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83,100 | When side chains are introduced into a linear polymer chain, a branched topology forms. Linear polymers are special types of branched polymers with zero junction nodes, but they are cataloged into two classifications to distinguish their special macroscopic properties. Branched polymers with the same molecular weight u... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,101 | Unlike single chain polymeric species, polymer network topology is more complicated as a result of the amorphous feature so that a simple notation is usually not feasible. To analyze the topology of a network, the crosslinkers, including the branched crosslinker and cyclic crosslinker, are considered. | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,102 | Topological polymers, or polymer topology, could refer to a single polymeric chain with topological information or a polymer network with special junctions or connections. When the topology of a polymeric chain or network is investigated, the exact chemical composition is usually neglected, but the way of junctions and... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,103 | Then the topology of each branch should be identified using the rule in i as s i j {\displaystyle s_{ij}} using a bracket following the s i {\displaystyle s_{i}} notations. iii. For multicyclic topology, superscript letter ( a {\displaystyle a} , b {\displaystyle b} , c {\displaystyle c} and so on) is used to describe ... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,104 | If there is a side chain on any of the main chain node, s i j {\displaystyle s_{ij}} should be noted with a bracket following the main chain notation. ii. For monocyclic topology, the outward branch should be firstly identified with the number of branches at each of the junctions as s i {\displaystyle s_{i}} connected ... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,105 | If P m ( x , y ) {\displaystyle P_{m}(x,y)} could represent an exclusive topology, there is no need to add more information to specify the notation. However, if multiple possibilities are present, extra information is needed.i. For branched topology, a main chain is first selected, and the degree of each junction nodes... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,106 | There are no nodes with a degree of 2 since they could be generalized into their adjacent nodes. As for a certain polymer, as long as the topology is fixed, a specific topology notation could be generated using the following rules: A general polymer chain notation could be expressed as: P m ( x , y ) {\displaystyle P_... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,107 | A general polymer chain could be generalized into an undirected graph with nodes (vertices or points) and edges (lines or links) based on graph theory. In a graph theory topology, two sets of nodes are present, termini and junctions. The quantity ‘degree’ represents the number of edges linked to each node, if the degre... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,108 | In early 1950s, Paul J. Flory was the pioneer who developed theories to explain topology within a polymer network, and the structure-property relationships between the topology and the mechanical property, like elasticity, was initially established afterwards. Later in 1980s, Bertrand Duplantier developed theories to d... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,109 | Cyclic structures are of interest topologically because there are no termini in this topology and the physical property could be dramatically different as a result of the restriction of the termini. | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,110 | Branched crosslinkers should in principle form branched polymer network, but in practice, they could also generate loops and cycles. Cyclic crosslinkers are more sophisticated and show multiple possibilities. Loops or cycles could form in a smaller scale between two polymer chains or in a larger scale among multiple po... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,111 | Bicyclic topology refers to a structure that two cycles connected internally or externally are present in a polymer chain. Selected bicyclic topologies are listed below: | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,112 | Monocyclic topology is a topological structure with only one cycle in the polymer chain, and it could be coupled with outward branching structures. Selected monocyclic topologies have been listed below: | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,113 | Linear topology is a special topological structure that exclusively has two nodes as the termini without any junction nodes. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) could be regarded as a linear polymer chain with very small amount of branching, the linear topology has been listed below: Linear chains capable of forming intra... | Topological polymers | 0.783895 |
83,114 | The object Y ⇒ Z {\displaystyle Y\Rightarrow Z} is called the internal Hom. When ⊗ {\displaystyle \otimes } is the Cartesian product × {\displaystyle \times } , the object Y ⇒ Z {\displaystyle Y\Rightarrow Z} is called the exponential object, and is often written as Z Y {\displaystyle Z^{Y}} . Internal Homs, when chain... | Hom bifunctor | 0.783895 |
