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88,100 | The International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009) was a year-long celebration of astronomy that took place in 2009 to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the first recorded astronomical observations with a telescope by Galileo Galilei and the publication of Johannes Kepler's Astronomia nova in the 17th century. The Year... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781799 |
88,101 | The Galileo Teacher Training Program (GTTP): the International Year of Astronomy 2009 provided an opportunity to engage the formal education community in the excitement of astronomical discovery as a vehicle for improving the teaching of science in classrooms around the world. To help training teachers in effective ast... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781799 |
88,102 | The Galilean Nights was a worldwide astronomy event that also ran 2–5 April 2009, as a project to involve both amateur and professional astronomers around the globe, taking to the streets their telescopes and pointing them as Galileo did 400 years ago. The sources of interest were Jupiter and its moons, the Sun, the Mo... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781799 |
88,103 | Universe Awareness (UNAWE) was a worldwide astronomy event that also ran during 2–5 April 2009, as an international program to introduce very young children in under-privileged environments to the scale and beauty of the Universe. Universe Awareness noted the multicultural origins of modern astronomy in an effort to br... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,104 | The main objective was to establish a link between science and culture on the basis of research aimed at acknowledging the cultural and scientific values of properties connected with astronomy. This programme provides an opportunity to identify properties related to astronomy located around the world, to preserve their... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,105 | Several committees were formed to oversee the vast majority of IYA2009 activities ("sidewalk astronomy" events in planetariums and public observatories), which spun local, regional and national levels. These committees were collaborations between professional and amateur astronomers, science centres and science communi... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,106 | Astronomy, perhaps the oldest science in history, has played an important role in most, if not all, cultures over the ages. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 (IYA2009) was intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in ast... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,107 | 100 Hours of Astronomy (100HA) is a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009 and was part of the scheduled global activities of the International Year of Astronomy 2009. The main goal of 100HA was to have as many people throughout the world as possible looking through a telescope just as Galileo did for the fi... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,108 | The Portal to the Universe (PTTU) was a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009, to provide a global, one-stop portal for online astronomy contents, serving as an index, aggregator and a social-networking site for astronomy content providers, laypeople, press, educators, decision-makers and scientists. PTTU w... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,109 | The Galileoscope was a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009, where the program was to share a personal experience of practical astronomical observations with as many people as possible across the world. It was collaborating with the US IYA2009 National Node to develop a simple, accessible, easy-to-assemble... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,110 | The Galileo Teachers were to be equipped to train other teachers in these methodologies, leveraging the work begun during IYA2009 in classrooms everywhere. Through workshops, online training tools and basic education kits, the products and techniques developed by this program could be adapted to reach locations with fe... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,111 | The Developing Astronomy Globally was a worldwide astronomy event that ran during 2–5 April 2009, as a Cornerstone project to acknowledge that astronomy needs to be developed in three key areas: professionally (universities and research); publicly (communication, media, and amateur groups) and educationally (schools an... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,112 | The Cosmic Diary, a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April, was not about the science of astronomy, but about what it is like to be an astronomer. Professionals were to blog in texts and images about their life, families, friends, hobbies and interests, as well as their work, latest research findings and the chal... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,113 | The Cornerstone project From Earth to the Universe (FETTU) is a worldwide public science event that began in June 2008, and still ongoing through 2011. This project has endeavored to bring astronomy images and their science to a wider audience in non-traditional informal learning venues. In placing these astronomy exhi... