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84,100 | Protocols distribution, bandwidth utilization, and network nodes charts and tables. Detailed IP connections statistics: IP addresses, ports, sessions, etc. VoIP analysis: H.323 and SIP (TMC'S Internet Telephony Magazine product of the year award) WEP and WPA2-PSK decryption (wireless edition only) Multi-channel capturi... | CommView | 0.783482 |
84,101 | If G is a connected reductive algebraic group over the algebraically closed field K, then its Langlands dual group LG is the complex connected reductive group whose root datum is dual to that of G. Examples: The Langlands dual group LG has the same Dynkin diagram as G, except that components of type Bn are changed to c... | Langlands dual group | 0.783481 |
84,102 | From a reductive algebraic group over a separably closed field K we can construct its root datum (X*, Δ,X*, Δv), where X* is the lattice of characters of a maximal torus, X* the dual lattice (given by the 1-parameter subgroups), Δ the roots, and Δv the coroots. A connected reductive algebraic group over K is uniquely d... | Langlands dual group | 0.783481 |
84,103 | As before, G gives a root datum with an action of the absolute Galois group of the finite field. The dual group G* is then the reductive algebraic group over the finite field associated to the dual root datum with the induced action of the Galois group. (This dual group is defined over a finite field, while the compone... | Langlands dual group | 0.783481 |
84,104 | The Langlands conjectures imply, very roughly, that if G is a reductive algebraic group over a local or global field, then there is a correspondence between "good" representations of G and homomorphisms of a Galois group (or Weil group or Langlands group) into the Langlands dual group of G. A more general formulation o... | Langlands dual group | 0.783481 |
84,105 | Instead of using the absolute Galois group of k, one can use the absolute Weil group, which has a natural map to the Galois group and therefore also acts on the root datum. The corresponding semidirect product is called the Weil form of the L-group. For algebraic groups G over finite fields, Deligne and Lusztig introdu... | Langlands dual group | 0.783481 |
84,106 | The technique of using optogenetics is flexible and adaptable to the experimenter's needs. Cation-selective channelrhodopsins (e.g. ChR2) are used to excite neurons, anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (e.g. GtACR2) inhibit neuronal activity. Combining these tools into a single construct (e.g. BiPOLES) allows for both i... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,107 | In 1979, Francis Crick suggested that controlling all cells of one type in the brain, while leaving the others more or less unaltered, is a real challenge for neuroscience. Francis Crick speculated that a technology using light might be useful to control neuronal activity with temporal and spatial precision but at the ... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,108 | Analogously to how natural light-gated ion channels such as channelrhodopsin-2 allows optical control of ion flux, which is especially useful in neuroscience, natural light-controlled signal transduction proteins also allow optical control of biochemical pathways, including both second-messenger generation and protein-... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,109 | Optogenetics, freely moving mammalian behavior, in vivo electrophysiology, and slice physiology have been integrated to probe the cholinergic interneurons of the nucleus accumbens by direct excitation or inhibition. Despite representing less than 1% of the total population of accumbal neurons, these cholinergic cells a... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,110 | Photostimulation led to increased activation of cells and thus increased ventricular contractions resulting in increasing heart rates. In addition, this approach has been applied in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) as a new biological pacemaker as a substitute for electrode based-CRT. Lately, optogenetics has be... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,111 | Optogenetics provides millisecond-scale temporal precision which allows the experimenter to keep pace with fast biological information processing (for example, in probing the causal role of specific action potential patterns in defined neurons). Indeed, to probe the neural code, optogenetics by definition must operate ... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,112 | One of the main problems of optogenetics is that not all the cells in question may express the microbial opsin gene at the same level. Thus, even illumination with a defined light intensity will have variable effects on individual cells. Optogenetic stimulation of neurons in the brain is even less controlled as the lig... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,113 | For the special case of Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } being a Lie group, the g i j {\displaystyle g_{ij}} is the metric tensor on the Lie group, formally called the Cartan tensor or the Killing form. The Lagrangian can then be written as the pullback of the Killing form. Note that the Killing form can be written as a trace o... | Linear sigma model | 0.783478 |