83,115 | For Aristotle, the arche is the condition necessary for the existence of something, the basis for what he calls "first philosophy" or metaphysics. The search for first principles is not peculiar to philosophy; philosophy shares this aim with biological, meteorological, and historical inquiries, among others. But Aristo... | Material monism | 0.783895 |
83,116 | Michael K. Reiter is a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery and a James B. Duke Professor at Duke University. He was formerly the Lawrence M. Slifkin Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was previously a professor of electrical and computer engi... | Michael Reiter (computer scientist) | 0.783895 |
83,117 | The phenomenon present in real networks, when older hubs are shadowed in a network. This phenomenon is responsible for changes in evolution and topology of networks. : 3 The example of aging phenomenon may be the case of Facebook overtaking the position of the largest hub on the Web, Google (which was the largest node ... | Hub (network science) | 0.783894 |
83,118 | The perfect degree correlation means that each degree-k node is connected only to the same degree-k nodes. Such connectivity of nodes decide the topology of networks, which has an effect on robustness of network, the attribute discussed above. If the number of links between the hubs is the same as would be expected by ... | Hub (network science) | 0.783894 |
83,119 | Hubs have a significant impact on the network topology. Hubs can be found in many real networks, such as the brain or the Internet. A hub is a component of a network with a high-degree node. | Hub (network science) | 0.783894 |
83,120 | Let D {\displaystyle D} be a domain (an open and connected set) in R n {\textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} . Let Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } be the Laplace operator, let g {\displaystyle g} be a bounded function on the boundary ∂ D {\displaystyle \partial D} , and consider the problem: { − Δ u ( x ) = 0 , x ∈ D lim y → x u ( y... | Characteristic operator | 0.783892 |
83,121 | The superconductor's residual resistance arises from several sources, such as random material defects, hydrides that can form on the surface due to hot chemistry and slow cool-down, and others that are yet to be identified. One of the quantifiable residual resistance contributions is due to an external magnetic field p... | Superconducting Radio Frequency | 0.783892 |
83,122 | There are many phenomena that can occur in an SRF cavity to degrade its Q vs E performance, such as impurities in the niobium, hydrogen contamination due to excessive heat during chemistry, and a rough surface finish. After a couple decades of development, a necessary prescription for successful SRF cavity production i... | Superconducting Radio Frequency | 0.783892 |
83,123 | a TESLA cavity) would have G=270 Ω and Rs= 10 nΩ, giving Qo=2.7×1010. The critical parameter for SRF cavities in the above equations is the surface resistance Rs, and is where the complex physics comes into play. For normal-conducting copper cavities operating near room temperature, Rs is simply determined by the empir... | Superconducting Radio Frequency | 0.783892 |
83,124 | The Geometry Factor is also independent of cavity size, it is constant as a cavity shape is scaled to change its frequency. As an example of the above parameters, a typical 9-cell SRF cavity for the International Linear Collider (a.k.a. | Superconducting Radio Frequency | 0.783892 |
83,125 | Instead, the calculations are performed by any of a variety of computer programs that solve for the fields for non-simple cavity shapes, and then numerically integrate the above expressions. An RF cavity parameter known as the Geometry Factor ranks the cavity's effectiveness of providing accelerating electric field due... | Superconducting Radio Frequency | 0.783892 |
83,126 | The physics of Superconducting RF can be complex and lengthy. A few simple approximations derived from the complex theories, though, can serve to provide some of the important parameters of SRF cavities. By way of background, some of the pertinent parameters of RF cavities are itemized as follows. A resonator's quality... | Superconducting Radio Frequency | 0.783892 |
83,127 | Nevertheless, for many applications the capabilities of SRF cavities provide the only solution for a host of demanding performance requirements. Several extensive treatments of SRF physics and technology are available, many of them free of charge and online. There are the proceedings of CERN accelerator schools, a scie... | Superconducting Radio Frequency | 0.783892 |
83,128 | R/Qo is then a parameter that factors out cavity dissipation and is viewed as measure of the cavity geometry's effectiveness of producing accelerating voltage per stored energy in its volume. The wakefield being proportional to R/Qo can be seen intuitively since a cavity with small beam apertures concentrates the elect... | Superconducting Radio Frequency | 0.783892 |