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,114 | Providing this information was intended to help increase the interest of young girls in studying and pursuing a career in astronomy. Another objective of the project was to build and maintain an Internet-based, easy-to-handle forum and database, where people regardless of geographical location could read about the subj... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,115 | Promoting gender equality and empowering women is one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. She Is an Astronomer was a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009, to promote gender equality in astronomy (and science in general), tackling bias issues by providing a web platform where information and... | International Year of Astronomy | 0.781798 |
88,116 | The Helmholtz decomposition in three dimensions was first described in 1849 by George Gabriel Stokes for a theory of diffraction. Hermann von Helmholtz published his paper on some hydrodynamic basic equations in 1858, which was part of his research on the Helmholtz's theorems describing the motion of fluid in the vicin... | Fundamental theorem of vector analysis | 0.781798 |
88,117 | The third and independent component of the theory is the recent developments in mobile robotics by Rodney Brooks, where a breakthrough occurred by largely dispensing with internal memory. The practical concept of "Intelligence without representation" otherwise known as the Subsumption architecture and Behavior-based ro... | Intelligence-based design | 0.781798 |
88,118 | Several distinct strands of design thinking, in parallel development, lead towards Intelligence-Based Design. Christopher Alexander contributed early on to the scientific approach to design, by proposing a theory of design in his book Notes on the synthesis of form. Those were the years when Artificial Intelligence was... | Intelligence-based design | 0.781798 |
88,119 | The properties of the top quark, discovered at Fermilab in 1995, had been measured approximately. With much greater energy and greater collision rates, the LHC produces a tremendous number of top quarks, allowing ATLAS to make much more precise measurements of its mass and interactions with other particles. These measu... | ATLAS experiment | 0.781797 |
88,120 | This new "Higgs-like" particle was detected by its decay into two photons ( H → γ γ {\displaystyle H\rightarrow \gamma \gamma } ) and its decay to four leptons ( H → Z Z ∗ → 4 l {\displaystyle H\rightarrow ZZ^{*}\rightarrow 4l} and H → W W ∗ → e ν μ ν {\displaystyle H\rightarrow WW^{*}\rightarrow e\nu \mu \nu } ). In M... | ATLAS experiment | 0.781797 |
88,121 | ATLAS permanently records more than 10 petabyte of data per year. Offline event reconstruction is performed on all permanently stored events, turning the pattern of signals from the detector into physics objects, such as jets, photons, and leptons. Grid computing is being used extensively for event reconstruction, allo... | ATLAS experiment | 0.781797 |
88,122 | In the field of particle physics, ATLAS studies different types of processes detected or detectable in energetic collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). For the processes already known, it is a matter of measuring more and more accurately the properties of known particles or finding quantitative confirmations of... | ATLAS experiment | 0.781797 |
88,123 | Psychologically, the women serving as Star Sapphire have displayed a bizarre preoccupation with gender, suspected of reflecting a pathological fear of men. They also have had a less than accurate grasp of the variations in physics between dimensions. | Speed Force | 0.781797 |
88,124 | In homotopy theory, a branch of algebraic topology, a Postnikov system (or Postnikov tower) is a way of decomposing a topological space's homotopy groups using an inverse system of topological spaces whose homotopy type at degree k {\displaystyle k} agrees with the truncated homotopy type of the original space X {\disp... | Postnikov system | 0.781796 |
88,125 | In Spin geometry the Spin ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spin} (n)} group is constructed as the universal cover of the Special orthogonal group SO ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {SO} (n)} , so Z / 2 → Spin ( n ) → S O ( n ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /2\to \operatorname {Spin} (n)\to SO(n)} is a fibratio... | Postnikov system | 0.781796 |
88,126 | One application of the Postnikov tower is the computation of homotopy groups of spheres. For an n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional sphere S n {\displaystyle S^{n}} we can use the Hurewicz theorem to show each S i n {\displaystyle S_{i}^{n}} is contractible for i < n {\displaystyle i | Postnikov system | 0.781796 |
88,127 | The compound crystallizes as tetragonal birefringent crystals. The structure of the magnesium fluoride is similar to that of rutile, featuring octahedral Mg2+ cations and 3-coordinate F− anions. In the gas phase, monomeric MgF2 molecules adopt a linear molecular geometry. | Magnesium fluoride | 0.781795 |
