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84,300 | S.T.A.L.K.E.R. uses a heavily modified version of the ODE physics engine. | X-Ray Engine | 0.783381 |
84,301 | As of patch 1.0003 the X-Ray Engine supports "surround screen" monitor setups, including a 16:9 native resolution ratio. The X-Ray Engine is among the first of its kind to feature real time Global illumination through a method called Photon mapping, the GI system runs entirely through the CPU on one core and was first ... | X-Ray Engine | 0.783381 |
84,302 | Artificial intelligence of wildlife is highly developed and presents many realistic behaviors, such as fights over food and pack mentality, which can be observed in non-scripted events. The game engine was designed so that animal behavior is calculated even if the player is in a different part of the Zone. There are se... | X-Ray Engine | 0.783381 |
84,303 | S.T.A.L.K.E.R. : Shadow of Chernobyl is primarily a first-person shooter survival horror video game, but it also features many RPG elements. The player does not gain additional abilities or statistics like most RPGs (though the player does level through game play from "novice" to "expert" which has slight effects on th... | X-Ray Engine | 0.783381 |
84,304 | In the game, the player assumes the identity of the Marked One, an amnesiac man trying to find and kill the mysterious Strelok within the Zone, a forbidden territory surrounding the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. It is set after a fictitious second Chernobyl disaster, which further contaminated the surrounding area wit... | X-Ray Engine | 0.783381 |
84,305 | In keeping with the post-nuclear decay within the Zone, extreme radiation has caused mutations among animals and plants in the area. As a result of the second disaster, the Zone is also littered with dangerous small areas of altered physics, known as anomalies. Explorers and scavengers operating within the Zone, known ... | X-Ray Engine | 0.783381 |
84,306 | However, it is possible to validate a specification by proving “challenge” theorems concerning properties that the specification is expected to exhibit. If correct, these theorems reinforce the specifier's understanding of the specification and its relationship with the underlying problem domain. If not, the specificat... | Formal specification | 0.78338 |
84,307 | Oil in place (OIP) (not to be confused with original oil-in-place (OOIP)) is a specialist term in petroleum geology that refers to the total oil content of an oil reservoir. As this quantity cannot be measured directly, it has to be estimated from other parameters measured prior to drilling or after production has begu... | Oil in place | 0.78338 |
84,308 | Gamas's theorem is a result in multilinear algebra which states the necessary and sufficient conditions for a tensor symmetrized by an irreducible representation of the symmetric group S n {\displaystyle S_{n}} to be zero. It was proven in 1988 by Carlos Gamas. Additional proofs have been given by Pate and Berget. | Gamas's Theorem | 0.78338 |
84,309 | Let V {\displaystyle V} be a finite-dimensional complex vector space and λ {\displaystyle \lambda } be a partition of n {\displaystyle n} . From the representation theory of the symmetric group S n {\displaystyle S_{n}} it is known that the partition λ {\displaystyle \lambda } corresponds to an irreducible representati... | Gamas's Theorem | 0.783379 |
84,310 | The conclusion that pentaquarks in general, and the Θ+, in particular, do not exist, appears compelling. The 2008 Review of Particle Physics went even further: There are two or three recent experiments that find weak evidence for signals near the nominal masses, but there is simply no point in tabulating them in view o... | Pentaquark | 0.783377 |
84,311 | Both were later found to be statistical effects rather than true resonances.Ten experiments then looked for the Θ+, but came out empty-handed. Two in particular (one at BELLE, and the other at CLAS) had nearly the same conditions as other experiments which claimed to have detected the Θ+ (DIANA and SAPHIR respectively)... | Pentaquark | 0.783377 |
84,312 | This coincided with a pentaquark state with a mass of 1530 MeV/c2 predicted in 1997.The proposed state was composed of two up quarks, two down quarks, and one strange antiquark (uudds). Following this announcement, nine other independent experiments reported seeing narrow peaks from nK+ and pK0, with masses between 152... | Pentaquark | 0.783377 |
