut down in 1092, after the death of the sultan Malik-Shah I. Malik-Shah's death was followed by the death of another patron of the observatory, Nizam al-Mulk, who was murdered. Funding was cut off by the Seljuk sultan's wife, who had many disagreements with Mulk and the observatory was clo... | Isfahan Observatory | 0.78409 |
82,647 | Optionally, an application using a Direct3D 10/11/12 interface and Direct3D 10/11/12 hardware may also specify a geometry shader. This shader takes as its input some vertices of a primitive (triangle/line/point) and uses this data to generate/degenerate (or tessellate) additional primitives or to change the type of pri... | High Level Shader Language | 0.784089 |
82,648 | HLSL shaders can enable profound speed and detail increases as well as many special effects in both 2D and 3D computer graphics.HLSL programs come in six forms: pixel shaders (fragment in GLSL), vertex shaders, geometry shaders, compute shaders, tessellation shaders (Hull and Domain shaders), and ray tracing shaders (R... | High Level Shader Language | 0.784089 |
82,649 | Bayesian inference is the method that many have argued is the most accurate. In general, Bayesian statistical methods allow investigators to combine pre-existing information with new hypothesis. In the case of evolution, it combines the likelihood of the data observed with the likelihood that the events happened in the... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.784089 |
82,650 | Bayesian inference uses the likelihood of observed data to update the investigator's belief, or prior distribution, to yield the posterior distribution. In the context of ancestral reconstruction, the objective is to infer the posterior probabilities of ancestral character states at each internal node of a given tree. ... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.784089 |
82,651 | Non-biological applications include the reconstruction of the vocabulary or phonemes of ancient languages, and cultural characteristics of ancient societies such as oral traditions or marriage practices.Ancestral reconstruction relies on a sufficiently realistic statistical model of evolution to accurately recover ance... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.784089 |
82,652 | Ancestral reconstruction (also known as Character Mapping or Character Optimization) is the extrapolation back in time from measured characteristics of individuals (or populations) to their common ancestors. It is an important application of phylogenetics, the reconstruction and study of the evolutionary relationships ... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.784089 |
82,653 | The concept of ancestral reconstruction is often credited to Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling. Motivated by the development of techniques for determining the primary (amino acid) sequence of proteins by Frederick Sanger in 1955, Zuckerkandl and Pauling postulated that such sequences could be used to infer not only t... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.784089 |
82,654 | Resolution of the root to "hummingbird" would yield the pattern of ancestral state reconstruction depicted by the symbols at the nodes with the state requiring the fewest changes circled. Parsimony methods are intuitively appealing and highly efficient, such that they are still used in some cases to seed maximum likeli... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.784089 |
82,655 | Additionally, ancestral protein reconstruction can lead to the discoveries of new biochemical functions that have been lost in modern proteins. It also allows insights into the biology and ecology of extinct organisms. Although the majority of ancestral reconstructions have dealt with proteins, it has also been used to... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.784089 |
82,656 | The authors reported a weak but significant tendency for co-evolving pairs of residues to be co-located in the known three-dimensional structure of the proteins. The reconstruction of ancient proteins and DNA sequences has only recently become a significant scientific endeavour. The developments of extensive genomic se... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.784089 |
82,657 | A generalization of this problem applicable to ancestral reconstruction is the "multiple genome rearrangement problem": given a set of genomes and a set of allowable operations, find (i) a binary tree with the given genomes as its leaves, and (ii) an assignment of genomes to the internal nodes of the tree, such that th... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.784089 |
82,658 | The X-factor in astrophysics, often labeled XCO, is an empirically determined proportionality constant which converts carbon monoxide (CO) emission line brightness to molecular hydrogen (H2) mass. | X-factor (astrophysics) | 0.784088 |
