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82,700 | Suppose further that the walk stops if it reaches 0 or m ≥ a; the time at which this first occurs is a stopping time. If it is known that the expected time at which the walk ends is finite (say, from Markov chain theory), the optional stopping theorem predicts that the expected stop position is equal to the initial pos... | Optional stopping theorem | 0.784068 |
82,701 | So the theorem says that E = E. In other words, the gambler leaves with the same amount of money on average as when he started. (The same result holds if the gambler, instead of having a house limit on individual bets, has a finite limit on his line of credit or how far in debt he may go, though this is easier to show ... | Optional stopping theorem | 0.784068 |
82,702 | The optional stopping theorem can be used to prove the impossibility of successful betting strategies for a gambler with a finite lifetime (which gives condition (a)) or a house limit on bets (condition (b)). Suppose that the gambler can wager up to c dollars on a fair coin flip at times 1, 2, 3, etc., winning his wage... | Optional stopping theorem | 0.784068 |
82,703 | A discrete-time version of the theorem is given below: Let X = (Xt)t∈ N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } 0 be a discrete-time martingale and τ a stopping time with values in N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } 0 ∪ {∞}, both with respect to a filtration (Ft)t∈ N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } 0. Assume that one of the following th... | Optional stopping theorem | 0.784068 |
82,704 | by (b)}}}{\bigr ]}\\&\leq \mathbb {E} +c\sum _{s=0}^{\infty }\mathbb {P} (\tau >s)\\&=\mathbb {E} +c\,\mathbb {E} <\infty ,\\\end{aligned}}} where a representation of the expected value of non-negative integer-valued random variables is used for the last equality. Therefore, under any one of the three conditions in the... | Optional stopping theorem | 0.784068 |
82,705 | Let Xτ denote the stopped process, it is also a martingale (or a submartingale or supermartingale, respectively). Under condition (a) or (b), the random variable Xτ is well defined. Under condition (c) the stopped process Xτ is bounded, hence by Doob's martingale convergence theorem it converges a.s. pointwise to a ran... | Optional stopping theorem | 0.784068 |
82,706 | In probability theory, the optional stopping theorem (or sometimes Doob's optional sampling theorem, for American probabilist Joseph Doob) says that, under certain conditions, the expected value of a martingale at a stopping time is equal to its initial expected value. Since martingales can be used to model the wealth ... | Optional stopping theorem | 0.784068 |
82,707 | Simulation modeling allows designers and engineers to avoid the repeated building of multiple physical prototypes to analyze designs for new or existing parts. Before creating the physical prototype, users can investigate many digital prototypes. Using the technique, they can: Optimize geometry for weight and strength ... | Simulation modeling | 0.784068 |
82,708 | In mathematical logic and computer science, homotopy type theory (HoTT ) refers to various lines of development of intuitionistic type theory, based on the interpretation of types as objects to which the intuition of (abstract) homotopy theory applies. This includes, among other lines of work, the construction of homot... | Univalence axiom | 0.784068 |
82,709 | On the syntactic side, Benno van den Berg conjectured in 2006 that the tower of identity types of a type in intensional type theory should have the structure of an ω-category, and indeed a ω-groupoid, in the "globular, algebraic" sense of Michael Batanin. This was later proven independently by van den Berg and Garner i... | Univalence axiom | 0.784068 |
82,710 | In September 2006 he posted to the Types mailing list "A very short note on homotopy lambda calculus", which sketched the outlines of a type theory with dependent products, sums and universes and of a model of this type theory in Kan simplicial sets. It began by saying "The homotopy λ-calculus is a hypothetical (at the... | Univalence axiom | 0.784068 |
82,711 | In 2012–13 researchers at the Institute for Advanced Study held "A Special Year on Univalent Foundations of Mathematics". The special year brought together researchers in topology, computer science, category theory, and mathematical logic. The program was organized by Steve Awodey, Thierry Coquand and Vladimir Voevodsk... | Univalence axiom | 0.784068 |