84,114 | The base manifold M {\displaystyle M} must be a differentiable manifold; by convention, it is either Minkowski space in particle physics applications, flat two-dimensional Euclidean space for condensed matter applications, or a Riemann surface, the worldsheet in string theory. The ∂ μ ϕ = ∂ ϕ / ∂ x μ {\displaystyle \pa... | Linear sigma model | 0.783478 |
84,115 | The field space Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } can be chosen to be any Riemannian manifold. Historically, this is the "sigma" of the sigma model; the historically-appropriate symbol σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is avoided here to prevent clashes with many other common usages of σ {\displaystyle \sigma } in geometry. Riemannian m... | Linear sigma model | 0.783478 |
84,116 | In physics, a sigma model is a field theory that describes the field as a point particle confined to move on a fixed manifold. This manifold can be taken to be any Riemannian manifold, although it is most commonly taken to be either a Lie group or a symmetric space. The model may or may not be quantized. An example of ... | Linear sigma model | 0.783478 |
84,117 | In addition, they introduced for the first time vertebrate rhodopsin, a light-activated G protein coupled receptor, as a tool to inhibit neuronal activity via the recruitment of intracellular signaling pathways also in hippocampal neurons and the intact developing chicken embryo.The groups of Alexander Gottschalk and G... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,118 | "In 2019, Bamberg, Boyden, Deisseroth, Hegemann, Miesenböck and Nagel were awarded the Rumford Prize by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in recognition of "their extraordinary contributions related to the invention and refinement of optogenetics. "In 2020, Deisseroth was awarded the Heineken Prize for Medicine... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,119 | Also that year, year Bamberg, Boyden, Deisseroth, Hegemann, Miesenböck and Nagel were jointly awarded The Brain Prize for "their invention and refinement of optogenetics. "In 2017, Deisseroth was awarded the Else Kröner Fresenius Research Prize for "his discoveries in optogenetics and hydrogel-tissue chemistry, as well... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,120 | The field of optogenetics has furthered the fundamental scientific understanding of how specific cell types contribute to the function of biological tissues such as neural circuits in vivo. On the clinical side, optogenetics-driven research has led to insights into Parkinson's disease and other neurological and psychia... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,121 | Studying the visual system using optogenetics can be challenging. Indeed, the light used for optogenetic control may lead to the activation of photoreceptors, as a result of the proximity between primary visual circuits and these photoreceptors. In this case, spatial selectivity is difficult to achieve (particularly in... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,122 | Optogenetics was applied on atrial cardiomyocytes to end spiral wave arrhythmias, found to occur in atrial fibrillation, with light. This method is still in the development stage. A recent study explored the possibilities of optogenetics as a method to correct for arrythmias and resynchronize cardiac pacing. The study ... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,123 | To stimulate superficial brain areas such as the cerebral cortex, optical fibers or LEDs can be directly mounted to the skull of the animal. More deeply implanted optical fibers have been used to deliver light to deeper brain areas. Complementary to fiber-tethered approaches, completely wireless techniques have been de... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,124 | Light-driven ion pumps are also used to inhibit neuronal activity, e.g. halorhodopsin (NpHR), enhanced halorhodopsins (eNpHR2.0 and eNpHR3.0, see Figure 2), archaerhodopsin (Arch), fungal opsins (Mac) and enhanced bacteriorhodopsin (eBR).Optogenetic control of well-defined biochemical events within behaving mammals is ... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,125 | This can be done with electrical recordings ("optrodes") or with reporter proteins that are biosensors, where scientists have fused fluorescent proteins to detector proteins. Additionally, beyond its scientific impact optogenetics represents an important case study in the value of both ecological conservation (as many ... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,126 | In a first medical application of optogenetic technology, vision was partially restored in a blind patient.Optogenetic techniques have also been introduced to map the functional connectivity of the brain. By altering the activity of genetically labelled neurons with light and using imaging and electrophysiology techniq... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,127 | Optogenetics is a biological technique to control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light. This is achieved by expression of light-sensitive ion channels, pumps or enzymes specifically in the target cells. On the level of individual cells, light-activated enzymes and transcription factors allow precise c... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,128 | Optogenetic stimulation of a modified red-light excitable channelrhodopsin (ReaChR) expressed in the facial motor nucleus enabled minimally invasive activation of motoneurons effective in driving whisker movements in mice. One novel study employed optogenetics on the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus to both activate and inhibit do... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,129 | Optogenetic activation of olfactory sensory neurons was critical for demonstrating timing in odor processing and for mechanism of neuromodulatory mediated olfactory guided behaviors (e.g. aggression, mating) In addition, with the aid of optogenetics, evidence has been reproduced to show that the "afterimage" of odors i... | Optogenetics | 0.783478 |
84,130 | In theoretical astrophysics, the Nordtvedt effect refers to the relative motion between the Earth and the Moon that would be observed if the gravitational self-energy of a body contributed differently to its gravitational mass than to its inertial mass. If observed, the Nordtvedt effect would violate the strong equival... | Nordtvedt effect | 0.783477 |
84,131 | A thermal sensor such as a thermocouple may be used in conjunction with circuitry to monitor the temperature of the tip and adjust power delivered to the heating element to maintain a desired temperature. In some models, the firmware for the control circuitry is free software that can be modified by the end-user.Anothe... | Soldering iron | 0.783476 |
84,132 | Shrinkage fields is a random field-based machine learning technique that aims to perform high quality image restoration (denoising and deblurring) using low computational overhead. | Shrinkage Fields (image restoration) | 0.783475 |
84,133 | In algebraic geometry, the Bott–Samelson resolution of a Schubert variety is a resolution of singularities. It was introduced by Bott & Samelson (1958) in the context of compact Lie groups. The algebraic formulation is independently due to Hansen (1973) and Demazure (1974). | Bott–Samelson resolution | 0.783475 |
84,134 | Let G be a connected reductive complex algebraic group, B a Borel subgroup and T a maximal torus contained in B. Let w ∈ W = N G ( T ) / T . {\displaystyle w\in W=N_{G}(T)/T.} Any such w can be written as a product of reflections by simple roots. Fix minimal such an expression: w _ = ( s i 1 , s i 2 , … , s i ℓ ) {\dis... | Bott–Samelson resolution | 0.783475 |
84,135 | Tangents are drawn to each of the two curves such that both tangents have the same slope p. The problem is to adjust p in such a way that the two tangents are as far away from each other as possible (more precisely, such that the points where they intersect the y-axis are as far from each other as possible). Imagine th... | Fenchel duality | 0.783475 |
84,136 | In mathematics, Fenchel's duality theorem is a result in the theory of convex functions named after Werner Fenchel. Let ƒ be a proper convex function on Rn and let g be a proper concave function on Rn. Then, if regularity conditions are satisfied, inf x ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) = sup p ( g ∗ ( p ) − f ∗ ( p ) ) . {\displa... | Fenchel duality | 0.783475 |
84,137 | Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) is a family of multicast routing protocols for Internet Protocol (IP) networks that provide one-to-many and many-to-many distribution of data over a LAN, WAN or the Internet. It is termed protocol-independent because PIM does not include its own topology discovery mechanism, but ins... | PIM Sparse Mode | 0.783475 |
84,138 | Khovanov homology is related to the representation theory of the Lie algebra sl2. Mikhail Khovanov and Lev Rozansky have since defined homology theories associated to sln for all n. In 2003, Catharina Stroppel extended Khovanov homology to an invariant of tangles (a categorified version of Reshetikhin-Turaev invariants... | Khovanov homology | 0.783474 |
84,139 | One of the most interesting aspects of Khovanov's homology is that its exact sequences are formally similar to those arising in the Floer homology of 3-manifolds. Moreover, it has been used to produce another proof of a result first demonstrated using gauge theory and its cousins: Jacob Rasmussen's new proof of a theor... | Khovanov homology | 0.783474 |
84,140 | At International Congress of Mathematicians in 2006 Mikhail Khovanov provided the following explanation for the relation to knot polynomials from the view point of Khovanov homology. The skein relation for three links L 1 , L 2 {\displaystyle L_{1},L_{2}} and L 3 {\displaystyle L_{3}} is described as λ P ( L 1 ) − λ − ... | Khovanov homology | 0.783474 |
84,141 | The system is considered as a homogeneous background and an inclusion is considered as an absorption or scattering perturbation. The time-resolved reflectance curve at a point ρ {\displaystyle \rho } from the source for a semi-infinite geometry is given by R ( ρ , t ) = k t − 5 / 2 exp ( − μ a ν t ) exp ( − ρ 2 4 D... | Time-domain diffuse optics | 0.783473 |
