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83,300 | A classical diffractor is devoid of quantum character. For diffraction, classical physics usually considers the case of an incoming and an outgoing wave, not of particle beams. When diffraction of particle beams was discovered by experiment, it seemed fitting to many writers to continue to think in terms of classical d... | Duane's hypothesis | 0.783803 |
83,301 | {\displaystyle p\lambda =Pd\,.} It is evident that p provides information for a particle viewpoint, while λ provides information for a wave viewpoint. Before the discovery of quantum mechanics, de Broglie in 1923 discovered how to inter-translate the particle viewpoint information and the wave viewpoint information for... | Duane's hypothesis | 0.783803 |
83,302 | In 1905, Albert Einstein presented the hypothesis that the photoelectric effect could be explained if a beam of light was composed of a stream of discrete particles (photons), each with an energy (E = hf) the energy (E) of each photon being equal to the frequency (f) multiplied by Planck's constant (h). Later, in 1916 ... | Duane's hypothesis | 0.783803 |
83,303 | According to Ballentine, Duane's proposal of quantum translational momentum transfer is no longer needed as a special hypothesis; rather, it is predicted as a theorem of quantum mechanics. It is presented in terms of quantum mechanics by other present day writers also. | Duane's hypothesis | 0.783803 |
83,304 | Luminescence dating techniques observe 'light' emitted from materials such as quartz, diamond, feldspar, and calcite. Many types of luminescence techniques are utilized in geology, including optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), cathodoluminescence (CL), and thermoluminescence (TL). Thermoluminescence and optically ... | Paleomagnetic dating | 0.783803 |
83,305 | In physics, the Kondo effect describes the scattering of conduction electrons in a metal due to magnetic impurities, resulting in a characteristic change i.e. a minimum in electrical resistivity with temperature. The cause of the effect was first explained by Jun Kondo, who applied third-order perturbation theory to th... | Kondo Effect | 0.783802 |
83,306 | In such systems, a quantum dot with at least one unpaired electron behaves as a magnetic impurity, and when the dot is coupled to a metallic conduction band, the conduction electrons can scatter off the dot. This is completely analogous to the more traditional case of a magnetic impurity in a metal. Band-structure hybr... | Kondo Effect | 0.783802 |
83,307 | Kondo's solution was derived using perturbation theory resulting in a divergence as the temperature approaches 0 K, but later methods used non-perturbative techniques to refine his result. These improvements produced a finite resistivity but retained the feature of a resistance minimum at a non-zero temperature. One de... | Kondo Effect | 0.783802 |
83,308 | A basis of closed neighborhoods of the origin in X ′ {\displaystyle X^{\prime }} is given by the polars: as B {\displaystyle B} ranges over B {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} ). This is a locally convex topology that is given by the set of seminorms on X ′ {\displaystyle X^{\prime }}: | x ′ | B := sup x ∈ B | x ′ ( x ) |... | Strong topology (polar topology) | 0.783801 |
83,309 | {\displaystyle X.} If X {\displaystyle X} is a bornological space (e.g. metrizable or LF-space) then X b ( X ′ , X ) ′ {\displaystyle X_{b(X^{\prime },X)}^{\prime }} is complete.If X {\displaystyle X} is a barrelled space, then its topology coincides with the strong topology β ( X , X ′ ) {\displaystyle \beta \left(X,X... | Strong topology (polar topology) | 0.783801 |
83,310 | If X {\displaystyle X} is Hausdorff locally convex TVS then ( X , b ( X , X ′ ) ) {\displaystyle \left(X,b\left(X,X^{\prime }\right)\right)} is metrizable if and only if there exists a countable set B {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} of bounded subsets of X {\displaystyle X} such that every bounded subset of X {\displays... | Strong topology (polar topology) | 0.783801 |
83,311 | If X {\displaystyle X} is a barreled space then X {\displaystyle X} 's topology is identical to the strong dual topology b ( X , X ′ ) {\displaystyle b\left(X,X^{\prime }\right)} and to the Mackey topology on X . {\displaystyle X.} If X {\displaystyle X} is a metrizable locally convex space, then the strong dual of X {... | Strong topology (polar topology) | 0.783801 |
83,312 | Species abundance distribution (SAD) is one of the main uses of this measurement. SAD is a measurement of how common, or rare species are within an ecosystem. This allows researchers to assess how different species are distributed throughout an ecosystem. SAD is one of the most basic measurements in ecology and is used... | Species abundance | 0.783801 |
83,313 | There are similar examples associated to some of the other sporadic simple groups. It is possible to find many examples of generalized Kac–Moody algebras using the following principle: anything that looks like a generalized Kac–Moody algebra is a generalized Kac–Moody algebra. More precisely, if a Lie algebra is graded... | Borcherds algebra | 0.783801 |