83,129 | In mathematics, the Vitali–Carathéodory theorem is a result in real analysis that shows that, under the conditions stated below, integrable functions can be approximated in L1 from above and below by lower- and upper-semicontinuous functions, respectively. It is named after Giuseppe Vitali and Constantin Carathéodory. | Vitali–Carathéodory theorem | 0.78389 |
83,130 | Probability theory can help to estimate the range in which the random error may be. In the case of cumulative frequency there are only two possibilities: a certain reference value X is exceeded or it is not exceeded. The sum of frequency of exceedance and cumulative frequency is 1 or 100%. | Cumulative frequency analysis | 0.783887 |
83,131 | A hybrid zone exists where the ranges of two interbreeding species or diverged intraspecific lineages meet and cross-fertilize. Hybrid zones can form in situ due to the evolution of a new lineage but generally they result from secondary contact of the parental forms after a period of geographic isolation, which allowed... | Hybrid zone | 0.783886 |
83,132 | Department of Science and Technology (India) supports open access to scientific knowledge, originated from the public-funded research in India. In December 2014, the DST and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India had jointly adopted their Open Access Policy. | Department of Science and Technology (India) | 0.783886 |
83,133 | The autonomous science and technology institutions organized under the department include: Agharkar Research Institute, Pune Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nanital Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow Bose Institute, Kolkata Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bangalore Indi... | Department of Science and Technology (India) | 0.783886 |
83,134 | For the special case in which f ( x , t ) {\displaystyle f\left(x,t\right)} is independent of t {\displaystyle t} , K = 1 {\displaystyle K=1} , and g ( x , t ) = h ( x ) + t {\displaystyle g\left(x,t\right)=h\left(x\right)+t} , the formula implies that V ′ ( t ) = L t ( x ∗ ( t ) , λ ∗ ( t ) , t ) = λ ∗ ( t ) {\display... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,135 | This allows the application of Milgrom and Segal's (2002, Theorem 4) envelope theorem for saddle-point problems, under the additional assumptions that X {\displaystyle X} is a compact set in a normed linear space, f {\displaystyle f} and g {\displaystyle g} are continuous in x {\displaystyle x} , and f t {\displaystyle... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,136 | Suppose now that the feasible set X ( t ) {\displaystyle X\left(t\right)} depends on the parameter, i.e., V ( t ) = sup x ∈ X ( t ) f ( x , t ) {\displaystyle V(t)=\sup _{x\in X\left(t\right)}f(x,t)} X ∗ ( t ) = { x ∈ X ( t ): f ( x , t ) = V ( t ) } , {\displaystyle X^{\ast }(t)=\{x\in X\left(t\right):f(x,t)=V(t)\}{\t... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,137 | While differentiability of the value function in general requires strong assumptions, in many applications weaker conditions such as absolute continuity, differentiability almost everywhere, or left- and right-differentiability, suffice. In particular, Milgrom and Segal's (2002) Theorem 2 offers a sufficient condition ... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,138 | A smooth path from t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} to t {\displaystyle t} is described by a differentiable mapping γ: → T {\displaystyle \gamma :\left\rightarrow T} with a bounded derivative, such that γ ( 0 ) = t 0 {\displaystyle \gamma \left(0\right)=t_{0}} and γ ( 1 ) = t {\displaystyle \gamma \left(1\right)=t} . Theorem... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,139 | For a multidimensional parameter space T ⊆ R K {\displaystyle T\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{K}} , Theorem 1 can be applied to partial and directional derivatives of the value function. If both the objective function f {\displaystyle f} and the value function V {\displaystyle V} are (totally) differentiable in t {\displaysty... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,140 | Finally, this condition is a key step in Myerson's (1981) of optimal auctions.For other applications of the envelope theorem to mechanism design see Mirrlees (1971), Holmstrom (1979), Laffont and Maskin (1980), Riley and Samuelson (1981), Fudenberg and Tirole (1991), and Williams (1999). While these authors derived and... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,141 | (This equation can be interpreted as the producer surplus formula for the firm whose production technology for converting numeraire z {\displaystyle z} into probability y {\displaystyle y} of winning the object is defined by the auction and which resells the object at a fixed price t {\displaystyle t} ). This condition... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,142 | Suppose that the agent's utility function f ( x , t ) {\displaystyle f(x,t)} is differentiable and absolutely continuous in t {\displaystyle t} for all x ∈ Y {\displaystyle x\in Y} , and that sup x ∈ X ¯ | f t ( x , t ) | {\displaystyle \sup _{x\in {\bar {X}}}|f_{t}(x,t)|} is integrable on {\displaystyle } . Then Theo... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,143 | Milgrom and Segal (2002) demonstrate that the generalized version of the envelope theorems can also be applied to convex programming, continuous optimization problems, saddle-point problems, and optimal stopping problems. | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,144 | (The argument is that changes in the maximizer have only a "second-order effect" at the optimum and so can be ignored.) However, in many applications such as the analysis of incentive constraints in contract theory and game theory, nonconvex production problems, and "monotone" or "robust" comparative statics, the choic... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,145 | Let X {\displaystyle X} denote the choice set and let the relevant parameter be t ∈ {\displaystyle t\in \lbrack 0,1]} . Letting f: X × → R {\displaystyle f:X\times \lbrack 0,1]\rightarrow R} denote the parameterized objective function, the value function V {\displaystyle V} and the optimal choice correspondence (set-... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,146 | In mathematics and economics, the envelope theorem is a major result about the differentiability properties of the value function of a parameterized optimization problem. As we change parameters of the objective, the envelope theorem shows that, in a certain sense, changes in the optimizer of the objective do not contr... | Envelope Theorem | 0.783886 |
83,147 | This theory is independent of genetics and evolved independent of paternity. The Maternal Relief hypothesis: Males provide care infants to help reduce reproductive burdens of the female, ultimately resulting shorter inter-birth intervals and more successful offspring. This stems from the male alleviating the female fro... | Paternal care | 0.783885 |
83,148 | In biology, paternal care is parental investment provided by a male to his own offspring. It is a complex social behaviour in vertebrates associated with animal mating systems, life history traits, and ecology. Paternal care may be provided in concert with the mother (biparental care) or, more rarely, by the male alone... | Paternal care | 0.783885 |
83,149 | In clinical data, the entity is typically a clinical event, as described above. In more general-purpose settings, the entity is a foreign key into an "objects" table that records common information about every "object" (thing) in the database – at the minimum, a preferred name and brief description, as well as the cate... | Entity–attribute–value model | 0.783885 |
83,150 | One possible optimization is the use of a separate "warehouse" or queryable schema whose contents are refreshed in batch mode from the production (transaction) schema. See data warehousing. The tables in the warehouse are heavily indexed and optimized using denormalization, which combines multiple tables into one to mi... | Entity–attribute–value model | 0.783885 |
83,151 | 2006 DuPont and Syngenta announce GreenLeaf Genetics LLC, a joint venture to market seed genetics and biotech traits. 2010 DuPont and Syngenta end their joint venture, GreenLeaf Genetics LLC, with Syngenta retaining complete ownership. 2012 Pioneer announces update to business name to be DuPont Pioneer. | Pioneer Hi-Bred | 0.783885 |
83,152 | Platform, a total solution that provides a streamlined and common analysis environment to analyse results from different genomics technologies and the analytical tools to compare and achieve a higher level of results using these combinations 2013 Integromics Partners with PerkinElmer for the Exclusive Worldwide Distrib... | Integromics | 0.783884 |
83,153 | ProteomeXchange. Coordination action to establish proteomics standards. Coordinated by the European Bioinformatics Institute IRIS. Integrated computational environment for high throughput RNA Interference Screening. Coordinated by Integromics. | Integromics | 0.783884 |
83,154 | 2002 Integromics founded. Integromics was founded as a spin-off of the National Center for Biotechnology (CNB / CSIC) in Spain and the University of Malaga. Principal founder Dr Jose Maria Carazo was motivated by a clear market need to develop new computational methods for analyzing data, with the company's first produ... | Integromics | 0.783884 |
83,155 | Integromics is a global bioinformatics company headquartered in Granada, Spain, with a second office in Madrid, subsidiaries in the United States and United Kingdom, and distributors in 10 countries. Integromics provides bioinformatics software for data management and data analysis in genomics and proteomics. The compa... | Integromics | 0.783884 |
83,156 | The Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics (JNMP) is a mathematical journal published by Atlantis Press. It covers nonlinear problems in physics and mathematics, include applications, with topics such as quantum algebras and integrability; non-commutative geometry; spectral theory; and instanton, monopoles and gauge... | Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics | 0.783883 |