88,128 | There is a division algebra D with center l and degree over l 3 or 1, with an involution of the second kind which restricts to the nontrivial automorphism of l over k, and a nontrivial Hermitian form on a module over D of dimension 1 or 3 such that G is the special unitary group of this Hermitian form. (As a consequenc... | Mumford surface | 0.781795 |
88,129 | Severi asked if there was a complex surface homeomorphic to the projective plane but not biholomorphic to it. Yau (1977) showed that there was no such surface, so the closest approximation to the projective plane one can have would be a surface with the same Betti numbers (b0,b1,b2,b3,b4) = (1,0,1,0,1) as the projectiv... | Mumford surface | 0.781795 |
88,130 | In mathematics, a fake projective plane (or Mumford surface) is one of the 50 complex algebraic surfaces that have the same Betti numbers as the projective plane, but are not isomorphic to it. Such objects are always algebraic surfaces of general type. | Mumford surface | 0.781795 |
88,131 | Saalschütz's theorem (Saalschütz 1890) is 3 F 2 ( a , b , − n ; c , 1 + a + b − c − n ; 1 ) = ( c − a ) n ( c − b ) n ( c ) n ( c − a − b ) n . {\displaystyle {}_{3}F_{2}(a,b,-n;c,1+a+b-c-n;1)={\frac {(c-a)_{n}(c-b)_{n}}{(c)_{n}(c-a-b)_{n}}}.} For extension of this theorem, see a research paper by Rakha & Rathie. | Hypergeometric sum | 0.781794 |
88,132 | Material theory (or more formally the mathematical theory of inventory and production) is the sub-specialty within operations research and operations management that is concerned with the design of production/inventory systems to minimize costs: it studies the decisions faced by firms and the military in connection wit... | Inventory theory | 0.781794 |
88,133 | Although the linear response connection between the Kovacs hump and the direct relaxation function can be extended to athermal systems, not all the modes are positive definite—the standard version of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem does not apply. This is the key that facilitates the emergence of anomalous behavior... | Kovacs effect | 0.781793 |
88,134 | The physical relevance of this behavior is the same as in the Kovacs experiment: it shows that P {\displaystyle P} does not completely characterize the dynamical state of the system, and the necessity of incorporating additional variables to have the whole picture. The Kovacs hump described above has been rationalized ... | Kovacs effect | 0.781793 |
88,135 | In statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics, the Kovacs effect is a kind of memory effect in glassy systems below the glass-transition temperature. A.J. Kovacs observed that a system’s state out of equilibrium is defined not only by its macro thermodynamical variables, but also by the inner parameters of the ... | Kovacs effect | 0.781793 |
88,136 | The Grand équipement national de calcul intensif (GENCI) is a société civile owned for 49% by the French State represented by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, for 20% by Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, 20% by French National Centre for Scientific Research, 10% by the Universities and 1% by National Ins... | GENCI | 0.781791 |
88,137 | The IDN homographs database is a Python library that allows developers to defend against this using machine learning-based character recognition.ICANN has implemented a policy prohibiting any potential internationalized TLD from choosing letters that could resemble an existing Latin TLD and thus be used for homograph a... | IDN homograph attack | 0.78179 |
88,138 | This addition creates uncertainty as to the original signal's value. If the receiver has some information about the random process that generates the noise, one can in principle recover the information in the original signal by considering all possible states of the noise process. In the case of the Shannon–Hartley the... | Shannon–Hartley theorem | 0.78179 |
88,139 | Taking into account both noise and bandwidth limitations, however, there is a limit to the amount of information that can be transferred by a signal of a bounded power, even when sophisticated multi-level encoding techniques are used. In the channel considered by the Shannon–Hartley theorem, noise and signal are combin... | Shannon–Hartley theorem | 0.78179 |
88,140 | The Shannon–Hartley theorem establishes what that channel capacity is for a finite-bandwidth continuous-time channel subject to Gaussian noise. It connects Hartley's result with Shannon's channel capacity theorem in a form that is equivalent to specifying the M in Hartley's line rate formula in terms of a signal-to-noi... | Shannon–Hartley theorem | 0.78179 |
88,141 | So no useful information can be transmitted beyond the channel capacity. The theorem does not address the rare situation in which rate and capacity are equal. | Shannon–Hartley theorem | 0.78179 |
88,142 | Claude Shannon's development of information theory during World War II provided the next big step in understanding how much information could be reliably communicated through noisy channels. Building on Hartley's foundation, Shannon's noisy channel coding theorem (1948) describes the maximum possible efficiency of erro... | Shannon–Hartley theorem | 0.78179 |
