id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
89,600 | Gauge invariance is an important property of modern particle theories such as the Standard Model, partly due to its success in other areas of fundamental physics such as electromagnetism and the strong interaction (quantum chromodynamics). However, before Sheldon Glashow extended the electroweak unification models in 1... | Introduction to the Higgs field | 0.78125 |
89,601 | It was the first proposal capable of showing how the weak force gauge bosons could have mass despite their governing symmetry, within a gauge invariant theory. Although these ideas did not gain much initial support or attention, by 1972 they had been developed into a comprehensive theory and proved capable of giving "s... | Introduction to the Higgs field | 0.78125 |
89,602 | More speculatively, the Higgs field has also been proposed as the energy of the vacuum, which at the extreme energies of the first moments of the Big Bang caused the universe to be a kind of featureless symmetry of undifferentiated, extremely high energy. In this kind of speculation, the single unified field of a Grand... | Introduction to the Higgs field | 0.78125 |
89,603 | So whatever was giving these particles their mass had to not "break" gauge invariance as the basis for other parts of the theories where it worked well, and had to not require or predict unexpected massless particles or long-range forces which did not actually seem to exist in nature. A solution to all of these overlap... | Introduction to the Higgs field | 0.78125 |
89,604 | A renaming competition by British newspaper The Guardian in 2009 resulted in their science correspondent choosing the name "the champagne bottle boson" as the best submission: "The bottom of a champagne bottle is in the shape of the Higgs potential and is often used as an illustration in physics lectures. So it's not a... | Introduction to the Higgs field | 0.78125 |
89,605 | Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering: A NASA Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of computer science covering systems and software engineering, including formal methods. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of NASA. The editors-in-chief are Michael Hinchey (University of Lim... | Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering | 0.781246 |
89,606 | In one-player mode, the computer artificial intelligence controls the second player, so that one never has to fight the chaos alone. Control of characters cannot be swapped once chosen. It is possible to play with only one character, by starting a two-player game and letting the enemies kill the second character. | The Chaos Engine | 0.781243 |
89,607 | Two main ways to bypass CAPTCHA include using cheap human labor to recognize them, and using machine learning to build an automated solver. According to former Google "click fraud czar" Shuman Ghosemajumder, there are numerous services which solve CAPTCHAs automatically. | CAPTCHA | 0.781243 |
89,608 | In October 2013, artificial intelligence company Vicarious claimed that it had developed a generic CAPTCHA-solving algorithm that was able to solve modern CAPTCHAs with character recognition rates of up to 90%. However, Luis von Ahn, a pioneer of early CAPTCHA and founder of reCAPTCHA, said: "It's hard for me to be imp... | CAPTCHA | 0.781243 |
89,609 | CAPTCHAs based on reading text—or other visual-perception tasks—prevent blind or visually impaired users from accessing the protected resource. However, CAPTCHAs do not have to be visual. Any hard artificial intelligence problem, such as speech recognition, can be used as CAPTCHA. Some implementations of CAPTCHAs permi... | CAPTCHA | 0.781243 |
89,610 | Parsing refers to the ability to understand the CAPTCHA holistically, in order to correctly identify each character.Each of these problems poses a significant challenge for a computer, even in isolation. Therefore, these three techniques in tandem make CAPTCHAs difficult for computers to solve.Whilst primarily used for... | CAPTCHA | 0.781243 |
89,611 | Some researchers have proposed alternatives including image recognition CAPTCHAs which require users to identify simple objects in the images presented. The argument in favor of these schemes is that tasks like object recognition are more complex to perform than text recognition and therefore should be more resilient t... | CAPTCHA | 0.781243 |
89,612 | TSP has been adapted to work with other types of knowledge work, including systems engineering and services.Mapping TSP to Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) practices was documented in 2010, and piloted as an alternative path to implement CMMI process improvement. A body of knowledge (BOK) was issued in 2010.... | Team Software Process | 0.781239 |
89,613 | Every closed, orientable, connected 3-manifold is obtained by performing Dehn surgery on a link in the 3-sphere. This result, the Lickorish–Wallace theorem, was first proven by Andrew H. Wallace in 1960 and independently by W. B. R. Lickorish in a stronger form in 1962. Via the now well-known relation between genuine s... | Dehn surgery | 0.781237 |