83,314 | Most generalized Kac–Moody algebras are thought not to have distinguishing features. The interesting ones are of three types: Finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebras. Affine Kac–Moody algebras Algebras with Lorentzian Cartan subalgebra whose denominator function is an automorphic form of singular weight.There appear... | Borcherds algebra | 0.783801 |
83,315 | The Lie algebras satisfying these weaker conditions are more or less generalized Kac–Moody algebras. They are essentially the same as algebras given by certain generators and relations (described below). Informally, generalized Kac–Moody algebras are the Lie algebras that behave like finite-dimensional semisimple Lie a... | Borcherds algebra | 0.7838 |
83,316 | Conversely one can try to find all Lie algebras with these properties (and satisfying a few other technical conditions). The answer is that one gets sums of finite-dimensional and affine Lie algebras. The monster Lie algebra satisfies a slightly weaker version of the conditions above: (a, w(a)) is positive if a is nonz... | Borcherds algebra | 0.7838 |
83,317 | Finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebras have the following properties: They have a nondegenerate symmetric invariant bilinear form (,). They have a grading such that the degree zero piece (the Cartan subalgebra) is abelian. They have a (Cartan) involution w. (a, w(a)) is positive if a is nonzero.For example, for the... | Borcherds algebra | 0.7838 |
83,318 | In particular one can use vertex algebras to construct a Lie algebra from any even lattice. If the lattice is positive definite it gives a finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra, if it is positive semidefinite it gives an affine Lie algebra, and if it is Lorentzian it gives an algebra satisfying the conditions above... | Borcherds algebra | 0.7838 |
83,319 | In mathematics, a generalized Kac–Moody algebra is a Lie algebra that is similar to a Kac–Moody algebra, except that it is allowed to have imaginary simple roots. Generalized Kac–Moody algebras are also sometimes called GKM algebras, Borcherds–Kac–Moody algebras, BKM algebras, or Borcherds algebras. The best known exam... | Borcherds algebra | 0.7838 |
83,320 | These measures are all a part of community ecology. Understanding patterns within a community is easy when the community has a relatively low number of species. However most communities do not have a low number of species. Measuring species abundance allows for understanding of how species are distributed within an eco... | Species abundance | 0.7838 |
83,321 | When a spherical non-rotating body of a critical radius collapses under its own gravitation under general relativity, theory suggests it will collapse to a 0-dimensional single point. This is not the case with a rotating black hole (a Kerr black hole). With a fluid rotating body, its distribution of mass is not spheric... | Ring singularity | 0.783799 |
83,322 | It is generally expected that since the usual collapse to a point singularity under general relativity involves arbitrarily dense conditions, quantum effects may become significant and prevent the singularity forming ("quantum fuzz"). Without quantum gravitational effects, there is good reason to suspect that the inter... | Ring singularity | 0.783799 |
83,323 | Nitrosylated ferrous iron is particularly stable, as the binding of the nitrosyl ligand to ferrous iron (Fe(II)) is very strong. Hemoglobin is a prominent example of a heme protein that may be modified by NO by multiple pathways.There are several mechanisms by which NO has been demonstrated to affect the biology of liv... | Gasotransmitter | 0.783798 |
83,324 | The triad of gases have many similar features and participate in shared signaling pathways, although their actions can either be synergistic or as an antagonistic regulator. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide are highly reactive with numerous molecular targets, whereas carbon monoxide is relatively stable and metabolica... | Gasotransmitter | 0.783798 |
83,325 | In mathematical optimization, total dual integrality is a sufficient condition for the integrality of a polyhedron. Thus, the optimization of a linear objective over the integral points of such a polyhedron can be done using techniques from linear programming. A linear system A x ≤ b {\displaystyle Ax\leq b} , where A ... | Total dual integrality | 0.783798 |
83,326 | In mathematics, stable homotopy theory is the part of homotopy theory (and thus algebraic topology) concerned with all structure and phenomena that remain after sufficiently many applications of the suspension functor. A founding result was the Freudenthal suspension theorem, which states that given any pointed space X... | Stable homotopy | 0.783796 |
83,327 | A theorem of Goro Nishida states that all elements of positive grading in this ring are nilpotent. Thus the only prime ideals are the primes in π 0 s ≅ Z {\displaystyle \pi _{0}^{s}\cong \mathbb {Z} } . | Stable homotopy | 0.783796 |