84,142 | It has been demonstrated that radiative transfer equation under the diffusion approximation yields sufficiently accurate solutions for practical applications. For example, it can be applied for the semi-infinite geometry or the infinite slab geometry, using proper boundary conditions. | Time-domain diffuse optics | 0.783473 |
84,143 | The company has made inroads in advanced computer chips, quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and data infrastructure. IBM employees and alumni have won various recognitions for their scientific research and inventions, including six Nobel Prizes and six Turing Awards.IBM is a publicly traded company and one of ... | Pennant Systems | 0.783471 |
84,144 | The International Business Machines Corporation (doing business as IBM), nicknamed Big Blue, is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York and is present in over 175 countries. It specializes in computer hardware, middleware, and software, and provides hosting and consulting serv... | Pennant Systems | 0.783471 |
84,145 | IBM's Kenexa suite provides employment and retention solutions, and includes the BrassRing, an applicant tracking system used by thousands of companies for recruiting. IBM also owns The Weather Company, which provides weather forecasting and includes weather.com and Weather Underground.Smarter Planet is an initiative t... | Pennant Systems | 0.783471 |
84,146 | IBM has a large and diverse portfolio of products and services. As of 2016, these offerings fall into the categories of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, commerce, data and analytics, Internet of things (IoT), IT infrastructure, mobile, digital workplace and cybersecurity.IBM Cloud includes infrastructure as a ... | Pennant Systems | 0.783471 |
84,147 | IBM has also released code under different open-source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately $40 million at the time of the donation), the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java-based relational database management system (RDB... | Pennant Systems | 0.783471 |
84,148 | Thermal and chemical energy are intertwined with chemistry and environmental studies. Combustion has to do with burners and chemical engines of all kinds, grates and incinerators along with their energy efficiency, pollution and operational safety. Exhaust gas purification technology aims to lessen air pollution throug... | Energy production | 0.783469 |
84,149 | "Renewable" resources are those that recover their capacity in a time significant by human needs. Examples are hydroelectric power or wind power, when the natural phenomena that are the primary source of energy are ongoing and not depleted by human demands. Non-renewable resources are those that are significantly deple... | Energy production | 0.783469 |
84,150 | Nuclear technology deals with nuclear power production from nuclear reactors, along with the processing of nuclear fuel and disposal of radioactive waste, drawing from applied nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry and radiation science. Nuclear power generation has been politically controversial in many countries for seve... | Energy production | 0.783469 |
84,151 | An expert committee made an assessment of the scientific programs pursued by the institute and deliberated on a long-term vision for the institute as a national centre. The committee recommended the taking over of CESS by the MoES and according it the status of an autonomous institute under the Earth System Science Org... | National Centre for Earth Science Studies | 0.783469 |
84,152 | Solid Earth Research Group (SERG) Crustal Dynamics Group (CDG) Hydrology Group (HyG) Biogeochemistry Group (BgG) Marine Geoscience Group (MGG) Atmospheric Science Group (ASG) | National Centre for Earth Science Studies | 0.783469 |
84,153 | Logistic function Hyperbolic tangent (shifted and scaled version of the logistic function, above) Arctangent function Gudermannian function Error function Generalised logistic function Smoothstep function Some algebraic functions, for example and in a more general form Up to shifts and scaling, many sigmoids are specia... | Sigmoid curve | 0.783468 |
84,154 | Kyle Rowley, lead designer of the game, described them as "arenas". The stutters were also designed to convey stories: Players can inspect the non-playable characters stuck in a time stutter and learn about what happened to them when time freezes. To prevent the game from relying excessively on its cover system, the ar... | Quantum Break | 0.783466 |
84,155 | While developing the game, Remedy consulted Syksy Räsänen, a scientist who is a lecturer at Helsinki University and had worked at CERN. He taught them how to write the plot in such a way that it adhered to current theoretical physics and quantum physics. The development team held several brainstorming sessions, which i... | Quantum Break | 0.783466 |
84,156 | The idea of having a game about quantum physics originated from a TV episode within Alan Wake called "Quantum Suicide". After settling on the genre, the team pitched the project to Microsoft again and was accepted. | Quantum Break | 0.783466 |