82,712 | Mapping scheme (lofting, tri-mapping, transfinite mapping, isoparametric mapping) Sweeping scheme (extrusion, translation, rotation, twisting) Auto mesh scheme (triangulation, tetrahedronization) Mesh treatment (mesh carving, mesh operation, intersection, distortion)The program has the function to save the generated me... | VisualFEA | 0.784065 |
82,713 | The chicken embryo is a unique model that overcomes many limitations to studying the biology of cancer in vivo. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a well-vascularized extra-embryonic tissue located underneath the eggshell, has a successful history as a biological platform for the molecular analysis of cancer including... | Chicken as biological research model | 0.784065 |
82,714 | Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and their eggs have been used extensively as research models throughout the history of biology. Today they continue to serve as an important model for normal human biology as well as pathological disease processes. | Chicken as biological research model | 0.784065 |
82,715 | For instance, comparing with other majors, students in fine arts and physics are supposed to possessing a higher default rate. Therefore, students in such majors would be inclined to a higher rate of unemployment and a higher risk of default in redemption. Also, people will tend to have an inferior quality of human cap... | Student loans | 0.784064 |
82,716 | The Co-O bond lengths are about 190 pm long. The O-Co-O angles for the two oxygens in the same nitrate is about 68 degrees. The same geometry seems to persist in carbon tetrachloride solution. | Cobalt(III) nitrate | 0.784064 |
82,717 | Let R be any ring, not necessarily commutative. The Jacobson radical of R is the intersection of the annihilators of all simple right R-modules. There are several equivalent characterizations of the Jacobson radical, such as: J(R) is the intersection of the regular maximal right (or left) ideals of R. J(R) is the inter... | Radical class | 0.784061 |
82,718 | A von Neumann regular ring is a ring A (possibly non-commutative without identity) such that for every a there is some b with a = aba. The von Neumann regular rings form a radical class. It contains every matrix ring over a division algebra, but contains no nil rings. | Radical class | 0.784061 |
82,719 | In 2016, the Ignition interpreter was added to V8 with the design goal of reducing the memory usage on small memory Android phones in comparison with TurboFan and Crankshaft. Ignition is a register based machine and shares a similar (albeit not the exact same) design to the templating interpreter utilized by HotSpot. I... | V8 JavaScript engine | 0.784061 |
82,720 | As explained in the section Representation theory of finite groups#Representations, modules and the convolution algebra, the theory of the representations of a group G over a field K is, in a certain sense, equivalent to the theory of modules over the group algebra K. Therefore, there is a corresponding Frobenius recip... | Frobenius reciprocity | 0.784061 |
82,721 | In mathematics, and in particular representation theory, Frobenius reciprocity is a theorem expressing a duality between the process of restricting and inducting. It can be used to leverage knowledge about representations of a subgroup to find and classify representations of "large" groups that contain them. It is name... | Frobenius reciprocity | 0.784061 |
82,722 | Melanomas are usually caused by DNA damage resulting from exposure to UV light from the sun. Genetics also play a role. Melanoma can also occur in skin areas with little sun exposure (i.e. mouth, soles of feet, palms of hands, genital areas). People with dysplastic nevus syndrome, also known as familial atypical multip... | Metastatic melanoma | 0.78406 |
82,723 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4-3 octagonal honeycomb or 8,4,3 honeycomb a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). Each infinite cell consists of an order-4 octagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a 2-hypercycle, each of which has a limiting circle on the ideal sphere. The Schläfli symbol o... | Order-4-3 hexagonal honeycomb | 0.78406 |