83,328 | According to Freudenthal's theorem, in the stable range the homotopy groups of spheres depend not on the specific dimensions of the spheres in the domain and target, but on the difference in those dimensions. With this in mind the k-th stable stem is π k s := lim n π n + k ( S n ) {\displaystyle \pi _{k}^{s}:=\lim _{n}... | Stable homotopy | 0.783796 |
83,329 | The first example is a standard corollary of the Hurewicz theorem, that π n ( S n ) ≅ Z {\displaystyle \pi _{n}(S^{n})\cong \mathbb {Z} } . In the second example the Hopf map, η {\displaystyle \eta } , is mapped to its suspension Σ η {\displaystyle \Sigma \eta } , which generates π 4 ( S 3 ) ≅ Z / 2 {\displaystyle \pi ... | Stable homotopy | 0.783796 |
83,330 | Polymeric steric entrapment is a wet chemistry technique for synthesizing oxides. It is based on similar principles as the sol–gel process, which has also been used to synthesize HEOs. Polymeric steric entrapment requires water-soluble compounds containing the desired metal cation (e.g., metal acetates, metal chlorides... | High entropy oxide | 0.783793 |
83,331 | The transition state of the latter reactions has to meet structural and energetic conditions, redox reactions have only to comply to the energy requirement. Whereas the geometry of the transition state in the other reactions is the same for all pairs of reactants, for redox pairs many polarization environments may meet... | Marcus Theory | 0.783793 |
83,332 | Up to now all was physics, now some chemistry enters. The self exchange reaction is a very specific redox reaction, most of the redox reactions are between different partners e.g. 4 − + 2 − ↽ − − ⇀ 3 − + 3 − {\displaystyle {\ce {{^{4-}}+{^{2-}}<=>{^{3-}}+{^{3-}}}}} and they have positive (endergonic) or negative (e... | Marcus Theory | 0.783793 |
83,333 | ; Sutin N (1985). "Electron transfers in chemistry and biology". Biochim. | Marcus Theory | 0.783793 |
83,334 | In statistics, truncation results in values that are limited above or below, resulting in a truncated sample. A random variable y {\displaystyle y} is said to be truncated from below if, for some threshold value c {\displaystyle c} , the exact value of y {\displaystyle y} is known for all cases y > c {\displaystyle y>c... | Truncated dependent variable | 0.78379 |
83,335 | Evaluation of detection and detoxification agents of chemical warfare agents. Production of chemical warfare agents as reference substances. PhysicsRadioactivity measurements. | Spiez Laboratory | 0.783789 |
83,336 | NBC ProtectionDevelopment of fundamentals of NBC protective materials and coordination of national NBC-protection. Operation of testing laboratories for the authorization and supervision of NBC protective materials. BiologyAnalysis and diagnosis of biological agents and toxins. ChemistryAnalysis of samples of Chemical ... | Spiez Laboratory | 0.783789 |
83,337 | They are used to combat an alien race known as the Zisk. In the 1999 film Wild Wild West, Dr. Loveless attempts to use an eight-storey tall, steam-powered, walking spider to conquer a post-Civil War United States. In the 2001 film AI: Artificial Intelligence by Steven Spielberg, the term mecha refers to an advanced hum... | Mecha | 0.783789 |
83,338 | In mathematics, the homology or cohomology of an algebra may refer to Banach algebra cohomology of a bimodule over a Banach algebra Cyclic homology of an associative algebra Group cohomology of a module over a group ring or a representation of a group Hochschild homology of a bimodule over an associative algebra Lie al... | Cohomology of algebras | 0.783789 |
83,339 | Proof of Fermat's last theorem may refer to: Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents | Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem | 0.783788 |
83,340 | The selection committee is assembled by the EUROBIC secretary and consists of senior bioinorganic scientists from 6-10 different countries in Europe. The award is presented to a European scientist, or a scientist with a career in Europe, for "Excellence and Impact in the field" of Bioinorganic chemistry. From 2008 the ... | European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry | 0.783788 |
83,341 | The European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry, also called the EUROBIC Medal or EUROBIC Award, was founded after the first European Biological Inorganic Chemistry Conference (EUROBIC-1), held in Newcastle, UK, in 1992. In 1993 a basic endowment was raised and is kept by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The medal has si... | European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry | 0.783788 |
83,342 | The European Biological Inorganic Chemistry Conference, or EUROBIC , is a biannual conference on Bioinorganic chemistry founded in 1992 that showcases the best work in bioinorganic chemistry. The conference is held in Europe but attracts scientists from all over the world. EUROBIC was the result of a merger of the Swis... | European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry | 0.783788 |
83,343 | Source: Eurobics Award 2022: Maxie M. Roessler, Imperial College London. 2020: Aidan R. McDonald, University of Dublin, Ireland ; Prof. Kallol Ray, Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany 2018: Gilles Gasser, Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Paris France. 2016: Christelle... | European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry | 0.783788 |