88,143 | The Shannon–Hartley theorem states the channel capacity C {\displaystyle C} , meaning the theoretical tightest upper bound on the information rate of data that can be communicated at an arbitrarily low error rate using an average received signal power S {\displaystyle S} through an analog communication channel subject ... | Shannon–Hartley theorem | 0.78179 |
88,144 | Under the previous assumptions on K , {\displaystyle K,} if T {\displaystyle T} is a subset of K {\displaystyle K} and the closed convex hull of T {\displaystyle T} is all of K , {\displaystyle K,} then every extreme point of K {\displaystyle K} belongs to the closure of T . {\displaystyle T.} This result is known as M... | Krein-Milman theorem | 0.78179 |
88,145 | In summary, AC holds if and only if both KM and BPI hold. It follows that under ZF, the axiom of choice is equivalent to the following statement: The closed unit ball of the continuous dual space of any real normed space has an extreme point.Furthermore, SKM together with the Hahn–Banach theorem for real vector spaces ... | Krein-Milman theorem | 0.78179 |
88,146 | Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) axiomatic framework, the axiom of choice (AC) suffices to prove all versions of the Krein–Milman theorem given above, including statement KM and its generalization SKM. The axiom of choice also implies, but is not equivalent to, the Boolean prime ideal theorem (BPI), which is ... | Krein-Milman theorem | 0.78179 |
88,147 | The requirement that the convex set K {\displaystyle K} be compact can be weakened to give the following strengthened generalization version of the theorem. The property above is sometimes called quasicompactness or convex compactness. Compactness implies convex compactness because a topological space is compact if and... | Krein-Milman theorem | 0.78179 |
88,148 | To visualized this theorem and its conclusion, consider the particular case where K {\displaystyle K} is a convex polygon. In this case, the corners of the polygon (which are its extreme points) are all that is needed to recover the polygon shape. The statement of the theorem is false if the polygon is not convex, as t... | Krein-Milman theorem | 0.78179 |
88,149 | In the case where the compact set K {\displaystyle K} is also convex, the above theorem has as a corollary the first part of the next theorem, which is also often called the Krein–Milman theorem. The convex hull of the extreme points of K {\displaystyle K} forms a convex subset of K {\displaystyle K} so the main burden... | Krein-Milman theorem | 0.78179 |
88,150 | In molecular biology, the DmpG-like communication domain is a protein domain found towards the C-terminal region of various aldolase enzymes. It consists of five alpha-helices, four of which form an antiparallel helical bundle that plugs the C terminus of the N-terminal TIM barrel domain. The communication domain is th... | DmpG-like communication domain | 0.781789 |
88,151 | In general relativity, the Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation (HJEE) or Einstein–Hamilton–Jacobi equation (EHJE) is an equation in the Hamiltonian formulation of geometrodynamics in superspace, cast in the "geometrodynamics era" around the 1960s, by Asher Peres in 1962 and others. It is an attempt to reformulate general... | Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation | 0.781789 |
88,152 | In classical analytical mechanics, the dynamics of the system is summarized by the action S. In quantum theory, namely non-relativistic quantum mechanics (QM), relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM), as well as quantum field theory (QFT), with varying interpretations and mathematical formalisms in these theories, the beh... | Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation | 0.781789 |
88,153 | Regions where Ψ is maximal or minimal occur at points where there is a probability of finding the particle there, and where the action (phase) change is zero. So in the EHJE above, each wavefront of constant action is where the particle could be found. This equation still does not "unify" quantum mechanics and general ... | Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation | 0.781789 |
88,154 | For a free particle in curved "empty space" or "free space", i.e. in the absence of matter other than the particle itself, the equation can be written: where g is the determinant of the metric tensor and R the Ricci scalar curvature of the 3d geometry (not including time), and the "δ" instead of "d" denotes the variati... | Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation | 0.781789 |
88,155 | It is possible to formulate quantum field theory in curved spacetime, yet even this still cannot incorporate GR because gravity is not renormalizable in QFT. Additionally, in GR particles move through curved spacetime with a deterministically known position and momentum at every instant, while in quantum theory, the po... | Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation | 0.781789 |