82,659 | In the microbiology lab, Staphylococcus is mainly suspected when seeing Gram-positive cocci in clusters. | Staph infection | 0.784088 |
82,660 | Critics also note that Sternberg also sat on the editorial board of the Baraminology Study Group, which studies "creation biology" and whose website is hosted by Bryan College, a conservative Christian school named after William Jennings Bryan, who famously opposed Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Trial. The American Asso... | Sternberg peer review controversy | 0.784087 |
82,661 | After the peer review controversy became public, Sternberg filed a religious discrimination complaint against the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, where he had an unpaid appointment as a research associate, while employed by the National Institutes of Health.Sternberg claims that he was "ta... | Sternberg peer review controversy | 0.784087 |
82,662 | "Sternberg claims to have also checked with a Council member and to have followed the standard practice for peer review: Three reviewers responded and were willing to review the paper; all are experts in relevant aspects of evolutionary and molecular biology and hold full-time faculty positions in major research instit... | Sternberg peer review controversy | 0.784087 |
82,663 | In 2005 he said he was not a proponent of intelligent design. He has more recently described his position as one that "can accept all that is empirically valid in evolutionary biology, while not axiomatically dismissing the position that structures as well as their "real" instantiations have an intelligent cause", and ... | Sternberg peer review controversy | 0.784087 |
82,664 | The Council and associate editors would have considered the subject of the paper inappropriate for publication as it was significantly outside "the nearly purely systematic content" of the journal, the Council endorses a resolution "which observes that there is no credible scientific evidence supporting ID as a testabl... | Sternberg peer review controversy | 0.784087 |
82,665 | Richard M. Sternberg is an American evolutionary biologist who has completed a BS degree from University of South Carolina and has two PhDs; the first from 1995 in molecular evolution from Florida International University, and a second in systems science from Binghamton University. He did post-doctoral work between 199... | Sternberg peer review controversy | 0.784087 |
82,666 | Across vast areas of the ocean floor, the shells of planktonic micro-organisms sinking from surface waters provide the dominant source of sediment, and they continuously accumulate (typically at rates of 20–50 million per million years). Study of changes in assemblages of microfossils and changes in their shell chemist... | Micropaleontology | 0.784087 |
82,667 | A combination of PAAc with another polymer that is less sensitive to changes at neutral pH might increase the residence time and slow the release of the drug, thus improving bioavailability and effectiveness. Hydrogels are polymer networks that do not dissolve in water but swell or collapse in changing aqueous environm... | Functional polymers | 0.784086 |
82,668 | Some polymers are reversibly cross-linked by noncovalent bonds that can break and reform depending on external conditions. Nanotechnology has been fundamental in the development of certain nanoparticle polymers such as dendrimers and fullerenes, that have been applied for drug delivery. Traditional drug encapsulation h... | Functional polymers | 0.784086 |
82,669 | Smart polymers appear in highly specialized applications and everyday products alike. They are used for sensors and actuators such as artificial muscles , the production of hydrogels, biodegradable packaging, and to a great extent in biomedical engineering . One example is a polymer that undergoes conformational change... | Functional polymers | 0.784086 |
82,670 | Some authors use the term "associative algebra" to refer to structures which do not necessarily have a multiplicative identity, and hence consider homomorphisms which are not necessarily unital. One example of a non-unital associative algebra is given by the set of all functions f: R → R whose limit as x nears infinity... | Bidimension of an associative algebra | 0.784086 |
82,671 | has a structure of an associative algebra with multiplication ∗ {\displaystyle *} such that, for f , g ∈ a {\displaystyle f,g\in {\mathfrak {a}}} , f ∗ g = f g − 1 2 { f , g } u + ⋯ {\displaystyle f*g=fg-{\frac {1}{2}}\{f,g\}u+\cdots } , then a ] {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {a}}\!]} is called a deformation quantization ... | Bidimension of an associative algebra | 0.784086 |