89,614 | ), one picks two oriented simple closed curves m i {\displaystyle m_{i}} and ℓ i {\displaystyle \ell _{i}} on the corresponding boundary torus T i {\displaystyle T_{i}} of the drilled 3-manifold, where m i {\displaystyle m_{i}} is a meridian of L i {\displaystyle L_{i}} (a curve staying in a small ball in M {\displayst... | Dehn surgery | 0.781237 |
89,615 | In topology, a branch of mathematics, a Dehn surgery, named after Max Dehn, is a construction used to modify 3-manifolds. The process takes as input a 3-manifold together with a link. It is often conceptualized as two steps: drilling then filling. | Dehn surgery | 0.781237 |
89,616 | Modeling Algorithms: contains a vast range of geometrical and topological algorithms (intersection, Boolean operations, surface meshing, fillets, shape healing). Visualization (rendering): provides interactive services for displaying geometry in 3D Viewer; implements a compact OpenGL / OpenGL ES renderer, supporting co... | Open CASCADE Technology | 0.781235 |
89,617 | JSketcher a browser based parametric 3D modeler. IFC Open Shell, a Python library for working with IFC data. Uses Open CASCADE internally to convert the implicit geometry in IFC files into explicit geometry that any software CAD or modelling package can use. | Open CASCADE Technology | 0.781235 |
89,618 | Since version 3.0, Gmsh supports full constructive solid geometry features, based on OCCT. FORAN an integrated CAD/CAM/CAE system developed by SENER for the design and production of practically any naval ship and offshore unit. FORAN uses OCCT since V80R2.0 release for working with analytical surfaces. | Open CASCADE Technology | 0.781235 |
89,619 | In mathematics, the Chevalley–Iwahori–Nagata theorem states that if a linear algebraic group G is acting linearly on a finite-dimensional vector space V, then the map from V/G to the spectrum of the ring of invariant polynomials is an isomorphism if this ring is finitely generated and all orbits of G on V are closed (D... | Chevalley–Iwahori–Nagata theorem | 0.781233 |
89,620 | A Higgs factory is a particle accelerator designed to produce Higgs bosons at a very high rate, allowing precision studies of this particle. A Higgs factory was identified as the highest future priority of particle physics in the 2020 European Strategy Report. This view was reaffirmed in 2022 by the International Commi... | Higgs factory | 0.781232 |
89,621 | In mathematics, Watt's curve is a tricircular plane algebraic curve of degree six. It is generated by two circles of radius b with centers distance 2a apart (taken to be at (±a, 0)). A line segment of length 2c attaches to a point on each of the circles, and the midpoint of the line segment traces out the Watt curve as... | Watt's curve | 0.781231 |
89,622 | The sets 0 ( 1 ) {\displaystyle 0^{(1)}} and 0 ( 2 ) {\displaystyle 0^{(2)}} are 0 ′ {\displaystyle 0'} and 0 ″ {\displaystyle 0''} , respectively. If δ is a limit ordinal, let ⟨ λ n ∣ n ∈ N ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle \lambda _{n}\mid n\in \mathbb {N} \rangle } be the sequence of ordinals less than δ given by the notatio... | Hyperarithmetical theory | 0.78123 |
89,623 | In statistical physics, the axial (or anisotropic) next-nearest neighbor Ising model, usually known as the ANNNI model, is a variant of the Ising model. In the ANNNI model, competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions couple spins at nearest neighbor and next-nearest neighbor sites along one of t... | ANNNI model | 0.781229 |
89,624 | It encodes a mitochondrial matrix protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. The manganese site forms a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with four ligands from the protein and a fifth solvent ligand. This solvent ligand is a hydroxide believed to serve as the electron acceptor of the enzyme... | SOD2 | 0.781228 |
89,625 | The identification of critical control points in the cell death pathway has yielded fundamental insights for basic biology, as well as provided rational targets for new therapeutics a normal embryologic processes, or during cell injury (such as ischemia-reperfusion injury during heart attacks and strokes) or during dev... | SOD2 | 0.781228 |
89,626 | SOD2 uses cyclic proton-coupled electron transfer reactions to convert superoxide (O2•-) into either oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), depending on the oxidation state of the manganese metal and the protonation status of the active site. Mn3+ + O2•- ↔ Mn2+ + O2Mn2+ + O2•- + 2H+ ↔ Mn3+ + H2O2The protons of the ac... | SOD2 | 0.781228 |
89,627 | The contractor's locomotive was a small tank locomotive specially adapted for use by civil engineering contractor firms engaged in the building of railways. The locomotives would be used for hauling men, equipment and building materials over temporary railway networks built at the worksite that were frequently re-laid ... | Well tank | 0.781224 |