84,313 | In July 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN identified pentaquarks in the Λ0b→J/ψK−p channel, which represents the decay of the bottom lambda baryon (Λ0b) into a J/ψ meson (J/ψ), a kaon (K−) and a proton (p). The results showed that sometimes, instead of decaying via intermediate lambda states, the Λ0b decayed via int... | Pentaquark | 0.783377 |
84,314 | The discovery of pentaquarks will allow physicists to study the strong force in greater detail and aid understanding of quantum chromodynamics. In addition, current theories suggest that some very large stars produce pentaquarks as they collapse. The study of pentaquarks might help shed light on the physics of neutron ... | Pentaquark | 0.783377 |
84,315 | In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as module theory, an injective module is a module Q that shares certain desirable properties with the Z-module Q of all rational numbers. Specifically, if Q is a submodule of some other module, then it is already a direct summand of that module; also, giv... | Baer's criterion | 0.783376 |
84,316 | The derivative of the natural logarithm as a real-valued function on the positive reals is given by d d x ln x = 1 x . {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\ln x={\frac {1}{x}}.} How to establish this derivative of the natural logarithm depends on how it is defined firsthand. If the natural logarithm is defined as the integ... | Natural logarithm | 0.783375 |
84,317 | In the geometry of numbers, Ehrhart's volume conjecture gives an upper bound on the volume of a convex body containing only one lattice point in its interior. It is a kind of converse to Minkowski's theorem, which guarantees that a centrally symmetric convex body K must contain a lattice point as soon as its volume exc... | Ehrhart's volume conjecture | 0.783374 |
84,318 | The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics was founded in 1954 to promote the well-being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care. As of 2010 there were 124 countries involved. Reproductive rights are legal rights related to reproduction and reproductive health. | Female reproductive tract | 0.783374 |
84,319 | R was started by professors Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the University of Auckland. The language took heavy inspiration from the S programming language with most S programs able to run unaltered in R as well as from Scheme's lexical scoping allowing for ... | R (programming language) | 0.783372 |
84,320 | In probability theory, a random variable Y {\displaystyle Y} is said to be mean independent of random variable X {\displaystyle X} if and only if its conditional mean E ( Y | X = x ) {\displaystyle E(Y|X=x)} equals its (unconditional) mean E ( Y ) {\displaystyle E(Y)} for all x {\displaystyle x} such that the probabili... | Mean dependence | 0.783366 |
84,321 | SAM-IV riboswitches are a kind of riboswitch that specifically binds S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a cofactor used in many methylation reactions. Originally identified by bioinformatics, SAM-IV riboswitches are largely confined to the Actinomycetales, an order of Bacteria. Conserved features of SAM-IV riboswitch and expe... | SAM-IV riboswitch | 0.783366 |
84,322 | If the skies aren't clear, there are number of presentations and talks on various astronomy topics in the Kibble Palace. In September and April, the Society organise Sun Over the Botanics events, which are free events and, with the special sun filters and PST telescopes, enable the public to see features on the surface... | Astronomical Society of Glasgow | 0.783366 |
84,323 | The Society is involved in a number of outreach events, bringing Astronomy to the people of Glasgow and further afield. From October till March, the Society run Stars Over The Botanics events for the public at Glasgow Botanic Gardens. With a number of different scopes, the public have a chance to observe some of the wo... | Astronomical Society of Glasgow | 0.783366 |
84,324 | The Society holds nine regular monthly lecture meetings from September through to May each year. Lectures are held in the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow City Centre at 7.30pm and are normally on the third Thursday of each month, however this does occasionally vary to accommodate the speakers. All topics of Astron... | Astronomical Society of Glasgow | 0.783366 |
84,325 | The Astronomical Society of Glasgow (ASG) was founded in 1954 in Glasgow, Scotland, by amateur astronomers and is dedicated to promoting an interest in Astronomy. | Astronomical Society of Glasgow | 0.783366 |