82,672 | A Poisson algebra is a commutative associative algebra over a field together with a structure of a Lie algebra so that the Lie bracket { , } {\displaystyle \{,\}} satisfies the Leibniz rule; i.e., { f g , h } = f { g , h } + g { f , h } {\displaystyle \{fg,h\}=f\{g,h\}+g\{f,h\}} . Given a Poisson algebra a {\displaysty... | Bidimension of an associative algebra | 0.784086 |
82,673 | Brooks added the chapter "No Silver Bullet—Essence and Accidents in Software Engineering" and further reflections on it in the chapter "'No Silver Bullet' Refired" to the anniversary edition of The Mythical Man-Month. Brooks insists that there is no one silver bullet: "there is no single development, in either technolo... | Second system syndrome | 0.784083 |
82,674 | Brooks's observations are based on his experiences at IBM while managing the development of OS/360. He had added more programmers to a project falling behind schedule, a decision that he would later conclude had, counter-intuitively, delayed the project even further. He also made the mistake of asserting that one proje... | Second system syndrome | 0.784083 |
82,675 | The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering is a book on software engineering and project management by Fred Brooks first published in 1975, with subsequent editions in 1982 and 1995. Its central theme is that adding manpower to a software project that is behind schedule delays it even longer. This idea is k... | Second system syndrome | 0.784083 |
82,676 | The Ibn Sina Robot is the world's first android robot with Arabic language conversational abilities. Created by roboticists Nikolaos Mavridis and Hanson Robotics founder David Hanson at United Arab Emirates University's Interactive Robots and Media Lab, Ibn Sina was named after the famous 11th century Persian polymath ... | Ibn Sina Robot | 0.784081 |
82,677 | In the mathematical field of topology, the Alexandroff extension is a way to extend a noncompact topological space by adjoining a single point in such a way that the resulting space is compact. It is named after the Russian mathematician Pavel Alexandroff. More precisely, let X be a topological space. | One point compactification | 0.78408 |
82,678 | Let X be any noncompact Tychonoff space. Under the natural partial ordering on the set C ( X ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}(X)} of equivalence classes of compactifications, any minimal element is equivalent to the Alexandroff extension (Engelking, Theorem 3.5.12). It follows that a noncompact Tychonoff space admits a ... | One point compactification | 0.78408 |
82,679 | In ring-based networks topology where the setup is to form a closed loop among the Add Drop Multiplexers, there is basically one path related ring protection scheme available in Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring architecture. In SDH networks, the equivalent of UPSR is Sub-Network Connection Protection (SNCP). Note that... | Path protection | 0.78408 |
82,680 | A Dirac measure is a measure δx on a set X (with any σ-algebra of subsets of X) defined for a given x ∈ X and any (measurable) set A ⊆ X by δ x ( A ) = 1 A ( x ) = { 0 , x ∉ A ; 1 , x ∈ A . {\displaystyle \delta _{x}(A)=1_{A}(x)={\begin{cases}0,&x\not \in A;\\1,&x\in A.\end{cases}}} where 1A is the indicator function o... | Dirac delta measure | 0.784078 |
82,681 | Furthermore, δx is the only probability measure whose support is {x}. If X is n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn with its usual σ-algebra and n-dimensional Lebesgue measure λn, then δx is a singular measure with respect to λn: simply decompose Rn as A = Rn \ {x} and B = {x} and observe that δx(A) = λn(B) = 0. The Dirac m... | Dirac delta measure | 0.784078 |
82,682 | Hence, δx is also a Radon measure. Assuming that the topology T is fine enough that {x} is closed, which is the case in most applications, the support of δx is {x}. (Otherwise, supp(δx) is the closure of {x} in (X, T).) | Dirac delta measure | 0.784078 |
82,683 | Let δx denote the Dirac measure centred on some fixed point x in some measurable space (X, Σ). δx is a probability measure, and hence a finite measure.Suppose that (X, T) is a topological space and that Σ is at least as fine as the Borel σ-algebra σ(T) on X. δx is a strictly positive measure if and only if the topology... | Dirac delta measure | 0.784078 |
82,684 | In molecular biology the PIN domain is a protein domain that is about 130 amino acids in length. PIN domains function as nuclease enzymes that cleave single stranded RNA in a sequence- or structure-dependent manner.PIN domains contain four nearly invariant acidic residues. Crystal structures show these residues cluster... | PIN domain | 0.784078 |
82,685 | One of the first definitions of autowaves was as follows: It is accepted now to consider an autowave as some self-sustaining wave process in a non-equilibrium environment that remain unchanged for sufficiently small changes in both the initial and boundary conditions. (...) Mathematical apparatus for describing autowav... | Autowave | 0.784075 |