82,724 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4-3 heptagonal honeycomb or 7,4,3 honeycomb a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). Each infinite cell consists of an order-4 heptagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a 2-hypercycle, each of which has a limiting circle on the ideal sphere. The Schläfli symbol... | Order-4-3 hexagonal honeycomb | 0.78406 |
82,725 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4-3 apeirogonal honeycomb or ∞,4,3 honeycomb a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). Each infinite cell consists of an apeirogonal tiling whose vertices lie on a 2-hypercycle, each of which has a limiting circle on the ideal sphere. The Schläfli symbol of th... | Order-4-3 hexagonal honeycomb | 0.78406 |
82,726 | A solar envelope can be generated for any land parcel during any time interval using the following methods: the heliodon (sun-simulating machine), descriptive geometry, or computers software (e.g Autodesk Revit and DIVA for Grasshopper in Rhino). Given a site, and its location and orientation, a heliodon can be used to... | Solar Access | 0.784056 |
82,727 | Legal experts have suggested that American water law, especially the doctrine of prior appropriation, may offer a more useful precedent for sun rights. They point out that both sunlight and water are used rather than captured and sold; both may be consumed, but both are renewable. In addition, there is an equivalence b... | Solar Access | 0.784056 |
82,728 | The operator equation e t D f ( x ) = f ( x + t ) {\displaystyle e^{tD}f(x)=f(x+t)\,} where D = d d x {\displaystyle D={d \over dx}} is an operator version of Taylor's theorem — and is therefore only valid under caveats about f being an analytic function. Concentrating on the operator part, it shows that D is an infini... | Infinitesimal operator | 0.784056 |
82,729 | A comprehensive theory of infinitesimal transformations was first given by Sophus Lie. This was at the heart of his work, on what are now called Lie groups and their accompanying Lie algebras; and the identification of their role in geometry and especially the theory of differential equations. The properties of an abst... | Infinitesimal operator | 0.784055 |
82,730 | Davenport, Lewis & Schinzel (1961) showed that, for each pair of fixed exponents m {\displaystyle m} and n {\displaystyle n} , this equation has only finitely many solutions. But this proof depends on Siegel's finiteness theorem, which is ineffective. Nesterenko & Shorey (1998) showed that, if m − 1 = d r {\displaystyl... | Goormaghtigh conjecture | 0.784053 |
82,731 | In mathematics, the Goormaghtigh conjecture is a conjecture in number theory named for the Belgian mathematician René Goormaghtigh. The conjecture is that the only non-trivial integer solutions of the exponential Diophantine equation x m − 1 x − 1 = y n − 1 y − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {x^{m}-1}{x-1}}={\frac {y^{n}-1}{y... | Goormaghtigh conjecture | 0.784053 |
82,732 | A corollary is that the set of invertible operators between two Banach spaces B {\displaystyle B} and B ′ {\displaystyle B'} is open in the topology induced by the operator norm. Indeed, let S: B → B ′ {\displaystyle S:B\to B'} be an invertible operator and let T: B → B ′ {\displaystyle T:B\to B'} be another operator. ... | Neumann series | 0.784048 |
82,733 | Sustainable energy infrastructure includes types of renewable energy power plants as well as the means of exchange from the plant to the homes and businesses that use that energy. Renewable energy includes well researched and widely implemented methods such as wind, solar, and hydraulic power, as well as newer and less... | Infrastructure | 0.784047 |
82,734 | The theorem of the highest weight then states: If V {\displaystyle V} is a finite-dimensional irreducible representation of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , then V {\displaystyle V} has a unique highest weight, and this highest weight is dominant integral. If two finite-dimensional irreducible representations have t... | Theorem on highest weights | 0.784046 |
82,735 | Let g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} be a finite-dimensional semisimple complex Lie algebra with Cartan subalgebra h {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}} . Let R {\displaystyle R} be the associated root system. We then say that an element λ ∈ h ∗ {\displaystyle \lambda \in {\mathfrak {h}}^{*}} is integral if 2 ⟨ λ , α ⟩ ⟨ ... | Theorem on highest weights | 0.784046 |