83,344 | Although unsuccessful in meeting its goals as a used language, NIL was important in several ways. First, it brought together Jon L. White, Guy L. Steele Jr., and Richard P. Gabriel, who were later to define Common Lisp. Second, Jonathan Rees worked on part of the NIL project during a year away from Yale University. On ... | NIL lisp | 0.783787 |
83,345 | For example, high-speed bignums was a requirement to support Macsyma, since NIL would be a failure with slow bignums. Consequently, NIL ended up with a large base of VAX assembly language. These requirements led to a very aggressive and complex optimization strategy which was applied prematurely, with negative results ... | NIL lisp | 0.783787 |
83,346 | Lisp was used as the implementation of the programming language Micro Planner that was the foundation for the famous AI system SHRDLU. Lisp, in particular Maclisp (so named because it originated at MIT's project MAC) was also used to implement the Macsyma computer algebra system. In the 1970s, as AI research spawned co... | NIL lisp | 0.783787 |
83,347 | The Lisp language was invented in 1958 by John McCarthy while he was at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). From its inception, Lisp was closely connected with the artificial intelligence (AI) research community, especially on PDP-10 systems. The 36-bit word size of the PDP-6 and PDP-10 was influenced by the u... | NIL lisp | 0.783787 |
83,348 | The Eilenberg–Ganea conjecture is a claim in algebraic topology. It was formulated by Samuel Eilenberg and Tudor Ganea in 1957, in a short, but influential paper. It states that if a group G has cohomological dimension 2, then it has a 2-dimensional Eilenberg–MacLane space K ( G , 1 ) {\displaystyle K(G,1)} . | Eilenberg–Ganea conjecture | 0.783786 |
83,349 | This idea suggests that Hawking's computation fails to keep track of small corrections that are eventually sufficient to preserve information about the initial state. This can be thought of as being analogous to what happens during the mundane process of "burning": the radiation produced appears to be thermal but its f... | Black hole information loss paradox | 0.783786 |
83,350 | However, there is no accepted mechanism that would allow Hawking radiation to stop while the black hole remains macroscopic. Information is stored in a baby universe that separates from our own universe.Some models of gravity, such as the Einstein–Cartan theory of gravity which extends general relativity to matter with... | Black hole information loss paradox | 0.783786 |
83,351 | On the other hand, within, what might broadly be termed, the "loop quantum gravity community", the dominant belief is that to resolve the information paradox, it is important to understand how the black-hole singularity is resolved. These scenarios are broadly called remnant scenarios since information does not emerge ... | Black hole information loss paradox | 0.783786 |
83,352 | The rigid substrates employed in sheet-to-sheet systems are not compatible with the roll-to-roll processing method. Sheet-to-sheet systems rely instead on a rack-based system to transport individual sheets between the various stations of a process line, where transfer between stations may occur in a manual or automated... | Slot-die coating | 0.783785 |
83,353 | The process also allows for a wide working range of layer thickness and precursor solution properties such as material choice, viscosity, and solids content. Commonly cited drawbacks of the slot-die coating process include its comparatively high complexity of apparatus and process optimization relative to similar coati... | Slot-die coating | 0.783785 |
83,354 | In the case of N numbers, taken as a single N-tuple and point P of the torus T = RN/ZN,the closure of the subgroup generated by P will be finite, or some torus T′ contained in T. The original Kronecker's theorem (Leopold Kronecker, 1884) stated that the necessary condition for T′ = T,which is that the numbers xi togeth... | Kronecker's theorem | 0.783784 |
83,355 | Because aquaporins are usually always open and are prevalent in just about every cell type, this leads to a misconception that water readily passes through the cell membrane down its concentration gradient. Water can pass through the cell membrane through simple diffusion because it is a small molecule, and through osm... | Aquaporin 5 | 0.78378 |
83,356 | It was not until 1992 that the first aquaporin, 'aquaporin-1' (originally known as CHIP 28), was reported by Peter Agre, of Johns Hopkins University. In 1999, together with other research teams, Agre reported the first high-resolution images of the three-dimensional structure of an aquaporin, namely, aquaporin-1. Furth... | Aquaporin 5 | 0.78378 |
83,357 | On January 13, 2013, Mile2 entered into a collaborative partnership with Merit Network to provide cybersecurity courseware and certifications through the Michigan Cyber Range.In April 2021, Mile2 opened an office in Canada in order to "accommodate the growing demand for cybersecurity training and certifications from th... | Mile2 | 0.783779 |