84,326 | Notice how the latter two differ from the general rule: крокоди́лов has -ов ending as if a crocodile were a male human, and бо́жий has -ий ending as if God is treated as an animal or (in Old Russian) a crowd (perhaps, symbolizing Holy Trinity). | Russian numerals | 0.783364 |
84,327 | Adjectives on -ов and -ин are declined via mixed declension: some of their forms are nominal, some are adjectival, and some are ambivalent. Adjectives on -ий (speaking about suffix, not case ending; before vowels, this suffix deceases to single sound /j/ and is written as ь) are used for deriving adjectives mostly from... | Russian numerals | 0.783364 |
84,328 | In probability theory and statistics, a normal variance-mean mixture with mixing probability density g {\displaystyle g} is the continuous probability distribution of a random variable Y {\displaystyle Y} of the form Y = α + β V + σ V X , {\displaystyle Y=\alpha +\beta V+\sigma {\sqrt {V}}X,} where α {\displaystyle \al... | Normal variance-mean mixture | 0.783361 |
84,329 | If P = F ( E ) {\displaystyle P={\mathcal {F}}(E)} is the frame bundle of a vector bundle E → M {\displaystyle E\to M} , then P {\displaystyle P} has fibre the general linear group GL ( r ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {GL} (r)} (either real or complex, depending on E {\displaystyle E} ) where rank ( E ) = r {\disp... | Adjoint bundle | 0.78336 |
84,330 | Differential forms on M with values in a d P {\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} P} are in one-to-one correspondence with horizontal, G-equivariant Lie algebra-valued forms on P. A prime example is the curvature of any connection on P which may be regarded as a 2-form on M with values in a d P {\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} P} . ... | Adjoint bundle | 0.78336 |
84,331 | Let G be any Lie group with Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , and let H be a closed subgroup of G. Via the (left) adjoint representation of G on g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , G becomes a topological transformation group of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} . By restricting the adjoint representation... | Adjoint bundle | 0.78336 |
84,332 | Let G be a Lie group with Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , and let P be a principal G-bundle over a smooth manifold M. Let A d: G → A u t ( g ) ⊂ G L ( g ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ad} :G\to \mathrm {Aut} ({\mathfrak {g}})\subset \mathrm {GL} ({\mathfrak {g}})} be the (left) adjoint representation of G. T... | Adjoint bundle | 0.78336 |
84,333 | In mathematics, an adjoint bundle is a vector bundle naturally associated to any principal bundle. The fibers of the adjoint bundle carry a Lie algebra structure making the adjoint bundle into a (nonassociative) algebra bundle. Adjoint bundles have important applications in the theory of connections as well as in gauge... | Adjoint bundle | 0.78336 |
84,334 | In physics, a quantum mirage is a peculiar result in quantum chaos. Every system of quantum dynamical billiards will exhibit an effect called scarring, where the quantum probability density shows traces of the paths a classical billiard ball would take. For an elliptical arena, the scarring is particularly pronounced a... | Quantum Mirage | 0.78336 |
84,335 | 4th-century BC – Aristotle publishes Physics, in which the aether is briefly described as being an element lighter than air that surrounds celestial bodies. He describes the aether in relation to other elements - aether is lighter than air and is located above it, whereas air is lighter than water, and water is lighter... | Timeline of luminiferous aether | 0.783359 |
84,336 | 1893 and 1897 J. Larmor, Phil. Trans. 1894-95-97, and a treatise, Aether and Matter (1900) p. 262 P. K. L. Drude, A. Schuster, R. W., General physics of the aether; Collected Papers of Lord Rayleigh | Timeline of luminiferous aether | 0.783359 |
84,337 | The Lawrence Experiment Station, now known as the Senator William X. Wall Experiment Station, was the world's first trial station for drinking water purification and sewage treatment. It was established in 1887 in Lawrence, Massachusetts. A new, 22,000-square-foot (2,000 m2) building opened in 1954 at 37 Shattuck Stree... | Lawrence Experiment Station | 0.783359 |