84,157 | In combat, Jack automatically takes cover when he is standing next to environmental objects. However, the artificial intelligence in the game is designed to push the player out of cover by coordinating with each other.Jack has other time powers that are not used in combat. "Time Vision" reveals points of interest, and ... | Quantum Break | 0.783466 |
84,158 | Agreeing to help his best friend Paul Serene with a demonstration, Jack Joyce travels from Thailand to Riverport, USA and learns that Paul has been expanding on the physics work of Jack's estranged brother, William, and has built a time machine that works using "chronon particles." Paul activates the machine, only for ... | Quantum Break | 0.783466 |
84,159 | A number of university degree (Bachelor's degree) programmes in Creative Computing exist, for example at: University of the Arts London Queen's University University of West London St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences Bath Spa University Falmouth University Goldsmiths, University of London Queen Mary, University o... | International Journal of Creative Computing | 0.783463 |
84,160 | The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique is an environmental chemistry technique for the detection of elements and compounds in aqueous environments, including natural waters, sediments and soils. It is well suited to in situ detection of bioavailable toxic trace metal contaminants. The technique involves ... | Diffusive gradients in thin films | 0.783461 |
84,161 | Poliqarp is an open source search engine designed to process text corpora, among others the National Corpus of Polish created at the Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences. | Poliqarp Query Language | 0.783459 |
84,162 | Let F {\displaystyle F} be a number field, let X / F {\displaystyle X/F} be a non-singular algebraic variety, let D {\displaystyle D} be an effective divisor on X {\displaystyle X} with at worst normal crossings, let H {\displaystyle H} be an ample divisor on X {\displaystyle X} , and let K X {\displaystyle K_{X}} be a... | Vojta's conjecture | 0.783458 |
84,163 | In mathematics, Vojta's conjecture is a conjecture introduced by Paul Vojta (1987) about heights of points on algebraic varieties over number fields. The conjecture was motivated by an analogy between diophantine approximation and Nevanlinna theory (value distribution theory) in complex analysis. It implies many other ... | Vojta's conjecture | 0.783458 |
84,164 | The term "exhaustive" has been used in the literature since at least 1914. Here are a few examples: The following appears as a footnote on page 23 of Couturat's text, The Algebra of Logic (1914): "As Mrs. LADD·FRANKLlN has truly remarked (BALDWIN, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, article "Laws of Thought"), the... | Collectively exhaustive events | 0.783457 |
84,165 | In probability theory and logic, a set of events is jointly or collectively exhaustive if at least one of the events must occur. For example, when rolling a six-sided die, the events 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 balls of a single outcome are collectively exhaustive, because they encompass the entire range of possible outcomes.... | Collectively exhaustive events | 0.783457 |
84,166 | Many familiar distributions can be written as oscillatory integrals. The Fourier inversion theorem implies that the delta function, δ ( x ) {\displaystyle \delta (x)} is equal to 1 ( 2 π ) n ∫ R n e i x ⋅ ξ d ξ . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{n}}}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}e^{ix\cdot \xi }\,\mathrm {d} \xi .} If we a... | Oscillatory integral | 0.783457 |
84,167 | In mathematical analysis an oscillatory integral is a type of distribution. Oscillatory integrals make rigorous many arguments that, on a naive level, appear to use divergent integrals. It is possible to represent approximate solution operators for many differential equations as oscillatory integrals. | Oscillatory integral | 0.783457 |
84,168 | Many organic chemicals are thermodynamically unstable in the presence of oxygen; however, their rate of spontaneous oxidation is slow at room temperature. In the language of physical chemistry, such reactions are kinetically limited. This kinetic stability allows the accumulation of complex environmental structures in ... | Photodegradation | 0.783453 |
84,169 | 2,6-Diisopropylaniline is an organic compound with the formula H2NC6H3(CHMe2)2 (Me = CH3). It is a colorless liquid although, like many anilines, samples can appear yellow or brown. 2,6-Diisopropylaniline is a bulky aromatic amine that is often used to make ligands in coordination chemistry. | 2,6-Diisopropylaniline | 0.783453 |
84,170 | In microbiology, McFarland standards are used as a reference to adjust the turbidity of bacterial suspensions so that the number of bacteria will be within a given range to standardize microbial testing. An example of such testing is antibiotic susceptibility testing by measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration w... | McFarland standards | 0.783452 |
84,171 | A column-oriented DBMS or columnar DBMS is a database management system (DBMS) that stores data tables by column rather than by row. Benefits include more efficient access to data when only querying a subset of columns (by eliminating the need to read columns that are not relevant), and more options for data compressio... | Column-oriented database | 0.783451 |