82,686 | It was also proven that the simplest autowave regimes should be common to every system of differential equations of any complexity that describe a particular active media, because such a system can be simplified to two differential equations. | Autowave | 0.784075 |
82,687 | Moskalenko gained their experience with the autowave theory also in Pushchino, in the neighboring Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, under the guidance of E.E.Shnoll. The term "autowave processes" for all these (and other) phenomena was coined by the USSR physicist R.V. Khokhlov. | Autowave | 0.784075 |
82,688 | Frank-Kamenetsky in 1938. The classical axiomatic model with autowaves in myocardium was published in 1946 by Norbert Wiener and Arturo Rosenblueth.During 1970-80, major efforts to study autowaves were concentrated in the Institute of Biological Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, located in the suburban town Push... | Autowave | 0.784075 |
82,689 | This was preconceived by the 4th-century scholar Yu Xi, who argued for the infinity of outer space surrounding the Earth and that the latter could be either square or round, in accordance to the shape of the heavens. When Chinese geographers of the 17th century, influenced by European cartography and astronomy, showed ... | Flat earth cosmology | 0.784074 |
82,690 | In ancient China, the prevailing belief was that the Earth was flat and square, while the heavens were round, an assumption virtually unquestioned until the introduction of European astronomy in the 17th century. The English sinologist Cullen emphasizes the point that there was no concept of a round Earth in ancient Ch... | Flat earth cosmology | 0.784074 |
82,691 | In the modern era, the pseudoscientific belief in a flat Earth originated with the English writer Samuel Rowbotham with the 1849 pamphlet Zetetic Astronomy. Lady Elizabeth Blount established the Universal Zetetic Society in 1893, which published journals. In 1956, Samuel Shenton set up the International Flat Earth Rese... | Flat earth cosmology | 0.784074 |
82,692 | One problem is that, when g is not small, the confidence interval can blow up when using Fieller's theorem. Andy Grieve has provided a Bayesian solution where the CIs are still sensible, albeit wide. Bootstrapping provides another alternative that does not require the assumption of normality. | Fieller's theorem | 0.784074 |
82,693 | Edgar C. Fieller (1907–1960) first started working on this problem while in Karl Pearson's group at University College London, where he was employed for five years after graduating in Mathematics from King's College, Cambridge. He then worked for the Boots Pure Drug Company as a statistician and operational researcher ... | Fieller's theorem | 0.784073 |
82,694 | In statistics, Fieller's theorem allows the calculation of a confidence interval for the ratio of two means. | Fieller's theorem | 0.784073 |
82,695 | Mach, Robert; Schweitzer, Frank (2003). "Multi-Agent Model of Biological Swarming". Advances In Artificial Life. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. | Swarm behaviour | 0.784073 |
82,696 | Swarm behaviour is also studied by active matter physicists as a phenomenon which is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, and as such requires the development of tools beyond those available from the statistical physics of systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. In this regard, swarming has been compared to the mathematics ... | Swarm behaviour | 0.784073 |
82,697 | Integrators may also be software components. In some computational physics computer simulations, such as numerical weather prediction, molecular dynamics, flight simulators, reservoir simulation, noise barrier design, architectural acoustics, and electronic circuit simulation, an integrator is a numerical method for in... | Integrator | 0.784071 |
82,698 | Integrating circuits are most commonly used in analog-to-digital converters, ramp generators, and also in wave shaping applications. Op-amp integrating amplifiers are used to perform calculus operations in analog computers. A totalizer in the industrial instrumentation trade integrates a signal representing water flow,... | Integrator | 0.784071 |
82,699 | If τ is the time at which X first reaches ±m, then 0 = E = E = m2 – E. This gives E = m2. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that one of the conditions of the theorem hold. For example, suppose the last example had instead used a 'one-sided' stopping time, so that stopping only occurred at +m, not at −m. The value ... | Optional stopping theorem | 0.784068 |
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