84,338 | Its task as to determine the effect of filtration as compared to natural oxidation, which it decided by experiments in its chemistry laboratory. During this time, Sedgwick and students invented techniques for identifying and quantitatively analyzing the microorganisms in water and sewage. These studies helped set the s... | Lawrence Experiment Station | 0.783359 |
84,339 | The global coatings market for automobiles was estimated to be $18.59 billion in 2014 with projected combined annual growth rate of 5.1% through 2022.It is used in a number of manufacturing processes as a high value specialty chemical including the electronics industry, flavors and fragrances industry, specialty solven... | Malonate ion | 0.783358 |
84,340 | Object referencing can be used as a means of breaking up large monolithic structures. More significantly, it can allow objects to be defined only once and then referenced any number of times. A section of the geometry of the land-water interface could define part of a coastline as well as part of a municipal boundary a... | Spatial Archive and Interchange Format | 0.783357 |
84,341 | These are related to disciplines such as those from the humanities (e.g., literature), and the creative arts such as painting and music (e.g., popular and classical varieties). Creative knowledge workers also require technical-related knowledge such as mathematics and computer sciences (e.g., software engineering) and ... | Knowledge worker | 0.783356 |
84,342 | {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{\mathbb {N} }.} Kadec renorming theorem: Every separable Banach space X {\displaystyle X} admits a Kadec norm with respect to a countable total subset A ⊆ X ∗ {\displaystyle A\subseteq X^{*}} of X ∗ . {\displaystyle X^{*}.} | Kadec norm | 0.783355 |
84,343 | Kadec norm: A norm ‖ ⋅ ‖ {\displaystyle \|\,\cdot \,\|} on a normed linear space X {\displaystyle X} is called a Kadec norm with respect to a total subset A ⊆ X ∗ {\displaystyle A\subseteq X^{*}} of the dual space X ∗ {\displaystyle X^{*}} if for each sequence x n ∈ X {\displaystyle x_{n}\in X} the following condition ... | Kadec norm | 0.783355 |
84,344 | In mathematics, in the areas of topology and functional analysis, the Anderson–Kadec theorem states that any two infinite-dimensional, separable Banach spaces, or, more generally, Fréchet spaces, are homeomorphic as topological spaces. The theorem was proved by Mikhail Kadets (1966) and Richard Davis Anderson. | Kadec norm | 0.783355 |
84,345 | For steady incompressible flow with constant viscosity and density, these read: Mass Continuity: ∂ u ∂ x + ∂ v ∂ y = 0 {\displaystyle {\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial x}}+{\dfrac {\partial v}{\partial y}}=0} x {\displaystyle x} -Momentum: u ∂ u ∂ x + v ∂ u ∂ y = − 1 ρ ∂ p ∂ x + ν ∂ 2 u ∂ y 2 {\displaystyle u{\dfrac {\part... | Falkner-Skan boundary layer | 0.783355 |
84,346 | This theorem has a number of applications and is the first of many classical insertion theorems. In particular it implies the Tietze extension theorem and consequently Urysohn's lemma, and so the conclusion of the theorem is equivalent to normality. == References == | Katětov–Tong insertion theorem | 0.783355 |
84,347 | The Katětov–Tong insertion theorem is a theorem of point-set topology proved independently by Miroslav Katětov and Hing Tong in the 1950s. The theorem states the following: Let X {\displaystyle X} be a normal topological space and let g , h: X → R {\displaystyle g,h\colon X\to \mathbb {R} } be functions with g upper se... | Katětov–Tong insertion theorem | 0.783355 |
84,348 | 1970: Hannes Alfvén wins the 1970 Nobel Prize in physics for "fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics". 1973: Eugene Parker suggests hydromagnetic waves in the intergalactic medium. 1974: J. V. Hollweg suggests the existence of hydromagne... | Alfvén wave | 0.783354 |
84,349 | The first and second each contain 7 exons and encode the same full-length protein isoform a (786 amino acids, considered the major isoform), the third one contains 6 exons and encodes a shorter isoform b (732 amino acids) and the fourth one contains 5 exons and encodes the shortest isoform c (349 amino acids). Cumulati... | CASS4 | 0.783353 |
84,350 | In mathematical economics, Topkis's theorem is a result that is useful for establishing comparative statics. The theorem allows researchers to understand how the optimal value for a choice variable changes when a feature of the environment changes. The result states that if f is supermodular in (x,θ), and D is a lattic... | Topkis's Theorem | 0.783352 |