82,736 | Specifically, we say that an element λ ∈ h {\displaystyle \lambda \in {\mathfrak {h}}} is analytically integral if ⟨ λ , H ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle \lambda ,H\rangle } is an integer whenever e 2 π H = I {\displaystyle e^{2\pi H}=I} where I {\displaystyle I} is the identity element of K {\displaystyle K} . Every analyti... | Theorem on highest weights | 0.784046 |
82,737 | Let K {\displaystyle K} be a connected compact Lie group with Lie algebra k {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {k}}} and let g := k + i k {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}:={\mathfrak {k}}+i{\mathfrak {k}}} be the complexification of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} . Let T {\displaystyle T} be a maximal torus in K {\displaystyle... | Theorem on highest weights | 0.784046 |
82,738 | The Schwann cell promoter is present in the downstream region of the human dystrophin gene that gives shortened transcript that are again synthesized in a tissue-specific manner. During the development of the PNS, the regulatory mechanisms of myelination are controlled by feedforward interaction of specific genes, infl... | Schwann cell | 0.784046 |
82,739 | Micropatterning is the art of miniaturisation of patterns. Especially used for electronics, it has recently become a standard in biomaterials engineering and for fundamental research on cellular biology by mean of soft lithography. It generally uses photolithography methods but many techniques have been developed.In ce... | Micropatterning | 0.784045 |
82,740 | The Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, (LNEC) is a public institution of scientific and technological research and development in Portugal and is a civil engineering laboratory. LNEC acts in the different fields of civil engineering under the jurisdiction of the Ministr... | Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil | 0.784044 |
82,741 | LNEC was created on November 19, 1946, from the Laboratory for Materials Testing and Study of the Ministry of Public Works and the Center for Civil Engineering Studies, based at the Instituto Superior Técnico. This double-strand, research and experimentation, would decisively shape the future development of LNEC. On Ju... | Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil | 0.784044 |
82,742 | The first wave of proofs of the central theorems of class field theory was structured as consisting of two 'inequalities' (the same structure as in the proofs now given of the fundamental theorem of Galois theory, though much more complex). One of the two inequalities involved an argument with L-functions.In a later re... | Non-abelian class field theory | 0.784041 |
82,743 | A presentation of class field theory in terms of group cohomology was carried out by Claude Chevalley, Emil Artin and others, mainly in the 1940s. This resulted in a formulation of the central results by means of the group cohomology of the idele class group. The theorems of the cohomological approach are independent o... | Non-abelian class field theory | 0.784041 |
82,744 | Such faults are typically regional in nature and develop as a response to extensional collapse of a passive continental margin (i.e. Niger Delta, Mississippi Delta). Their main feature is that they flatten (sole out) with depth. The scale and shape of the anticline is controlled by the geometry of the listric fault pla... | Rollover anticlines | 0.784039 |
82,745 | The four color theorem applies not only to finite planar graphs, but also to infinite graphs that can be drawn without crossings in the plane, and even more generally to infinite graphs (possibly with an uncountable number of vertices) for which every finite subgraph is planar. To prove this, one can combine a proof of... | Four-color conjecture | 0.784038 |
82,746 | Initially, this proof was not accepted by all mathematicians because the computer-assisted proof was infeasible for a human to check by hand. The proof has gained wide acceptance since then, although some doubters remain.The four color theorem was proved in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken after many false proo... | Four-color conjecture | 0.784038 |
82,747 | In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that no more than four colors are required to color the regions of any map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color. Adjacent means that two regions share a common boundary curve segment, not merely a corner where three or more reg... | Four-color conjecture | 0.784038 |