89,628 | Over the last three decades, two main evolutionary frameworks emerged in archaeology: Evolutionary Archaeology (EA) and Evolutionary Ecology (EE). The former draws on analogies with genetic and biological evolution in that it focuses on variation in cultural traits and attempts to reconstruct their phylogenetic histori... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,629 | This is sometimes called the sociobiology approach. It provided a rich theoretical groundwork for analyzing culture in terms of modern evolutionary theory, but also developed “rigorous mathematical treatments of cultural change inspired by population genetic models”. With the works of Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman and Boy... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,630 | What is important to gather is that by applying an EE analysis to anthropological and archaeological phenomena, it allows researchers to employ phenotypic plasticity to the explanations of human behavior. By doing so, this explanatory framework gives humans the cognitive abilities to “adapt to change quicker that they ... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,631 | Evolutionary ecology also employs Darwinian properties; however natural selection is involved in the development of the cognitive process that led humans to be able to make fitness enhancing decisions. Archaeologist who utilized EE, use adaptive design as a starting point to create and test models by incorporating opti... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,632 | Evolutionary archaeologist claim EA is not employing scientific metaphors from biology to explain archaeological process, but instead these evolutionary outlooks can elucidate the effect "on the questions asked, the taxonomies employed, and the role of archaeology as a discipline in a wider scientific and public landsc... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,633 | According to Mesoudi (2006) it is necessary to treat cultural traits as analogous to biological characters. By using this analogy, it allows anthropologists and archaeologists, to apply strict phylogenetic methods to cultural data, no differently than evolutionary biologists (Mesoudi, 2006). The logic behind this appro... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,634 | Applying phylogenetic theory in archaeology and paleobiology takes on a fundamental assumption. This is that similar traits that vary through time are “causally connected by inheritance” which O’Brien & Lyman (2000) term the assumption of “heritable continuity”. These evolutionary lineages according to Simpson (1961) s... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,635 | There are two main approaches currently used to analyze archaeological remains from an evolutionary perspective: evolutionary archaeology and behavioral (or evolutionary) ecology. The former assumes that cultural change observed in the archaeological record can be best explained by the direct action of natural selectio... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,636 | In addition, critics such as, Bloch 2000; Pinker 1997 blatantly reject any evolutionary analysis of culture. The use of phylogenetics and cladistics also is an issue because it is quite difficult to account for distinct “characters” in cultural artifacts, as O’Brien & Lyman (2003) state. The counterargument is that jus... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,637 | The main criticism of the EA is that one cannot use biological terminology and simply apply it to other disciplines, such as anthropology and specifically archaeology. In other words, critics claim that there is no value of this approach and words such as ‘variation’, ‘selection’ and ‘drift’ are merely metaphorical. Th... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,638 | Another approach in evolutionary archaeology is the adaptation of neutral drift models from evolutionary biology (example,Crow & Kimura (1970) to account for “stylistic variation” in artifacts (Mesoudi, 2006). Neiman (1995), used a model that incorporated the selectively neutral but opposing forces of drift and innovat... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,639 | They are practitioners of this approach because they argue that this method does not “force artifacts into distinct categories and distorts their true phylogenetic relationships” (O’Brien and Lyman 2000). O’Brien and Lyman (2003) state that employing cladistics methods is also necessary if one is trying to explain the ... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.781223 |
89,640 | Once attention was drawn to this theory within particle physics, the parallels were clear. A change of the usually long range electromagnetic field to become short ranged, within a gauge invariant theory, was exactly the needed effect sought for the weak force bosons (because a long range force has massless gauge boson... | Higgs particle | 0.781222 |