83,157 | MLwiN is a statistical software package for fitting multilevel models. It uses both maximum likelihood estimation and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. MLwiN is based on an earlier package, MLn, but with a graphical user interface (as well as other additional features). MLwiN represents multilevel models using m... | MLwiN | 0.783883 |
83,158 | In Euclidean geometry, an isosceles trapezoid (isosceles trapezium in British English) is a convex quadrilateral with a line of symmetry bisecting one pair of opposite sides. It is a special case of a trapezoid. Alternatively, it can be defined as a trapezoid in which both legs and both base angles are of equal measure... | Isosceles trapezoid | 0.783879 |
83,159 | {\displaystyle {\frac {AE}{EC}}={\frac {DE}{EB}}={\frac {AD}{BC}}.} The length of each diagonal is, according to Ptolemy's theorem, given by p = a b + c 2 {\displaystyle p={\sqrt {ab+c^{2}}}} where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides AD and BC, and c is the length of each leg AB and CD. The height is, accordi... | Isosceles trapezoid | 0.783879 |
83,160 | In mathematics, the Kodaira embedding theorem characterises non-singular projective varieties, over the complex numbers, amongst compact Kähler manifolds. In effect it says precisely which complex manifolds are defined by homogeneous polynomials. Kunihiko Kodaira's result is that for a compact Kähler manifold M, with a... | Kodaira embedding theorem | 0.783879 |
83,161 | Alternatively, the weak topology on a TVS X is the initial topology with respect to the family X ∗ {\displaystyle X^{*}} . In other words, it is the coarsest topology on X such that each element of X ∗ {\displaystyle X^{*}} remains a continuous function. A subbase for the weak topology is the collection of sets of the ... | Weak* topology | 0.783877 |
83,162 | For given test functions, the relevant notion of convergence only corresponds to the topology used in C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . For example, in the Hilbert space L2(0,π), the sequence of functions ψ k ( x ) = 2 / π sin ( k x ) {\displaystyle \psi _{k}(x)={\sqrt {2/\pi }}\sin(kx)} form an orthonormal basis. In ... | Weak* topology | 0.783877 |
83,163 | Starting in the early 1900s, David Hilbert and Marcel Riesz made extensive use of weak convergence. The early pioneers of functional analysis did not elevate norm convergence above weak convergence and oftentimes viewed weak convergence as preferable. In 1929, Banach introduced weak convergence for normed spaces and al... | Weak* topology | 0.783877 |
83,164 | Let K {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} } be a topological field, namely a field with a topology such that addition, multiplication, and division are continuous. In most applications K {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} } will be either the field of complex numbers or the field of real numbers with the familiar topologies. | Weak* topology | 0.783877 |
83,165 | The census transform (CT) is an image operator that associates to each pixel of a grayscale image a binary string, encoding whether the pixel has smaller intensity than each of its neighbours, one for each bit. It is a non-parametric transform that depends only on relative ordering of intensities, and not on the actual... | Census transform | 0.783877 |
83,166 | In 2011, Intel introduced a caching mechanism for their Z68 chipset (and mobile derivatives) called Smart Response Technology, which allows a SATA SSD to be used as a cache (configurable as write-through or write-back) for a conventional, magnetic hard disk drive. A similar technology is available on HighPoint's Rocket... | Solid State Drive | 0.783875 |
83,167 | JEDEC Continues SSD Standardization Efforts Linux & NVM: File and Storage System Challenges (PDF) Linux and SSD Optimization Understanding the Robustness of SSDs under Power Fault (USENIX 2013, by Mai Zheng, Joseph Tucek, Feng Qin and Mark Lillibridge) | Solid State Drive | 0.783875 |
83,168 | Researchers in the field do not agree on a theory for cold fusion. One proposal considers that hydrogen and its isotopes can be absorbed in certain solids, including palladium hydride, at high densities. This creates a high partial pressure, reducing the average separation of hydrogen isotopes. However, the reduction i... | Low Energy Nuclear Reactions | 0.783875 |
83,169 | The quantum physics of the Faraday interaction may be described by the interaction of the second quantized Stokes parameters describing the polarization of a probe light field with the total angular momentum state of the atoms. Thus, if a BEC or other cold, dense sample of atoms is prepared in a particular spin (hyperf... | Phase imaging | 0.783873 |
83,170 | The Semantic Technology stack offers significant potential for knowledge capture and usage in many domains. However, native representations (OWL, SWRL, Jena Rules, SPARQL) are unfriendly to domain experts who are not computer scientists and not knowledgeable in the intricacies of artificial intelligence and formal logi... | Semantic Application Design Language | 0.783871 |
83,171 | So, dear radioactives, put it to test and set it right. With many greetings to you, also to Mr. Back, Your devoted servant,W. Pauli A translated reprint of the full letter can be found in the September 1978 issue of Physics Today. | Electron neutrino | 0.783871 |