84,351 | We want to show that U ( s , p ) {\displaystyle U(s,p)} is submodular (the opposite of supermodular) in ( s , p ) {\displaystyle \left(s,p\right)} . Note that the choice set is clearly a lattice. The cross partial of U being negative, ∂ 2 U ∂ s ∂ p < 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial s\,\partial p}}<0} ... | Topkis's Theorem | 0.783352 |
84,352 | Clearly it is more reasonable to assume that they are substitutes. The problem with the above approach is that it relies on the differentiability of the objective function and on concavity. We could get at the same answer using Topkis's theorem in the following way. | Topkis's Theorem | 0.783352 |
84,353 | Note that the optimal speed is a function of the amount of potholes. Taking the first order condition, we know that at the optimum, U s ( s ∗ ( p ) , p ) = 0 {\displaystyle U_{s}(s^{\ast }(p),p)=0} . Differentiating the first order condition, with respect to p and using the implicit function theorem, we find that U s s... | Topkis's Theorem | 0.783352 |
84,354 | {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}}.} If one wanted to solve the problem with standard tools such as the implicit function theorem, one would have to assume that the problem is well behaved: U(.) is twice continuously differentiable, concave in s, that the domain over which s is defined is convex... | Topkis's Theorem | 0.783352 |
84,355 | This example will show how using Topkis's theorem gives the same result as using more standard tools. The advantage of using Topkis's theorem is that it can be applied to a wider class of problems than can be studied with standard economics tools. A driver is driving down a highway and must choose a speed, s. Going fas... | Topkis's Theorem | 0.783352 |
84,356 | Sandia hosts a wide variety of research initiatives, including computational biology, physics, materials science, alternative energy, psychology, MEMS, and cognitive science. Most notably, it hosted some of the world's earliest and fastest supercomputers, ASCI Red and ASCI Red Storm, and is currently home to the Z Mach... | Sandia National Laboratories | 0.783352 |
84,357 | TA-IV, located approximately 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) south of TA-I, consists of several inertial-confinement fusion research and pulsed power research facilities, including the High Energy Radiation Megavolt Electron Source (Hermes-III), the Z Facility, the Short Pulsed High Intensity Nanosecond X-Radiator (SPHINX) Facility... | Sandia National Laboratories | 0.783352 |
84,358 | It is a collaborative effort with Kitware, Inc., and uses various open-source components such as the Boost Graph Library. It is developed under a New BSD license. Trilinos is an object-oriented library for building scalable scientific and engineering applications, with a focus on linear algebra techniques. | Sandia National Laboratories | 0.783352 |
84,359 | It is a collaborative effort, developed by Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratories, and the United States Army Research Laboratory, and funded by the Advanced Simulation and Computing Program. It is developed under a BSD license. Pyomo is a python-based optimization Mathematical Programming Langu... | Sandia National Laboratories | 0.783352 |
84,360 | In the late 1970s Professor Steve Ward and his research group at MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) developed the TRIX operating system. Ward's inventions include a novel dynamic memory chip architecture and a real-time controller design. | Steve Ward (computer scientist) | 0.783351 |
84,361 | Steve Ward is Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at MIT, where his recent teaching and research activities revolve around areas of computer system architecture. He holds three degrees from MIT – a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and a PhD in Computer Science. One of his ... | Steve Ward (computer scientist) | 0.783351 |
84,362 | In the mathematical field of category theory, a dagger symmetric monoidal category is a monoidal category ⟨ C , ⊗ , I ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle \mathbf {C} ,\otimes ,I\rangle } that also possesses a dagger structure. That is, this category comes equipped not only with a tensor product in the category theoretic sense but... | Dagger symmetric monoidal category | 0.78335 |