89,641 | They were also sure, from initial observations, that the new particle was some kind of boson. The behaviours and properties of the particle, so far as examined since July 2012, also seemed quite close to the behaviours expected of a Higgs boson. Even so, it could still have been a Higgs boson or some other unknown boso... | Higgs particle | 0.781222 |
89,642 | Symmetries of this kind are powerful tools for a deep understanding of the fundamental forces and particles of our physical world. Gauge invariance is therefore an important property within particle physics theory. They are closely connected to conservation laws and are described mathematically using group theory. Quan... | Higgs particle | 0.781222 |
89,643 | A model of a gas of particles moving in one dimension and satisfying Bose–Einstein statistics was introduced in 1963 in order to study whether the available approximate theories of such gases, specifically Bogoliubov's theory, would conform to the actual properties of the model gas. The model is based on a well defined... | Lieb–Liniger model | 0.781222 |
89,644 | The Lieb–Liniger model describes a gas of particles moving in one dimension and satisfying Bose–Einstein statistics. | Lieb–Liniger model | 0.781222 |
89,645 | "It is only slightly overstating the case to say that physics is the study of symmetry" – Philip Anderson, Nobel Prize PhysicsGauge invariant theories are theories which have a useful feature; some kinds of changes to the value of certain items do not make any difference to the outcomes or the measurements we make. An ... | Higgs particle | 0.781222 |
89,646 | But evidence suggested these did not exist either. This meant either gauge invariance was an incorrect approach, or something unknown was giving the weak force's W and Z bosons their mass, and doing it in a way that did not create Goldstone bosons. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, physicists were at a loss as to how ... | Higgs particle | 0.781222 |
89,647 | Today, the string pot is used both for testing and as a component of equipment. Common applications include: hydraulic cylinder position measurement, automotive and aerospace testing, factory automation, medical devices, oil and chemical, structural testing, industrial machinery, robotics.Hydraulic cylinders are used i... | String potentiometer | 0.781222 |
89,648 | Because of its strategies for correcting for overfitting by considering more data, and refining the rules based on that data, IH might also be considered to be a form of machine learning. The advantage of IH, as compared with other data mining products of its time and even later, was that it provided a mechanism for fi... | Information Harvesting | 0.78122 |
89,649 | A "moon" was detected moving away from Mercury in 1974, and was eventually identified as a background star, 31 Crateris. 31 Crateris is a spectroscopic binary with a period of 2.9 days, and this may have been the source of the ultraviolet radiation detected in 1974. The 'moon of Mercury' misidentification in 1974 spark... | Hypothetical moon of Mercury | 0.78122 |
89,650 | A guide has been published (Open-Source Lab (book) by Joshua Pearce) on using open-source electronics and 3D printing to make open-source labs. Today, scientists are creating many such labs. Examples include: Boston Open Source Science Laboratory, Somerville, Massachusetts BYU Open Source Lab, Brigham Young University ... | Open-source computer hardware | 0.78122 |
89,651 | Development of new open hardware designs at FreeIO ended in 2007 when Martin died of pancreatic cancer but the existing designs remain available from the organization's website.By the mid 2000s open-source hardware again became a hub of activity due to the emergence of several major open-source hardware projects and co... | Open-source computer hardware | 0.78122 |
89,652 | A geoboard is a mathematical manipulative used to explore basic concepts in plane geometry such as perimeter, area and the characteristics of triangles and other polygons. It consists of a physical board with a certain number of nails half driven in, around which are wrapped geo bands that are made of rubber. Normal ru... | Geoboard | 0.781219 |
89,653 | Salts of the octafluoroxenate(VI) anion (XeF2−8) are very stable, decomposing only above 400 °C. This anion has been shown to have square antiprismatic geometry, based on single-crystal X-ray counter analysis of its nitrosonium salt, (NO)2XeF8. The sodium and potassium salts are formed directly from sodium fluoride and... | XeF6 | 0.781219 |
89,654 | It assumed that properties are invariant under stuttering. The formal definition of safety given above appears in a paper by Alpern and Schneider; the connection between the two formalizations of safety properties appears in a paper by Alpern, Demers, and Schneider.Alpern and Schneider gives the formal definition for l... | Safety property | 0.781218 |
89,655 | The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). | Hydrogenothermaceae | 0.781217 |