83,172 | On 4 December 1930, Pauli wrote a letter to the Physical Institute of the Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, in which he proposed the electron "neutron" as a potential solution to solve the problem of the continuous beta decay spectrum. A translated excerpt of his letter reads: Dear radioactive ladies and gentle... | Electron neutrino | 0.783871 |
83,173 | The Klung Wilhelmy Science Award is an annual German award in the field of science, alternating annually between the categories of chemistry and physics. It is bestowed upon outstanding younger German scientists under the age of 40. | Klung Wilhelmy Science Award | 0.78387 |
83,174 | The prizewinners are selected by permanent committees at the Institutes of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Department of Physics at the Free University of Berlin, with additional input from professors at other universities. Proposals and nominations by nationally and internationally renowned scientists are also take... | Klung Wilhelmy Science Award | 0.78387 |
83,175 | From 1973 to 1978, the Otto Klung Foundation acting alone and trying to foster young academics presented the Otto-Klung-Award as a Junior Researcher Prize for outstanding scientific achievement to graduate students and postdoctoral students of the Free University of Berlin, Departments of Chemistry and Physics: Klaus-P... | Klung Wilhelmy Science Award | 0.78387 |
83,176 | Examples of parameters that may be varied are the oscillator's resonance frequency ω {\displaystyle \omega } and damping β {\displaystyle \beta } . Parametric oscillators are used in several areas of physics. The classical varactor parametric oscillator consists of a semiconductor varactor diode connected to a resonant... | Parametric amplifier | 0.783867 |
83,177 | RISC-V Cores: SiFive Core Series – The SiFive Core IP portfolio consists of three distinct families spanning from high-performance application processors to area-optimized, low-power embedded 64- and 32-bit microcontrollers, to vector processors designed with modern compute requirements in mind. All SiFive processors a... | SiFive | 0.783867 |
83,178 | A superspace has a braiding with negative sign in braiding two odd vectors. More generally, a diagonal braiding means that for a V {\displaystyle \;V} -base x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} we have τ ( x i ⊗ x j ) = q i j ( x j ⊗ x i ) {\displaystyle \tau (x_{i}\otimes x_{j})=q_{ij}(x_{j}\otimes x_{i})} A good source for brai... | Braided vector space | 0.783866 |
83,179 | In mathematics, noncommutative residue, defined independently by M. Wodzicki (1984) and Guillemin (1985), is a certain trace on the algebra of pseudodifferential operators on a compact differentiable manifold that is expressed via a local density. In the case of the circle, the noncommutative residue had been studied e... | Noncommutative residue | 0.783865 |
83,180 | RMCE (recombinase-mediated cassette exchange) is a procedure in reverse genetics allowing the systematic, repeated modification of higher eukaryotic genomes by targeted integration, based on the features of site-specific recombination processes (SSRs). For RMCE, this is achieved by the clean exchange of a preexisting g... | Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange | 0.783865 |
83,181 | Conclusions of this case-study stated that the IA allowed a greater understanding of the basis of the organisation's information policy and personnel and identified technical problems within the organisation. In addition this method was believed to be cost and time-effective to the two auditors involved and the organis... | Knowledge audit | 0.783864 |
83,182 | As a subject in computer science, scientific visualization is the use of interactive, sensory representations, typically visual, of abstract data to reinforce cognition, hypothesis building, and reasoning. Scientific visualization is the transformation, selection, or representation of data from simulations or experimen... | Interactive visualization | 0.783862 |
83,183 | Visual analytics focuses on human interaction with visualization systems as part of a larger process of data analysis. Visual analytics has been defined as "the science of analytical reasoning supported by the interactive visual interface".Its focus is on human information discourse (interaction) within massive, dynami... | Interactive visualization | 0.783862 |
83,184 | Visualization or visualisation (see spelling differences) is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of humanity. from history include cave paintings... | Interactive visualization | 0.783862 |
83,185 | Interactive visualization or interactive visualisation is a branch of graphic visualization in computer science that involves studying how humans interact with computers to create graphic illustrations of information and how this process can be made more efficient. For a visualization to be considered interactive it mu... | Interactive visualization | 0.783862 |