84,363 | The vasoconstrictor properties of norbormide turn out to be very dependent on stereochemistry. Only the endo isomers are toxic in rats and the threo isomers are ten times as potent as the erythro isomers. The cis-endo-threo isomer has been found to be the isomer with the most potent vasoconstrictor properties. | Norbormide | 0.78335 |
84,364 | In mathematics, a nonelementary antiderivative of a given elementary function is an antiderivative (or indefinite integral) that is, itself, not an elementary function (i.e. a function constructed from a finite number of quotients of constant, algebraic, exponential, trigonometric, and logarithmic functions using field... | Nonelementary Integral | 0.783349 |
84,365 | Culture shapes the way people think about the world, altering their biology by influencing their behavior (e.g., food choice) or more directly through psychosomatic effects (e.g., the biological effects of psychological stress).While biocultural anthropologists are found in many academic anthropology departments, usual... | Biocultural anthropology | 0.783348 |
84,366 | This research has been used to examine outcomes in blood pressure, depressive symptoms, body composition, and dietary habits. Dr. Romendro Khongsdier's approach to the study of human variation and evolution. "Building a New Biocultural Synthesis" by Alan H. Goodman and Thomas L. Leatherman. "New Directions in Biocultur... | Biocultural anthropology | 0.783348 |
84,367 | Biocultural approaches to human biology have been utilized since at least 1958 when American Biological Anthropologist Frank B. Livingstone contributed early research explaining the linkages among population growth, subsistence strategy, and the distribution of the sickle cell gene in Liberia. Human adaptability resear... | Biocultural anthropology | 0.783348 |
84,368 | Biocultural anthropology can be defined in numerous ways. It is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture. "Instead of looking for the underlying biological roots of human behavior, biocultural anthropology attempts to understand how culture affects our biological capacities and ... | Biocultural anthropology | 0.783348 |
84,369 | Physical anthropologists throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a racial perspective; that is, from the assumption that typological human biological differences lead to cultural differences. After World War II the emphasis began to shift toward an effort to explore the role culture ... | Biocultural anthropology | 0.783348 |
84,370 | It is as if one were to condense all trends of present day mathematics onto a single finite structure, a feat that anyone would a priori deem impossible, were it not for the fact that matroids do exist. Though there are many cryptomorphic concepts in mathematics outside of matroid theory and universal algebra, the word... | Cryptomorphism | 0.783348 |
84,371 | The following theorem implies that if X {\displaystyle X} is a locally convex space then the topology of X {\displaystyle X} can be a defined by a family of continuous norms on X {\displaystyle X} (a norm is a seminorm s {\displaystyle s} where s ( x ) = 0 {\displaystyle s(x)=0} implies x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} ) if a... | Finest locally convex topology | 0.783347 |
84,372 | Metrizable topologies on vector spaces have been studied since their introduction in Maurice Fréchet's 1902 PhD thesis Sur quelques points du calcul fonctionnel (wherein the notion of a metric was first introduced). After the notion of a general topological space was defined by Felix Hausdorff in 1914, although locally... | Finest locally convex topology | 0.783347 |
84,373 | Suppose that the topology of a locally convex space X {\displaystyle X} is induced by a family P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} of continuous seminorms on X {\displaystyle X} . If x ∈ X {\displaystyle x\in X} and if x ∙ = ( x i ) i ∈ I {\displaystyle x_{\bullet }=\left(x_{i}\right)_{i\in I}} is a net in X {\displaystyl... | Finest locally convex topology | 0.783347 |
84,374 | Astronomy is very sensitive to light pollution. The night sky viewed from a city bears no resemblance to what can be seen from dark skies. Skyglow (the scattering of light in the atmosphere at night) reduces the contrast between stars and galaxies and the sky itself, making it much harder to see fainter objects. This i... | Light Pollution | 0.783347 |
84,375 | Based on their research they suggest that further research should examine the lowest quantifying the least amount of light, in terms of duration and intensity, that would allow both humans and animals to continue safely. To collect as much data as possible, scientists are recruiting the public to act as citizen scienti... | Light Pollution | 0.783347 |