82,748 | In supramolecular chemistry the notion of orthogonality refers to the possibility of two or more supramolecular, often non-covalent, interactions being compatible; reversibly forming without interference from the other. | Orthogonal subspaces | 0.784038 |
82,749 | Bimodal distributions are a commonly used example of how summary statistics such as the mean, median, and standard deviation can be deceptive when used on an arbitrary distribution. For example, in the distribution in Figure 1, the mean and median would be about zero, even though zero is not a typical value. The standa... | Multimodal distribution | 0.784036 |
82,750 | This graph will usually consist two reasonably straight lines with a connecting line corresponding to the antimode. StatisticsApproximate values for several statistics can be derived from the graphic plots. M e a n = ϕ 16 + ϕ 50 + ϕ 84 3 {\displaystyle {\mathit {Mean}}={\frac {\phi _{16}+\phi _{50}+\phi _{84}}{3}}} S t... | Multimodal distribution | 0.784036 |
82,751 | Riesz Representation Theorem tells us that D {\displaystyle D} could be defined by D v = ⟨ a , v ⟩ {\displaystyle Dv=\langle a,v\rangle } for some a ∈ H . {\displaystyle a\in H.} Consider In order for the norm to be differentiable at 0 {\displaystyle 0} we must have We will show that this is not true for any a . | Fréchet differentiable | 0.784035 |
82,752 | More precisely, a quantum Markov chain is a pair ( E , ρ ) {\displaystyle (E,\rho )} with ρ {\displaystyle \rho } a density matrix and E {\displaystyle E} a quantum channel such that E: B ⊗ B → B {\displaystyle E:{\mathcal {B}}\otimes {\mathcal {B}}\to {\mathcal {B}}} is a completely positive trace-preserving map, and ... | Quantum Markov chain | 0.784035 |
82,753 | In cryptography, a padding oracle attack is an attack which uses the padding validation of a cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext. In cryptography, variable-length plaintext messages often have to be padded (expanded) to be compatible with the underlying cryptographic primitive. The attack relies on having a... | Padding oracle attack | 0.784032 |
82,754 | In symmetric cryptography, the padding oracle attack can be applied to the CBC mode of operation, where the "oracle" (usually a server) leaks data about whether the padding of an encrypted message is correct or not. Such data can allow attackers to decrypt (and sometimes encrypt) messages through the oracle using the o... | Padding oracle attack | 0.784032 |
82,755 | Using an approach similar to the one he used for the case k = 3, Roth gave a second proof for this in 1972. The general case was settled in 1975, also by Szemerédi, who developed an ingenious and complicated extension of his previous combinatorial argument for k = 4 (called "a masterpiece of combinatorial reasoning" by... | Szemerédi's theorem | 0.784031 |
82,756 | Van der Waerden's theorem, a precursor of Szemerédi's theorem, was proven in 1927. The cases k = 1 and k = 2 of Szemerédi's theorem are trivial. The case k = 3, known as Roth's theorem, was established in 1953 by Klaus Roth via an adaptation of the Hardy–Littlewood circle method. Endre Szemerédi proved the case k = 4 t... | Szemerédi's theorem | 0.784031 |
82,757 | In arithmetic combinatorics, Szemerédi's theorem is a result concerning arithmetic progressions in subsets of the integers. In 1936, Erdős and Turán conjectured that every set of integers A with positive natural density contains a k-term arithmetic progression for every k. Endre Szemerédi proved the conjecture in 1975. | Szemerédi's theorem | 0.784031 |
82,758 | A subset A of the natural numbers is said to have positive upper density if lim sup n → ∞ | A ∩ { 1 , 2 , 3 , … , n } | n > 0 {\displaystyle \limsup _{n\to \infty }{\frac {|A\cap \{1,2,3,\dotsc ,n\}|}{n}}>0} .Szemerédi's theorem asserts that a subset of the natural numbers with positive upper density contains infinitel... | Szemerédi's theorem | 0.784031 |
82,759 | The Green–Tao theorem asserts the prime numbers contain arbitrary long arithmetic progressions. It is not implied by Szemerédi's theorem because the primes have density 0 in the natural numbers. As part of their proof, Ben Green and Tao introduced a "relative" Szemerédi theorem which applies to subsets of the integers ... | Szemerédi's theorem | 0.784031 |