83,186 | In molecular biology, methylation induced premeiotically (MIP) is a process by which cytosines within repeated DNA sequences are de novo methylated prior to the sexual cycle. This process was first described in the ascomycete Ascobolus immersens. MIP is dependent upon the gene masc1 which encodes a cytosine methyltrans... | Methylation induced premeiotically | 0.783859 |
83,187 | Protein Data Bank in Europe – Knowledge Base (PDBe-KB) is a community-driven, open-access, integrated resource whose mission is to place macromolecular structure data in their biological context and to make them accessible to the scientific community in order to support fundamental and translational research and educat... | PDBe-KB | 0.783856 |
83,188 | The White House BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) is a collaborative, public-private research initiative announced by the Obama administration on April 2, 2013, with the goal of supporting the development and application of innovative technologies that can create a dynamic... | BRAIN Initiative | 0.783855 |
83,189 | Physicist Michael Roukes argued instead that methods in nanotechnology are becoming sufficiently mature to make the time right for a brain activity map. Neuroscientist Rodolfo Llinás declared at the first Rockefeller meeting "What has happened here is magnificent, never before in neuroscience have I seen so much unity ... | BRAIN Initiative | 0.783855 |
83,190 | Scientists offered differing views of the plan. Neuroscientist John Donoghue said that the project would fill a gap in neuroscience research between, on the one hand, activity measurements at the level of brain regions using methods such as fMRI, and, on the other hand, measurements at the level of single cells. Psycho... | BRAIN Initiative | 0.783855 |
83,191 | Since it is not physically possible even at solar-interior temperatures to "strip naked" any quark of its covering, it is a matter of legitimate doubt whether current quarks are actual or real, or merely a convenient but unrealistic and abstract notion. High energy particle accelerators provide a demonstration that the... | Current quark mass | 0.783855 |
83,192 | Note that the unitarity and tracelessness of the two Pauli matrices is preserved, but not Hermiticity in dimensions higher than two. Since Pauli matrices describe quaternions, Sylvester dubbed the higher-dimensional analogs "nonions", "sedenions", etc. These two matrices are also the cornerstone of quantum mechanical d... | Generalizations of Pauli matrices | 0.783855 |
83,193 | The traditional Pauli matrices are the matrix representation of the s u ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}(2)} Lie algebra generators J x {\displaystyle J_{x}} , J y {\displaystyle J_{y}} , and J z {\displaystyle J_{z}} in the 2-dimensional irreducible representation of SU(2), corresponding to a spin-1/2 particle. T... | Generalizations of Pauli matrices | 0.783855 |
83,194 | The complete family of d2 unitary (but non-Hermitian) independent matrices { σ k , j } k , j = 1 d {\displaystyle \{\sigma _{k,j}\}_{k,j=1}^{d}} is defined as follows: This provides Sylvester's well-known trace-orthogonal basis for g l {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {gl}}} (d,ℂ), known as "nonions" g l {\displaystyle {\math... | Generalizations of Pauli matrices | 0.783855 |
83,195 | By dimension count, one sees that they span the vector space of d×d complex matrices, g l {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {gl}}} (d,ℂ). They then provide a Lie-algebra-generator basis acting on the fundamental representation of s u {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}} (d ). In dimensions d = 2 and 3, the above construction recov... | Generalizations of Pauli matrices | 0.783855 |
83,196 | 2 d ( d − 1 ) ( h 1 d − 1 ⊕ ( 1 − d ) ) = 2 d ( d − 1 ) ( I d − 1 ⊕ ( 1 − d ) ) , {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{d(d-1)}}}\left(h_{1}^{d-1}\oplus (1-d)\right)={\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{d(d-1)}}}\left(I_{d-1}\oplus (1-d)\right),} for k = d.The collection of matrices defined above without the identity matrix are called the g... | Generalizations of Pauli matrices | 0.783855 |
83,197 | In mathematics and physics, in particular quantum information, the term generalized Pauli matrices refers to families of matrices which generalize the (linear algebraic) properties of the Pauli matrices. Here, a few classes of such matrices are summarized. | Generalizations of Pauli matrices | 0.783855 |
83,198 | Futurebus+ was used as the I/O bus in the DEC 4000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP systems. Futurebus+ FDDI boards are still supported in the OpenVMS operating system. Futurebus+ custom chips support advanced Symmetric and Asymmetric versions of Unix-Like operating systems supported by companies such as American Logic Machines. ... | Futurebus | 0.783854 |
83,199 | A point source of pollution is a single identifiable source of air, water, thermal, noise or light pollution. A point source has negligible extent, distinguishing it from other pollution source geometries (such as nonpoint source or area source). The sources are called point sources because in mathematical modeling, th... | Point source (pollution) | 0.783854 |
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