84,376 | In 2010, following the United Nations declaration of The Year of Astronomy researchers urged a better understanding of artificial light and the role it plays in social, economic, and environmental issues. The researchers argues that the continued unfettered use of artificial light in urban and rural areas would cause a... | Light Pollution | 0.783347 |
84,377 | Night-blooming flowers that depend on moths for pollination may be affected by night lighting, as there is no replacement pollinator that would not be affected by the artificial light. This can lead to species decline of plants that are unable to reproduce, and change an area's longterm ecology. Among nocturnal insects... | Light Pollution | 0.783347 |
84,378 | Link Layer Topology Discovery in Windows Vista consists of two components. The LLTD Mapper I/O component is the master module which controls the discovery process and generates the Network Map. Appropriate permissions for this may be configured with Group Policy settings. | Link Layer Topology Discovery | 0.783346 |
84,379 | Link Layer Topology Discovery (LLTD) is a proprietary link layer protocol for network topology discovery and quality of service diagnostics. Microsoft developed it as part of the Windows Rally set of technologies. The LLTD protocol operates over both wired (such as Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) or power line communication) as ... | Link Layer Topology Discovery | 0.783346 |
84,380 | In physics, the Wiedemann–Franz law states that the ratio of the electronic contribution of the thermal conductivity (κ) to the electrical conductivity (σ) of a metal is proportional to the temperature (T). κ σ = L T {\displaystyle {\frac {\kappa }{\sigma }}=LT} Theoretically, the proportionality constant L, known as t... | Lorenz number | 0.783346 |
84,381 | If M {\displaystyle M} is an arbitrary set containing zero, the concept of support is immediately generalizable to functions f: X → M . {\displaystyle f:X\to M.} Support may also be defined for any algebraic structure with identity (such as a group, monoid, or composition algebra), in which the identity element assumes... | Singular support | 0.783343 |
84,382 | In probability theory, the support of a probability distribution can be loosely thought of as the closure of the set of possible values of a random variable having that distribution. There are, however, some subtleties to consider when dealing with general distributions defined on a sigma algebra, rather than on a topo... | Singular support | 0.783343 |
84,383 | In mathematics, a leaky integrator equation is a specific differential equation, used to describe a component or system that takes the integral of an input, but gradually leaks a small amount of input over time. It appears commonly in hydraulics, electronics, and neuroscience where it can represent either a single neur... | Leaky integrator | 0.783343 |
84,384 | For instance, the family Z N {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{\mathbb {N} }} of functions from the natural numbers to the integers is the uncountable set of integer sequences. The subfamily { f ∈ Z N: f has finite support } {\displaystyle \left\{f\in \mathbb {Z} ^{\mathbb {N} }:f{\text{ has finite support }}\right\}} is th... | Singular support | 0.783343 |
84,385 | A combination of genetics, dysregulated intestinal barrier function, and inappropriate immune responses has been hypothesised to play a role in type 1 diabetes. Elevated intestinal permeability has been reported observed in patients at disease onset. The resulting increase in exposure to antigens can trigger autoimmune... | Intestinal mucosal barrier | 0.783342 |
84,386 | It is also robust, achieving high precision and recall. While it has lower accuracy than more modern methods such as convolutional neural network, its efficiency and compact size (only around 50k parameters, compared to millions of parameters for typical CNN like DeepFace) means it is still used in cases with limited c... | Viola–Jones object detection framework | 0.783341 |
84,387 | The Viola–Jones object detection framework is a machine learning object detection framework proposed in 2001 by Paul Viola and Michael Jones. It was motivated primarily by the problem of face detection, although it can be adapted to the detection of other object classes. The algorithm is efficient for its time, able to... | Viola–Jones object detection framework | 0.783341 |