82,760 | The finitary version of Szemerédi's theorem can be generalized to finite additive groups including vector spaces over finite fields. The finite field analog can be used as a model for understanding the theorem in the natural numbers. The problem of obtaining bounds in the k=3 case of Szemerédi's theorem in the vector s... | Szemerédi's theorem | 0.784031 |
82,761 | A multidimensional generalization of Szemerédi's theorem was first proven by Hillel Furstenberg and Yitzhak Katznelson using ergodic theory. Timothy Gowers, Vojtěch Rödl and Jozef Skokan with Brendan Nagle, Rödl, and Mathias Schacht, and Terence Tao provided combinatorial proofs. Alexander Leibman and Vitaly Bergelson ... | Szemerédi's theorem | 0.784031 |
82,762 | If there is long-term wave data available in a nearby offshore location (e.g. from satellites), a wind wave model can be employed to transform the offshore wave statistics to the nearshore location (provided the bathymetry is known). Often, long-term local measurements of wave conditions due to extreme events (e.g. hur... | Metocean conditions | 0.784031 |
82,763 | Metocean conditions refer to the combined wind, wave and climate (etc.) conditions as found on a certain location. They are most often presented as statistics, including seasonal variations, scatter tables, wind roses and probability of exceedance. The metocean conditions may include, depending on the project and its l... | Metocean conditions | 0.784031 |
82,764 | In algebraic geometry and other areas of mathematics, an ideal sheaf (or sheaf of ideals) is the global analogue of an ideal in a ring. The ideal sheaves on a geometric object are closely connected to its subspaces. | Ideal sheaf | 0.784029 |
82,765 | In the theory of complex-analytic spaces, the Oka-Cartan theorem states that a closed subset A of a complex space is analytic if and only if the ideal sheaf of functions vanishing on A is coherent. This ideal sheaf also gives A the structure of a reduced closed complex subspace. | Ideal sheaf | 0.784029 |
82,766 | Robotics engineers design robots, maintain them, develop new applications for them, and conduct research to expand the potential of robotics. Robots have become a popular educational tool in some middle and high schools, particularly in parts of the USA, as well as in numerous youth summer camps, raising interest in pr... | Climbing robots | 0.784029 |
82,767 | Sports field line marking. Educational robotics. Robots such as LEGO® Mindstorms are used to teach coding, mathematics, and creative skills. | Climbing robots | 0.784029 |
82,768 | Nanorobots. Swarm robotics. Autonomous drones. | Climbing robots | 0.784029 |
82,769 | Robotics is an essential component in many modern manufacturing environments. As factories increase their use of robots, the number of robotics–related jobs grow and have been observed to be steadily rising. The employment of robots in industries has increased productivity and efficiency savings and is typically seen a... | Climbing robots | 0.784029 |
82,770 | Malcev algebras play a role in the theory of Moufang loops that generalizes the role of Lie algebras in the theory of groups. Namely, just as the tangent space of the identity element of a Lie group forms a Lie algebra, the tangent space of the identity of a smooth Moufang loop forms a Malcev algebra. Moreover, just as... | Malcev algebra | 0.784029 |
82,771 | In mathematics, a Malcev algebra (or Maltsev algebra or Moufang–Lie algebra) over a field is a nonassociative algebra that is antisymmetric, so that x y = − y x {\displaystyle xy=-yx} and satisfies the Malcev identity ( x y ) ( x z ) = ( ( x y ) z ) x + ( ( y z ) x ) x + ( ( z x ) x ) y . {\displaystyle (xy)(xz)=((xy)z... | Malcev algebra | 0.784029 |
82,772 | ProVerif is a software tool for automated reasoning about the security properties found in cryptographic protocols. The tool has been developed by Bruno Blanchet. Support is provided for cryptographic primitives including: symmetric & asymmetric cryptography; digital signatures; hash functions; bit-commitment; and sign... | ProVerif | 0.784027 |
82,773 | This is due both to the complexity of the system formed in the high-energy nuclear collision and the unexplored landscape of the physics studied. STAR therefore consists of several types of detectors, each specializing in detecting certain types of particles or characterizing their motion. These detectors work together... | STAR detector | 0.784026 |