89,656 | Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 47th ed. Note that "(s)" annotation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor pressure of solid. Otherwise indication is equilibrium temperature of vapor of liquid. | Tetrachloroethylene (data page) | 0.781215 |
89,657 | As an example of this last construction, if C {\displaystyle C} is the collection of all compact subspaces of a topological space ( X , τ ) , {\displaystyle (X,\tau ),} the resulting topology τ C {\displaystyle \tau _{C}} defines the k-ification k X {\displaystyle kX} of X . {\displaystyle X.} The spaces X {\displaysty... | Coherent (topology) | 0.781215 |
89,658 | {\displaystyle C.} And the topology τ C {\displaystyle \tau _{C}} is always coherent with C . {\displaystyle C.} | Coherent (topology) | 0.781215 |
89,659 | The topology τ C {\displaystyle \tau _{C}} is finer than the original topology τ , {\displaystyle \tau ,} and strictly finer if τ {\displaystyle \tau } was not coherent with C . {\displaystyle C.} But the topologies τ {\displaystyle \tau } and τ C {\displaystyle \tau _{C}} induce the same subspace topology on each of t... | Coherent (topology) | 0.781215 |
89,660 | open map) if and only if each f α {\displaystyle f_{\alpha }} is closed (resp. open).Given a topological space ( X , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\tau )} and a family of subspaces C = { C α } {\displaystyle C=\{C_{\alpha }\}} there is a unique topology τ C {\displaystyle \tau _{C}} on X {\displaystyle X} that is coherent with... | Coherent (topology) | 0.781215 |
89,661 | In topology, a coherent topology is a topology that is uniquely determined by a family of subspaces. Loosely speaking, a topological space is coherent with a family of subspaces if it is a topological union of those subspaces. It is also sometimes called the weak topology generated by the family of subspaces, a notion ... | Coherent (topology) | 0.781215 |
89,662 | In graph theory, a Ptolemaic graph is an undirected graph whose shortest path distances obey Ptolemy's inequality, which in turn was named after the Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy. The Ptolemaic graphs are exactly the graphs that are both chordal and distance-hereditary; they include the block graphs and ar... | Ptolemaic graph | 0.781215 |
89,663 | To form all Ptolemaic graphs, it is not enough to use pendant vertices and true twins; the exceptional case of false twins is sometimes also required. The Hasse diagram of the subset relation on nonempty intersections of maximal cliques forms an oriented tree. The convex subsets of vertices (subsets that contain every ... | Ptolemaic graph | 0.781215 |
89,664 | Second (MP2), third (MP3), and fourth (MP4) order Møller–Plesset calculations are standard levels used in calculating small systems and are implemented in many computational chemistry codes. Higher level MP calculations, generally only MP5, are possible in some codes. However, they are rarely used because of their cost... | Møller–Plesset perturbation theory | 0.781214 |
89,665 | Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP) is one of several quantum chemistry post–Hartree–Fock ab initio methods in the field of computational chemistry. It improves on the Hartree–Fock method by adding electron correlation effects by means of Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory (RS-PT), usually to second (MP2), th... | Møller–Plesset perturbation theory | 0.781214 |
89,666 | It reacts dangerously with bromine.MTBE forms azeotropes with water (52.6 °C; 96.5% MTBE) and methanol (51.3 °C; 68.6% MTBE).In a medical procedure called contact dissolution therapy, MTBE is injected directly into the gallbladder to dissolve gallstones.MTBE is used in organic chemistry as a relatively inexpensive solv... | Methyl tert-butyl ether | 0.781214 |
89,667 | Standards European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationTechnical ACS Rubber DivisionRubber Chemistry and TechnologyTire SocietyTire Science and Technology | Outline of tires | 0.781213 |
89,668 | In statistics, Scheffé's method, named after the American statistician Henry Scheffé, is a method for adjusting significance levels in a linear regression analysis to account for multiple comparisons. It is particularly useful in analysis of variance (a special case of regression analysis), and in constructing simultan... | Scheffe method | 0.78121 |
89,669 | In statistics, an ogive, also known as a cumulative frequency polygon, can refer to one of two things: any hand drawn graphic of a cumulative distribution function any empirical cumulative distribution function.The points plotted as part of an ogive are the upper class limit and the corresponding cumulative absolute fr... | Ogive (statistics) | 0.781209 |
89,670 | In mathematics, Mitchell's group is a complex reflection group in 6 complex dimensions of order 108 × 9!, introduced by Mitchell (1914). It has the structure 6.PSU4(F3).2. As a complex reflection group it has 126 reflections of order 2, and its ring of invariants is a polynomial algebra with generators of degrees 6, 12... | Mitchell's group | 0.781208 |