83,358 | Mile2 is an information technology security company that develops and provides proprietary accredited cybersecurity certifications. The company's technology security programs are utilized in the private and public sectors, including by Boeing, Canada's Department of National Defense, the National Security Agency, the U... | Mile2 | 0.783779 |
83,359 | In the DNA fragments separation, zero mean periodic electric field is used in zero-integrated-field electrophoresis (ZIFE), where the field time dependence similar to that shown in Fig. 3 is used. This allows to separate long fragments in agarose gel, nonseparable by standard constant field electrophoresis. The long DN... | Nonlinear frictiophoresis | 0.783778 |
83,360 | From this reflected spectrum of light energy, or the apparent "color," researchers derive other variables to understand the physics and biology of the oceans. Ocean color measurements can be used to infer important information such as phytoplankton biomass or concentrations of other living and non-living material. The ... | Ocean colour | 0.783778 |
83,361 | Servo controlled motion systems employ linear encoder so as to provide accurate, high-speed movement. Typical applications include robotics, machine tools, pick-and-place PCB assembly equipment; semiconductors handling and test equipment, wire bonders, printers and digital presses. | Linear encoder | 0.783777 |
83,362 | IP Pascal has a series of modules (or "libraries") that form a "porting platform" called Petit-Ami (French for "little friend"). These libraries present an idealized API for each function that applies, such as files and extended operating system functions, graphics, midi and sound, etc. The whole collection forms the b... | IP Pascal | 0.783777 |
83,363 | In 1981, the compiler was extensively redone to add optimization, such as register allocation, boolean to jump, dead code, constant folding, and other optimizations. This created a Pascal implementation that benchmarked better than any existing Z80 compilers, as well as most 8086 compilers. Unfortunately, at 46kb, it a... | IP Pascal | 0.783777 |
83,364 | Even the "system specific" code needs modification only slightly from implementation to implementation. The result is great amounts of implementation work saved while porting the system. Finally, it was an error to enter into a second round of optimization before bootstrapping the compiler. | IP Pascal | 0.783777 |
83,365 | In retrospect, the biggest error in the Z80 version was its single-pass structure. There was no real reason for it; the author's preceding (Basic) compiler was multiple pass with intermediate storage. The only argument for it was that single-pass compilation was supposed to be faster. However, single-pass compiling tur... | IP Pascal | 0.783777 |
83,366 | The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) separates the lower mantle into three sections, the... | Deep mantle | 0.783776 |
83,367 | Mesosphere (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from "mesospheric shell", coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred that the outer Earth consisted of three spherical layers: lithosphere (including ... | Deep mantle | 0.783776 |
83,368 | A naive attempt at generalization does not work: the inequality tr ( e A + B + C ) ≤ | tr ( e A e B e C ) | {\displaystyle \operatorname {tr} (e^{A+B+C})\leq |\operatorname {tr} (e^{A}e^{B}e^{C})|} is false. For three matrices, the correct generalization takes the following form: tr e A + B + C ≤ tr ( e A T e − B... | Golden–Thompson inequality | 0.783776 |
83,369 | Let: p ( x ) = x n + a 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ + a n − 1 x + a n q ( x ) = x n + b 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ + b n − 1 x + b n {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}p(x)&=x^{n}+a_{1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{n-1}x+a_{n}\\q(x)&=x^{n}+b_{1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +b_{n-1}x+b_{n}\end{aligned}}} then the coefficients are related by b k = ( − 1 ) k a k 2 + 2 ∑ j = 0 k... | Graeffe's method | 0.783776 |
83,370 | In physics and mathematics, the Golden–Thompson inequality is a trace inequality between exponentials of symmetric and Hermitian matrices proved independently by Golden (1965) and Thompson (1965). It has been developed in the context of statistical mechanics, where it has come to have a particular significance. | Golden–Thompson inequality | 0.783776 |
83,371 | The "General Scholium" (Scholium Generale in the original Latin) is an essay written by Isaac Newton, appended to his work of Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, known as the Principia. It was first published with the second (1713) edition of the Principia and reappeared with some additions and modifications o... | General Scholium | 0.783775 |