88,156 | The division has the following subcommittees and commissions: Subcommittee on Isotopic Abundance Measurements Interdivisional Subcommittee on Materials Chemistry Subcommittee on Stable Isotope Reference Material Assessment Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW) | IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division | 0.781787 |
88,157 | The Inorganic Chemistry Division was a partner in the 2011 Global Chemistry Experiment “Water: A Chemical Solution” that took part during the International Year of Chemistry. | IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division | 0.781787 |
88,158 | The Inorganic Chemistry Division of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), also known as Division II, deals with all aspects of inorganic chemistry, including materials and bioinorganic chemistry, and also with isotopes, atomic weights and the periodic table. It furthermore advises the Chemical ... | IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division | 0.781787 |
88,159 | Integration of information and communication technologies into products anywhere and anytime enable new forms of mobile marketing in respect to situated marketing communication, dynamic pricing models and dynamic product differentiation models. As Fano and Gershman state: "Technology enables service providers to make t... | Smart products | 0.781786 |
88,160 | The first tool that supported the authoring and development of SEMAT practices based on a kernel was the EssWork Practice Workbench tool provided by Ivar Jacobson International. The Practice Workbench tool was made available to the SEMAT community in June 2012 and is now publicly available and free to use. The Practice... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,161 | The first step was here to develop a common ground or a kernel including the essence of software engineering – things we always have, always do, always produce when developing software. The second step was envisioned to add value on top of this kernel in the form of a library of practices to be composed to become speci... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,162 | An important part of SEMAT is that a general theory of software engineering is planned to emerge with significant benefits.A series of workshops held under the title SEMAT Workshop on a General Theory of Software Engineering (GTSE) are a key component in awareness building around general theories.In addition to communi... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,163 | A study was conducted by introducing Essence into a project-based software engineering course, with the aim of understanding what difficulties the students faced in using Essence, and whether they considered it to have been useful. The results indicated that Essence could also be useful for novice software engineers by... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,164 | They are gathering their resources and starting a common venture towards defining a new generation of SEMAT-powered software engineering curricula. As of 2018, some studies of utilizing Essence in educational settings exist. One example of the use of Essence in university education was a software engineering course car... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,165 | The goal of the area is to create educational courses and course materials that are internationally viable, identify pedagogical approaches that are appropriate and effective for specific target groups and disseminate experience and lessons learned. The area includes members from a number of universities and institutes... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,166 | The area focuses on leveraging the work of SEMAT in software engineering education, both within academia and industry. It promotes global education based on a common ground called Essence. The area's target groups are instructors such as university professors and industrial coaches as well as their students and learnin... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,167 | Chapter members have participated in various Latin American conferences, including the Latin American Conference on Informatics (CLEI), the Ibero American Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering Journeys (JIISIC), the Colombian Computing Conference (CCC), and the Chilean Computing Meeting (ECC). The Chapter cont... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,168 | Semat Latin American Chapter was created in August 2011 in Medellin (Colombia) by Ivar Jacobson during the Latin American Software Engineering Symposium. This Chapter has 9 Executive Committee members from Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, chaired by Dr. Carlos Zapata from Colombia. More ... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,169 | The Practice area primarily addresses practices. The Education area is concerned with all issues related to training for both the developers and the academics including students. The Theory area is primarily addressing the search for a General Theory in Software Engineering. | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,170 | SEMAT (Software Engineering Method and Theory) is an initiative to reshape software engineering such that software engineering qualifies as a rigorous discipline. The initiative was launched in December 2009 by Ivar Jacobson, Bertrand Meyer, and Richard Soley with a call for action statement and a vision statement. The... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,171 | EC-leasing is working on an extension of the Kernel for Software Life Cycle. Russian Chapter attended in two conferences: Actual Problems of System and Software Engineering and SECR with SEMAT section and articles. Translation of the Essence book into Russian is in progress. | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,172 | Russian Chapter has about 20 members. A few universities have incorporated SEMAT in their training courses, including Moscow State University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Higher School of Economics, Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics, and Informatics. The chapter and some commercial compan... | SEMAT | 0.781785 |
88,173 | Propane-1,3-dithiol is the parent member of this series. It is employed as a reagent in organic chemistry, since it forms 1,3-dithianes upon treatment with ketones and aldehydes. When derived from aldehydes, the methyne (=CH−) group is sufficiently acidic that it can be deprotonated and the resulting anion can be C-alk... | Dithiol | 0.781781 |
88,174 | In organic chemistry, a dithiol is a type of organosulfur compound with two thiol (−SH) functional groups. Their properties are generally similar to those of monothiols in terms of solubility, odor, and volatility. They can be classified according to the relative location of the two thiol groups on the organic backbone... | Dithiol | 0.781781 |
88,175 | The modus tollens rule can be stated formally as: P → Q , ¬ Q ∴ ¬ P {\displaystyle {\frac {P\to Q,\neg Q}{\therefore \neg P}}} where P → Q {\displaystyle P\to Q} stands for the statement "P implies Q". ¬ Q {\displaystyle \neg Q} stands for "it is not the case that Q" (or in brief "not Q"). Then, whenever " P → Q {\disp... | Modus tollens | 0.781779 |
88,176 | It is then easy to see that Pr ( P ) = 0 {\displaystyle \Pr(P)=0} when Pr ( Q ∣ P ) = 1 {\displaystyle \Pr(Q\mid P)=1} and Pr ( Q ) = 0 {\displaystyle \Pr(Q)=0} . This is because Pr ( ¬ Q ∣ P ) = 1 − Pr ( Q ∣ P ) = 0 {\displaystyle \Pr(\lnot Q\mid P)=1-\Pr(Q\mid P)=0} so that Pr ( P ∣ ¬ Q ) = 0 {\displaystyle \Pr(P\mid... | Modus tollens | 0.781779 |
88,177 | Modus tollens represents an instance of the law of total probability combined with Bayes' theorem expressed as: where the conditionals Pr ( P ∣ Q ) {\displaystyle \Pr(P\mid Q)} and Pr ( P ∣ ¬ Q ) {\displaystyle \Pr(P\mid \lnot Q)} are obtained with (the extended form of) Bayes' theorem expressed as: and In the equation... | Modus tollens | 0.781779 |
88,178 | The conditional opinion ω Q | P A {\displaystyle \omega _{Q|P}^{A}} generalizes the logical statement P → Q {\displaystyle P\to Q} , i.e. in addition to assigning TRUE or FALSE the source A {\displaystyle A} can assign any subjective opinion to the statement. The case where ω Q A {\displaystyle \omega _{Q}^{A}} is an a... | Modus tollens | 0.781779 |
88,179 | In graph theory, Ryser's conjecture is a conjecture relating the maximum matching size and the minimum transversal size in hypergraphs. This conjecture first appeared in 1971 in the Ph.D. thesis of J. R. Henderson, whose advisor was Herbert John Ryser. | Ryser's conjecture | 0.781778 |
88,180 | In the case r=2, the hypergraph becomes a bipartite graph, and the conjecture becomes τ ( H ) ≤ ν ( H ) {\displaystyle \tau (H)\leq \nu (H)} . This is known to be true by Kőnig's theorem. In the case r=3, the conjecture has been proved by Ron Aharoni. The proof uses the Aharoni-Haxell theorem for matching in hypergraph... | Ryser's conjecture | 0.781778 |
88,181 | Suppose G is a compact Lie group acting smoothly on a connected differentiable manifold M. An isotropy group is the subgroup of G fixing some point of M. An isotropy type is a conjugacy class of isotropy groups. The principal orbit type theorem states that there is a unique isotropy type such that the set of points of ... | Principal orbit type | 0.781774 |
88,182 | In mathematics, the principal orbit type theorem states that compact Lie group acting smoothly on a connected differentiable manifold has a principal orbit type. | Principal orbit type | 0.781774 |
88,183 | The next significant system is Japan Atomic Energy Agency's PRIMERGY BX900 Fujitsu supercomputer. It is significantly slower, reaching 200 TFLOPS and ranking as the 38th in the world in 2011.Historically, the Gravity Pipe (GRAPE) system for astrophysics at the University of Tokyo was distinguished not by its top speed ... | Supercomputing in Japan | 0.781774 |
88,184 | Both viruses' E protein pentamers have been structurally characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.The membrane topology of the E protein has been studied in a number of coronaviruses with inconsistent results; the protein's orientation in the membrane may be variable. The balance of evidence suggests th... | Coronavirus envelope protein | 0.781773 |