89,671 | IETE today is one of the prominent technical institution to provide education to working professionals in India and is fast expanding its wings across the country through its 60+ centres. Since 1953, IETE has expanded its educational activities in areas of electronics, telecommunications, computer science and informati... | Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers | 0.781207 |
89,672 | The Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE) is India's leading recognized professional society devoted to the advancement of science, technology, electronics, telecommunication and information technology. Founded in 1953, it serves more than 70,000+ members through 60+ centers/sub centers prim... | Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers | 0.781207 |
89,673 | The science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, with a B.S. degree (physics and mathematics honors) (King's college), was an assistant editor for Physics Abstracts from 1949 to 1951. This position allowed Clarke to access to "all of the world's leading scientific journals." | Inspec | 0.781206 |
89,674 | This decision allowed the subject's scope to widen, particularly in physics. As a result, this allowed a larger quantity of material to be covered. Since 1967, electronic access to Science Abstracts has been provided by INSPEC. | Inspec | 0.781206 |
89,675 | The cost of the publication was mainly borne by the IEE and The Physical Society. Financial contributions were also received from the Institution of Civil Engineers, The Royal Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science By 1902, the annual number of abstracts published had increased to 2,362. By ... | Inspec | 0.781206 |
89,676 | The first issue of Science Abstracts was published in January 1898. During that first year, a total of 1,423 abstracts were published at monthly intervals, and at the end of the year an author and subject index were added. The first issue contained 110 abstracts and was divided into 10 sections: General Physics Light H... | Inspec | 0.781206 |
89,677 | In 1975 or 1976 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers also became an author. By 1980 this database was also issued as INSPEC-Physics on various formats. It was also available as part of INSPEC database. Presently it is part of Inspec, Section A - Physics database. At the same time, the Physics Abstracts... | Inspec | 0.781206 |
89,678 | Section A, Physics and Science Abstracts. Section A, Physics Abstracts from volume 6 to volume 74. By 1972 other societies were associated as authors of this service such as the American Institute of Physics. | Inspec | 0.781206 |
89,679 | Physics Abstracts (ISSN 0036-8091 LCCN 76-646597 Frequency: 24 per year) is an abstracting and indexing service first published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers. It was first circulated as Science Abstracts, volume 1 through volume 5 from 1898 to 1902. From 1903 to 1971 the database had different titles. Thes... | Inspec | 0.781206 |
89,680 | Inspec is a major indexing database of scientific and technical literature, published by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), and formerly by the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), one of the IET's forerunners. Inspec coverage is extensive in the fields of physics, computing, control, and engine... | Inspec | 0.781206 |
89,681 | Inspec has several print counterparts: Computer and Control Abstracts (ISSN 0036-8113) Electrical and Electronics Abstracts (ISSN 0036-8105) Physics Abstracts (ISSN 0036-8091) Science Abstracts Electrical engineering Abstracts* Electronics Abstracts Control theory Abstracts Information technology Abstracts Physics Inde... | Inspec | 0.781206 |
89,682 | In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. This concept first arose in calculus, and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory. | Monotonically non-decreasing | 0.781206 |
89,683 | Language geography is the branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. Linguistic geography can also refer to studies of how people talk about the landscape. For example, toponymy is the study of place names. Landscape ethnoecology, also known as ethnoph... | Language geography | 0.781206 |
89,684 | Brownian motion and stochastic calculus. 1992 – Fischer Black and Robert Litterman: Global Portfolio Optimization, Financial Analysts Journal, September 1992, pp. 28–43 JSTOR 4479577 Black–Litterman model 1994 – J.P. Morgan RiskMetrics Group, RiskMetrics Technical Document, 1996, RiskMetrics model and framework 2002 – ... | Quantitative analysis (finance) | 0.781204 |
89,685 | 1900 – Louis Bachelier, Théorie de la spéculation 1938 – Frederick Macaulay, The Movements of Interest Rates. Bond Yields and Stock Prices in the United States since 1856, pp. 44–53, Bond duration 1944 – Kiyosi Itô, "Stochastic Integral", Proceedings of the Imperial Academy, 20(8), pp. 519–524 1952 – Harry Markowitz, P... | Quantitative analysis (finance) | 0.781204 |