82,774 | The STAR detector (for Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC) is one of the four experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States.The primary scientific objective of STAR is to study the formation and characteristics of the quark–gluon plasma (QGP), a state of matter belie... | STAR detector | 0.784026 |
82,775 | Being mutagenic, it is of particular interest in the field of epigenetics. It has been implicated in the formation of cancer causing cells. == References == | 5-Formyluracil | 0.784026 |
82,776 | USGS Astrogeology Science Center USGS Flagstaff Science Center | Astrogeology Research Program | 0.784026 |
82,777 | Establishing data archive and mapping standards that foster international consistency. Archiving and distributing data and products for efficient access through modern technology.The USGS Astrogeology Science Center participates in all phases of spaceflight missions across the Solar System. This includes providing scie... | Astrogeology Research Program | 0.784026 |
82,778 | Today, the mission of the USGS Astrogeology Science Center is to serve the Nation, the international planetary science community, and the general public's pursuit of new knowledge of our Solar System by: Conducting innovative, fundamental research that advances the fields of planetary cartography, geoscience, and remot... | Astrogeology Research Program | 0.784026 |
82,779 | Cameras planned for use in the Surveyor project were tested on the Bonito Flow in Sunset Crater National Park because the lava flow appeared to be similar to flows on the lunar surface. A field of artificial impact craters was created in the Cinder Lakes volcanic field near Flagstaff to create a surface similar to the ... | Astrogeology Research Program | 0.784026 |
82,780 | This was just one of Gene's many great accomplishments. Starting in 1963, the Astrogeology Science Center played an important role in training astronauts destined to explore the lunar surface and in supporting the testing of equipment for both crewed and uncrewed missions. As part of the astronauts' training, USGS and ... | Astrogeology Research Program | 0.784026 |
82,781 | Gene Shoemaker founded the Astrogeology Research Program August 25, 1960. The research program started out as the Astrogeologic Studies Group at the United States Geological Survey center in Menlo Park, California. The research program was moved to Flagstaff, Arizona (starting in December 1962 and completed in 1963). F... | Astrogeology Research Program | 0.784026 |
82,782 | The Astrogeology Science Center is the entity within the United States Geological Survey concerned with the study of planetary geology and planetary cartography. It is housed in the Shoemaker Building in Flagstaff, Arizona. The Center was established in 1963 by Eugene Merle Shoemaker to provide lunar geologic mapping a... | Astrogeology Research Program | 0.784026 |
82,783 | Double-distilled water (abbreviated "ddH2O", "Bidest. water" or "DDW") is prepared by slow boiling the uncontaminated condensed water vapor from a prior slow boiling. Historically, it was the de facto standard for highly purified laboratory water for biochemistry and used in laboratory trace analysis until combination ... | Double distilled water | 0.784026 |
82,784 | Regardless of which organization's water quality norm is used, even Type I water may require further purification depending on the specific laboratory application. For example, water that is being used for molecular-biology experiments needs to be DNase or RNase-free, which requires special additional treatment or func... | Double distilled water | 0.784026 |
82,785 | This can include prostheses, orthotics, or wheelchairs. Many countries are dealing with aging populations, so one of the priorities of the health care system is to help seniors live full, independent lives in the comfort of their own homes. There is an entire section of health care geared to providing seniors with help... | Healthcare delivery | 0.784024 |
82,786 | One hypothesis suggests that the anomalous accumulation of organic matter relates to its enhanced preservation under restricted and poorly oxygenated conditions, which themselves were a function of the particular geometry of the ocean basin: such a hypothesis, although readily applicable to the young and relatively nar... | Ocean anoxia | 0.784024 |