84,172 | Medical ultrasonography was used in 1953 at Lund University by cardiologist Inge Edler and Gustav Ludwig Hertz's son Carl Hellmuth Hertz, who was then a graduate student at the university's department of nuclear physics. Edler had asked Hertz if it was possible to use radar to look into the body, but Hertz said this wa... | B-mode imaging | 0.783451 |
84,173 | In computing, inline expansion, or inlining, is a manual or compiler optimization that replaces a function call site with the body of the called function. Inline expansion is similar to macro expansion, but occurs during compilation, without changing the source code (the text), while macro expansion occurs prior to com... | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,174 | Linkers can also do function inlining. When a linker inlines functions, it may inline functions whose source is not available, such as library functions (see link-time optimization). A run-time system can inline function as well. | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,175 | In the C example in the previous section, optimization opportunities abound. The compiler may follow this sequence of steps: The tmp += 0 statements in the lines marked (2) and (3) do nothing. The compiler can remove them. | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,176 | Inline expansion itself is an optimization, since it eliminates overhead from calls, but it is much more important as an enabling transformation. That is, once the compiler expands a function body in the context of its call site—often with arguments that may be fixed constants—it may be able to do a variety of transfor... | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,177 | This last is rare in common desktop and server applications, where code size is small relative to available memory, but can be an issue for resource-constrained environments such as embedded systems. One way to mitigate this problem is to split functions into a smaller hot inline path (fast path), and a larger cold non... | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,178 | Smarter compilers (such as Glasgow Haskell Compiler) will track this, but naive inlining loses this information. A further benefit of inlining for the memory system is: Eliminating branches and keeping code that is executed close together in memory improves instruction cache performance by improving locality of referen... | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,179 | High-level optimizations, such as escape analysis and tail duplication, can be performed on a larger scope and be more effective, particularly if the compiler implementing those optimizations is primarily relying on intra-procedural analysis.These can be done without inlining, but require a significantly more complicat... | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,180 | Optimizations that cross function boundaries can be done without requiring interprocedural optimization (IPO): once inlining has been performed, additional intraprocedural optimizations ("global optimizations") become possible on the enlarged function body. For example: A constant passed as an argument can often be pro... | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,181 | In lower-level imperative languages such as C and Fortran it is typically a 10–20% speed boost, with minor impact on code size, while in more abstract languages it can be significantly more important, due to the number of layers inlining removes, with an extreme example being Self, where one compiler saw improvement fa... | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,182 | The direct effect of this optimization is to improve time performance (by eliminating call overhead), at the cost of worsening space usage (due to duplicating the function body). The code expansion due to duplicating the function body dominates, except for simple cases, and thus the direct effect of inline expansion is... | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,183 | Many compilers aggressively inline functions wherever it is beneficial to do so. Although it can lead to larger executables, aggressive inlining has nevertheless become more and more desirable as memory capacity has increased faster than CPU speed. Inlining is a critical optimization in functional languages and object-... | Method inlining | 0.78345 |
84,184 | Several software engineers, such as Joel Spolsky have warned against total rewrites, especially under schedule constraints or competitive pressures. While developers may initially welcome the chance to correct historical design mistakes, a rewrite also discards those parts of the design that work as required. A rewrite... | Rewrite (programming) | 0.78345 |
84,185 | Leadership in HYSTA华源 from 2009 to 2010: HP Jin - President of HYSTA, co-founder, President and CEO, TeleNav Shoucheng Zhang - Vice President of HYSTA, Professor of Physics, Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University; Sr. adviser, Legend Holding Lili Zheng - CFO of HYSTA, Partner, Deloitte Jay Ch... | Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association | 0.783449 |