83,372 | These existing approval frameworks almost universally use the best available science to assess safety and do not approve substances or products with an unacceptable risk benefit profile. One proposal is to simply treat particle size as one of the several parameters defining a substance to be approved, rather than creat... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,373 | Wide use of the term nanotechnology in recent years has created the impression that regulatory frameworks are suddenly having to contend with entirely new challenges that they are unequipped to deal with. Many regulatory systems around the world already assess new substances or products for safety on a case by case bas... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,374 | The Institute for Food and Agricultural Standards notes that “developing countries should have a say in international nanotechnology standards development, even if they lack capacity to enforce the standards". (p. 14).Concerns about monopolies and concentrated control and ownership of new nanotechnologies were raised i... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,375 | There is no international regulation of nanoproducts or the underlying nanotechnology. Nor are there any internationally agreed definitions or terminology for nanotechnology, no internationally agreed protocols for toxicity testing of nanoparticles, and no standardized protocols for evaluating the environmental impacts... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,376 | The Food and Drug Administration notes that it only regulates on the basis of voluntary claims made by the product manufacturer. If no claims are made by a manufacturer, then the FDA may be unaware of nanotechnology being employed.Yet regulations worldwide still fail to distinguish between materials in their nanoscale ... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,377 | Some academics (such as Thomas Alured Faunce) have challenged that proposition and suggest that nanomedicines may create unique or heightened policy challenges for government systems of cost-effectiveness as well as safety regulation. There are also significant public good aspects to the regulation of nanotechnology, p... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,378 | While some non-nanotechnology specific regulatory agencies currently cover some products and processes (to varying degrees) – by "bolting on" nanotechnology to existing regulations – there are clear gaps in these regimes. This enables some nanotechnology applications to figuratively "slip through the cracks" without be... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,379 | In contrast, nanomaterials are often recognized as 'new' from the perspective of intellectual property rights (IPRs), and as such are commercially protected via patenting laws. There is significant debate about who is responsible for the regulation of nanotechnology. | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,380 | The question of whether nanotechnology represents something 'new' must be answered to decide how best nanotechnology should be regulated. The Royal Society recommended that the UK government assess chemicals in the form of nanoparticles or nanotubes as new substances. Subsequent to this, in 2007 a coalition of over for... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,381 | The formation of national nanotechnology regulatory bodies may also assist in establishing global regulatory frameworks.In early 2008, The UK's largest organic certifier, the Soil Association, announced that its organic standard would exclude nanotechnology, recognizing the associated human and environmental health and... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,382 | A National Nanotechnology Regulator could coordinate existing regulations related to nanotechnology (including intellectual property, civil liberties, product safety, occupation health and safety, environmental and international law). Regulatory mechanisms could vary from "hard law at one extreme through licensing and ... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,383 | In Australia, Friends of the Earth propose the establishment of a Nanotechnology Regulatory Coordination Agency, overseen by a Foresight and Technology Assessment Board. The advantage of this arrangement is that it could ensure a centralized body of experts that are able to provide oversight across the range of nano-pr... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,384 | 'This technology should not be rushed to market until these failings are corrected and workers assured of their safety'" also .The group has urged action based on eight principles. They are (1) A Precautionary Foundation (2) Mandatory Nano-specific Regulations (3) Health and Safety of the Public and Workers (4) Environ... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,385 | In January 2008, a coalition of over 40 civil society groups endorsed a statement of principles calling for precautionary action related to nanotechnology. The coalition called for strong, comprehensive oversight of the new technology and its products in the International Center for Technology Assessment's report Princ... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,386 | The European Union has formed a group to study the implications of nanotechnology called the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks which has published a list of risks associated with nanoparticles.Consequently, manufacturers and importers of carbon products, including carbon nano-tubes will... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,387 | The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN) currently lists 807 products that manufacturers have voluntarily identified that use nanotechnology. No labeling is required by the FDA so that number could be significantly higher. "The use of nanotechnology in consumer products and industrial applications is growing rapi... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,388 | The challenge for regulators is whether a matrix can be developed which would identify nanoparticles and more complex nanoformulations which are likely to have special toxicological properties or whether it is more reasonable for each particle or formulation to be tested separately. The International Council on Nanotec... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,389 | Regulatory frameworks for chemicals tend to be triggered by mass thresholds. This is certainly the case for the management of toxic chemicals in Australia through the National pollutant inventory. However, in the case of nanotechnology, nano-particle applications are unlikely to exceed these thresholds (tonnes/kilogram... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,390 | The UK Soil Association define nanotechnology to include manufactured nano-particles where the mean particle size is 200 nm or smaller. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative defines nanotechnology as “the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nm. | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,391 | Regulation of nanotechnology will require a definition of the size, in which particles and processes are recognized as operating at the nano-scale. The size-defining characteristic of nanotechnology is the subject of significant debate, and varies to include particles and materials in the scale of at least 100 to 300 n... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,392 | Critics derided this as treating consumers like a "guinea pig" without sufficient notice due to lack of labelling.Berkeley, CA is currently the only city in the United States to regulate nanotechnology. Cambridge, MA in 2008 considered enacting a similar law, but the committee it instituted to study the issue Cambridge... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,393 | Daniel Sarewitz Director of Arizona State University's Consortium on Science, Policy and Outcomes, argues that "by the time new devices reach the stage of commercialization and regulation, it is usually too late to alter them to correct problems." However, Xenos, et al. argue that upstream engagement can be utilized in... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,394 | 45) argue that since that “most debates about science and technology options involve uncertainty, and often ignorance, public debate about regulatory regimes is essential.” It has been argued that limited nanotechnology labeling and regulation may exacerbate potential human and environmental health and safety issues as... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,395 | Other conventional approaches include public meetings and "closed" dialog with stakeholders. More contemporary engagement processes that have been employed to include community members in decisions about nanotechnology include citizens' juries and consensus conferences. Leach and Scoones (2006, p. | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,396 | The Chemical Information Call-in is meant to identify information gaps of these six nanomaterials and to develop further knowledge of their analytical test methods, fate and transport in the environment, and other relevant information under California Health and Safety Code, Chapter 699, sections 57018-57020. DTSC comp... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,397 | The California Nano Industry Network and DTSC hosted a full-day symposium on November 16, 2009 in Sacramento, CA. This symposium provided an opportunity to hear from nanotechnology industry experts and discuss future regulatory considerations in California.On December 21, 2010, the Department of Toxic Substances Contro... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,398 | Because of the ongoing controversy on the implications of nanotechnology, there is significant debate concerning whether nanotechnology or nanotechnology-based products merit special government regulation. This mainly relates to when to assess new substances prior to their release into the market, community and environ... | Regulation of nanotechnology | 0.783774 |
83,399 | The CPF number (Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas, ; Portuguese for "Natural Persons Register") is the Brazilian individual taxpayer registry, since its creation in 1965. This number is attributed by the Brazilian Federal Revenue to Brazilians and resident aliens who, directly or indirectly, pay taxes in Brazil. It's an 11-d... | CPF number | 0.783773 |
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