82,787 | Detailed stratigraphic studies of Cretaceous black shales from many parts of the world have indicated that two oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) were particularly significant in terms of their impact on the chemistry of the oceans, one in the early Aptian (~120 Ma), sometimes called the Selli Event (or OAE 1a) after the Ita... | Ocean anoxia | 0.784024 |
82,788 | PPI can be calculated from knowing the diagonal size of the screen in inches and the resolution in pixels (width and height). This can be done in two steps: Calculate diagonal resolution in pixels using the Pythagorean theorem, then the actual PPI: P P I = w p 2 + h p 2 d i {\displaystyle PPI={\frac {\sqrt {w_{p}^{2}+h... | Pixels per inch | 0.784024 |
82,789 | The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture is a 1992 book edited by the anthropologists Jerome H. Barkow and John Tooby and the psychologist Leda Cosmides. First published by Oxford University Press, it is widely considered the foundational text of evolutionary psychology (EP), and outlines... | The Adapted Mind | 0.784023 |
82,790 | In mathematics, specifically in number theory, a Cunningham number is a certain kind of integer named after English mathematician A. J. C. Cunningham. | Cunningham number | 0.784023 |
82,791 | Those who distinguish different sounds in the environment were more likely to survive and pass along their genetics. These are just possible theories as to how humans have developed pitch and rhythmic interpretation. There is no distinct evidence proving or disproving these theories. | Levitin effect | 0.784023 |
82,792 | Formal metrics focus on facilitating trust modelling, specifically for large scale models that represent trust as an abstract system (e.g. social network or web of trust). Consequently, they may provide weaker insight into the psychology of trust, or in particulars of empirical data collection. Formal metrics tend to h... | Trust metric | 0.784022 |
82,793 | Subjective probability creates a valuable link between formalisation and empirical experimentation. Formally, subjective probability can benefit from available tools of probability and statistics. Empirically, subjective probability can be measured through one-side bets. Assuming that the potential gain is fixed, the a... | Trust metric | 0.784022 |
82,794 | In March 2015, BioMed Central retracted 43 articles and Springer retracted 64 papers in 10 journals in August 2015. Tumor Biology journal is another example of peer review fraud.In 2020, the Journal of Nanoparticle Research fell victim to an "organized rogue editor network", who impersonated respected academics, got a ... | Academic peer review | 0.784021 |
82,795 | The megajournals F1000Research and ScienceOpen publish openly both the identity of the reviewers and the reviewer's report alongside the article. Some journals use post-publication peer review as formal review method, instead of pre-publication review. This was first introduced in 2001, by Atmospheric Chemistry and Phy... | Academic peer review | 0.784021 |
82,796 | but the journal does not currently use result-blind peer review. The Center for Open Science encourages using "Registered Reports" (pre-accepted articles) beginning in 2013. As of October 2017, ~80 journals offer Registered Reports in general, have had special issues of Registered Reports, or limited acceptance of Regi... | Academic peer review | 0.784021 |
82,797 | Trench codes (a form of cryptography) were codes used for secrecy by field armies in World War I. Messages by field telephone, radio and carrier pigeons could be intercepted, hence the need for tactical World War I cryptography. Originally, the most commonly used codes were simple substitution codes, but due to the rel... | Trench code | 0.78402 |
82,798 | The Americans were relative newcomers to cryptography when they entered the war, but they did have their star players. One was Parker Hitt, b. 1878, who before the war had been an Army Signal Corps instructor. He was one of the first to try to bring US Army cryptology into the 20th century, publishing an influential sh... | Trench code | 0.78402 |
82,799 | This discussion concerns various aspects of atomic and subatomic physics and how they relate to mirror asymmetry and the related concepts of chirality, antimatter, magnetic and electrical polarity, parity, charge and spin. Time invariance (and reversal) is discussed. Implications for particle physics, theoretical physi... | The Ambidextrous Universe | 0.784018 |
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