84,186 | Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering is an academic journal published by Annual Reviews. In publication since 1999, this journal covers the significant developments in the broad field of biomedical engineering with an annual volume of review articles. It is edited by Martin L. Yarmush and Mehmet Toner. As of 2023, J... | Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering | 0.783448 |
84,187 | The Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering was first published in 1999 by the nonprofit publisher Annual Reviews. The inaugural editor was Martin L. Yarmush; Yarmush remained editor until 2021, at which point he was co-editor along with Mehmet Toner. Though it began with a physical edition, it is now only published el... | Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering | 0.783448 |
84,188 | The Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering is helmed by the editor or the co-editors. The editor is assisted by the editorial committee, which includes associate editors, regular members, and occasionally guest editors. Guest members participate at the invitation of the editor, and serve terms of one year. | Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering | 0.783448 |
84,189 | The Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering defines its scope as covering significant developments relevant to biomedical engineering. Included subfields are biomechanics; biomaterials; computational genomics; proteomics; healthcare, biochemical, and tissue engineering; biomonitoring; and medical imaging. As of 2022, J... | Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering | 0.783448 |
84,190 | These costs can include both direct and indirect medical expenses as well as possible job loss or productivity loss for the patient. The chances of death vary enormously between the bone disorders due to the differing degree of severity, however many bone diseases do increase an individual's susceptibility to other com... | Orthopedic pathology | 0.783445 |
84,191 | A direct cause of the formation of bone tumours has not been identified yet, however there are possible origins such as injuries to the bone, treatment from radiation and genetics.The effects of bone disorders will vary with disease. The effects can occur physically, mentally and financially as well as impact the indiv... | Orthopedic pathology | 0.783445 |
84,192 | In mathematics, a stuck unknot is a closed polygonal chain in three-dimensional space (a skew polygon) that is topologically equal to the unknot but cannot be deformed to a simple polygon when interpreted as a mechanical linkage, by rigid length-preserving and non-self-intersecting motions of its segments. Similarly a ... | Stuck unknot | 0.783444 |
84,193 | Iron tetracarbonyl diiodide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeI2(CO)4. The molecule features four carbonyl ligands and two iodides. It is a low-spin complex of ferrous iron. As confirmed by X-ray crystallography, the compound has cis stereochemistry. It is a black solid that is soluble in dichloromethane and... | Iron tetracarbonyl diiodide | 0.783443 |
84,194 | Under the action of the Lie algebra SU(2), which generates rotations in isospin space, elements corresponding to definite particle states or superpositions of states can be rotated into each other, but can never leave the space (since the subspace is in fact invariant). This is reflective of the symmetry present. The f... | Isospin | 0.783442 |
84,195 | As further particles were discovered, they were assigned into isospin multiplets according to the number of different charge states seen: 2 doublets I = 1/2 of K mesons (K−, K0), (K+, K0), a triplet I = 1 of Sigma baryons (Σ+, Σ0, Σ−), a singlet I = 0 Lambda baryon (Λ0), a quartet I = 3/2 Delta baryons (Δ++, Δ+, Δ0, Δ−... | Isospin | 0.783442 |
84,196 | Etymologically, the term was derived from isotopic spin, a confusing term to which nuclear physicists prefer isobaric spin, which is more precise in meaning. Before the concept of quarks was introduced, particles that are affected equally by the strong force but had different charges (e.g. protons and neutrons) were co... | Isospin | 0.783442 |
84,197 | In nuclear physics and particle physics, isospin (I) is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle. More specifically, isospin symmetry is a subset of the flavour symmetry seen more broadly in the interactions of baryons and mesons. The name of the concept contains the term spin because ... | Isospin | 0.783442 |
84,198 | Whereas Church encoding starts with representations of the basic data types, and builds up from it, Scott encoding starts from the simplest method to compose algebraic data types. Mogensen–Scott encoding extends and slightly modifies Scott encoding by applying the encoding to Metaprogramming. This encoding allows the r... | Mogensen–Scott encoding | 0.783442 |
84,199 | In computer science, Scott encoding is a way to represent (recursive) data types in the lambda calculus. Church encoding performs a similar function. The data and operators form a mathematical structure which is embedded in the lambda calculus. | Mogensen–Scott encoding | 0.783442 |
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