84,388 | The first discovery of an individual cannabinoid was made, when British chemist Robert S. Cahn reported the partial structure of Cannabinol (CBN), which he later identified as fully formed in 1940. Two years later, in 1942, American chemist, Roger Adams, made history when he discovered Cannabidiol (CBD). Progressing fr... | Cannabinoid receptor agonists | 0.783341 |
84,389 | Recent evidence has shown that cannabinoids play a role in the modulation of various mitochondrial processes, including intracellular calcium regulation, activation of apoptosis, impairment of electron transport chain activity, disruption of mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, and regulation of mitochondrial ... | Cannabinoid receptor agonists | 0.783341 |
84,390 | Cannabis plants can exhibit wide variation in the quantity and type of cannabinoids they produce. The mixture of cannabinoids produced by a plant is known as the plant's cannabinoid profile. Selective breeding has been used to control the genetics of plants and modify the cannabinoid profile. For example, strains that ... | Cannabinoid receptor agonists | 0.783341 |
84,391 | In organic chemistry, an epoxide is a cyclic ether, where the ether forms a three-atom ring: two atoms of carbon and one atom of oxygen. This triangular structure has substantial ring strain, making epoxides highly reactive, more so than other ethers. They are produced on a large scale for many applications. In general... | Epoxy group | 0.78334 |
84,392 | Computer science and electrical engineering professors throughout the world started teaching VLSI system design using this textbook. Many of them also obtained a copy of Lynn Conway's notes from her famous MIT course in 1978, which included a collection of exercises.An important milestone that followed was the Multi Pr... | Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution | 0.783338 |
84,393 | The Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution, or Mead and Conway revolution, was a very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design revolution starting in 1978 which resulted in a worldwide restructuring of academic materials in computer science and electrical engineering education, and was paramount for the development of in... | Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution | 0.783338 |
84,394 | ("In a self-aligned CMOS process, a transistor is formed wherever the gate layer ... crosses a diffusion layer." from: Integrated circuit § Manufacturing): p.1 The authors intended the book to fill a gap in the literature and introduce electrical engineering and computer science students to integrated system architectu... | Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution | 0.783338 |
84,395 | In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a ring is called a reduced ring if it has no non-zero nilpotent elements. Equivalently, a ring is reduced if it has no non-zero elements with square zero, that is, x2 = 0 implies x = 0. A commutative algebra over a commutative ring is called a reduced algebra if its underlying r... | Reduced ring | 0.783336 |
84,396 | Reduced rings play an elementary role in algebraic geometry, where this concept is generalized to the concept of a reduced scheme. | Reduced ring | 0.783336 |
84,397 | This induces an action of Z by automorphisms on the algebra of continuous functions C(S1). The resulting C*-crossed product C(S1) ⋊ Z is isomorphic to Aθ. The generating unitaries are the generator of the group Z and the identity function on the circle z: S1 → C. Twisted group algebra: The function σ: Z2 × Z2 → C; σ((m... | Noncommutative torus | 0.783334 |
84,398 | Universal property: Aθ can be defined (up to isomorphism) as the universal C*-algebra generated by two unitary elements U and V satisfying the relation VU = e2π i θUV. This definition extends to the case when θ is rational. In particular when θ = 0, Aθ is isomorphic to continuous functions on the 2-torus by the Gelfand... | Noncommutative torus | 0.783334 |
84,399 | For any real number θ, the noncommutative torus A θ {\displaystyle A_{\theta }} is the C*-subalgebra of B ( L 2 ( R / Z ) ) {\displaystyle B(L^{2}(\mathbb {R} /\mathbb {Z} ))} , the algebra of bounded linear operators of square-integrable functions on the unit circle S 1 ⊂ C {\displaystyle S^{1}\subset \mathbb {C} } , ... | Noncommutative torus | 0.783334 |
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