89,686 | This demand for quantitative analysts has led to the creation of specialized Masters and PhD courses in financial engineering, mathematical finance, computational finance, and/or financial reinsurance. In particular, Master's degrees in mathematical finance, financial engineering, operations research, computational sta... | Quantitative analysis (finance) | 0.781204 |
89,687 | Quantitative analysts often come from financial mathematics, financial engineering, applied mathematics, physics or engineering backgrounds, and quantitative analysis is a major source of employment for people with financial mathematics master's degrees, or with mathematics and physics PhD degrees. Typically, a quantit... | Quantitative analysis (finance) | 0.781204 |
89,688 | Neurocognitive disorders can have numerous causes: genetics, brain trauma, stroke, and heart issues. The main causes are neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease because they affect or deteriorate brain functions. Other diseases and conditions that cause NCDs... | Cognitive disorder | 0.781202 |
89,689 | International commitments reflected in the Paris Agreement have led to efforts toward a renewable energy transition as a strategy for climate change mitigation. Green capitalism and sustainable development approaches have informed policy in many countries of the Global North, resulting in rapid growth of the electric v... | Electric vehicle battery supply chain | 0.781201 |
89,690 | The crystal structure of TEAB has been determined and found to exhibit a distorted tetrahedral symmetry with respect to the geometry of the C atoms around the central N. | Tetraethylammonium bromide | 0.781201 |
89,691 | Evolutionary neoteny can arise in a species when those conditions occur, and a species becomes sexually mature ahead of its "normal development". Another explanation for the neoteny in domesticated animals can be the selection for certain behavioral characteristics. Behavior is linked to genetics which therefore means ... | Neoteny | 0.7812 |
89,692 | Neoteny (), also called juvenilization, is the delaying or slowing of the physiological, or somatic, development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny is found in modern humans compared to other primates. In progenesis or paedogenesis, sexual development is accelerated.Both neoteny and progenesis result in paedo... | Neoteny | 0.7812 |
89,693 | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, dagger compact categories (or dagger compact closed categories) first appeared in 1989 in the work of Sergio Doplicher and John E. Roberts on the reconstruction of compact topological groups from their category of finite-dimensional continuous unitary representations (that i... | Dagger compact category | 0.7812 |
89,694 | 1_{A})} is unitary if and only if ψ {\displaystyle \psi } is complementary to the observable ( A , δ , ε ) {\displaystyle (A,\delta ,\varepsilon )} | Dagger compact category | 0.7812 |
89,695 | An eigenstate of the observable ( A , δ , ε ) {\displaystyle (A,\delta ,\varepsilon )} is any object ψ {\displaystyle \psi } for which δ ∘ ψ = ψ ⊗ ψ {\displaystyle \delta \circ \psi =\psi \otimes \psi } Eigenstates are orthogonal to one another.An object ψ {\displaystyle \psi } is complementary to the observable ( A , ... | Dagger compact category | 0.7812 |
89,696 | Dagger compact categories can be used to express and verify some fundamental quantum information protocols, namely: teleportation, logic gate teleportation and entanglement swapping, and standard notions such as unitarity, inner-product, trace, Choi–Jamiolkowsky duality, complete positivity, Bell states and many other ... | Dagger compact category | 0.7812 |
89,697 | Selinger showed that dagger compact categories admit a Joyal-Street style diagrammatic language and proved that dagger compact categories are complete with respect to finite dimensional Hilbert spaces i.e. an equational statement in the language of dagger compact categories holds if and only if it can be derived in the... | Dagger compact category | 0.7812 |
89,698 | The completeness theorem implies that basic notions from Hilbert spaces carry over to any dagger compact category. The typical language employed, however, changes. The notion of a basis is given in terms of a coalgebra. Given an object A from a dagger compact category, a basis is a comonoid object ( A , δ , ε ) {\displ... | Dagger compact category | 0.7812 |
89,699 | To date, the only case of Bunyakovsky's conjecture that has been proved is that of polynomials of degree 1. This is Dirichlet's theorem, which states that when a {\displaystyle a} and m {\displaystyle m} are relatively prime integers there are infinitely many prime numbers p ≡ a ( mod m ) {\displaystyle p\equiv a{\pmod... | Bunyakovsky conjecture | 0.7812 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.