88,185 | In some, but not all, coronaviruses, the E protein is post-translationally modified by palmitoylation on conserved cysteine residues. In the SARS-CoV E protein, one glycosylation site has been observed, which may influence membrane topology; however, the functional significance of E glycosylation is unclear. Ubiquitina... | Coronavirus envelope protein | 0.781773 |
88,186 | The Petkau effect is an early counterexample to linear-effect assumptions usually made about radiation exposure. It was found by Dr. Abram Petkau at the Atomic Energy of Canada Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment, Manitoba and published in Health Physics March 1972. The Petkau effect was coined by Swiss nuclear h... | Petkau effect | 0.781771 |
88,187 | The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various feat... | Cladogram | 0.781771 |
88,188 | The tuning fork scheme divided regular galaxies into three broad classes – ellipticals, lenticulars and spirals – based on their visual appearance (originally on photographic plates). A fourth class contains galaxies with an irregular appearance. The Hubble sequence is the most commonly used system for classifying gala... | Hubble type | 0.781769 |
88,189 | The Text Services Framework is designed to offer advanced language and word processing features to applications. It supports features such as multilingual support, keyboard drivers, handwriting recognition, speech recognition, as well as spell checking and other text and natural language processing functions. It is als... | Text Services Framework | 0.781768 |
88,190 | Specifically, we have h k ( x ) = e i k x , k ∈ Z , {\displaystyle h_{k}(x)=e^{ikx},\quad k\in \mathbb {Z} ,\;} which are precisely the characters of T. Each convolution is a compact multiplication operator in this basis. This can be viewed as a version of the convolution theorem discussed above. A discrete example is ... | Convolution | 0.781766 |
88,191 | Furthermore, the convention is also required for consistency with the definition of the convolution of measures given below. However, with a right instead of a left Haar measure, the latter integral is preferred over the former. On locally compact abelian groups, a version of the convolution theorem holds: the Fourier ... | Convolution | 0.781766 |
88,192 | The convolution appears notably in the definition of Hopf algebras (Kassel 1995, §III.3). A bialgebra is a Hopf algebra if and only if it has an antipode: an endomorphism S such that S ∗ id X = id X ∗ S = η ∘ ε . {\displaystyle S*\operatorname {id} _{X}=\operatorname {id} _{X}*S=\eta \circ \varepsilon .} | Convolution | 0.781766 |
88,193 | Let (X, Δ, ∇, ε, η) be a bialgebra with comultiplication Δ, multiplication ∇, unit η, and counit ε. The convolution is a product defined on the endomorphism algebra End(X) as follows. Let φ, ψ ∈ End(X), that is, φ, ψ: X → X are functions that respect all algebraic structure of X, then the convolution φ∗ψ is defined as ... | Convolution | 0.781766 |
88,194 | The Open Knowledge Repository is built on the open-source platform DSpace. It complies with Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) standards and its metadata is exposed by the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). In the words of Diane Peters, the repository's adherence to DCMI and OAI-PM... | Open Knowledge Repository | 0.781766 |
88,195 | Sometimes this makes it possible to significantly reduce the amount of computation, for example in approximate calculation of conformal mappings of strongly elongated rectangles.Economic Geography: The obtained results are particularly useful for applications in economic geography. In a case where the function describe... | Superslow Process | 0.781765 |
88,196 | Most of the time, the superslow processes lie beyond the scope of investigation due to the reason of their superslowness. Multiple gaps can be easily detected in biology, astronomy, physics, mechanics, economics, linguistics, ecology, gerontology, etc. Biology: Traditional scientific research in this area was focused o... | Superslow Process | 0.781765 |
88,197 | In the field of physics, the adjective covariant is often used informally as a synonym for invariant. For example, the Schrödinger equation does not keep its written form under the coordinate transformations of special relativity. Thus, a physicist might say that the Schrödinger equation is not covariant. In contrast, ... | Covariant vector | 0.781765 |
88,198 | The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is a way to achieve clean and renewable energy. This process can be more efficient if it is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water rather than a photovoltaic or an electrolytic system, so that the reaction takes place in one ... | Water splitting | 0.781764 |
88,199 | Gromov's original 1983 proof is about 35 pages long. It relies on a number of techniques and inequalities of global Riemannian geometry. The starting point of the proof is the imbedding of X into the Banach space of Borel functions on X, equipped with the sup norm. The imbedding is defined by mapping a point p of X, to... | Gromov's systolic inequality for essential manifolds | 0.781764 |
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