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89,800 | A neurogenetics genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis investigated genetic correlations of language-related skills, reporting genetic factors of, the so far uniquely human, language-related capabilities, in particular factors of differences in skill-levels of five tested traits. It also used neuroanatomy/n... | Neuroenhancement | 0.781144 |
89,801 | Hellenistic astronomy is known to have been practiced near India in the Greco-Bactrian city of Ai-Khanoum from the 3rd century BCE. Various sun-dials, including an equatorial sundial adjusted to the latitude of Ujjain have been found in archaeological excavations there. Numerous interactions with the Mauryan Empire, an... | Ancient Greek astronomy | 0.781143 |
89,802 | Many philosophers followed, but they relied on pure thought and intuition, as the scientific method had not been designed yet. Still, they rejected supernatural explanations, all ideas were open to be challenged, debated and eventually discarded for better ones, and no idea shall stand if it contradicted observable fac... | Ancient Greek astronomy | 0.781143 |
89,803 | Most of the names of the stars, planets, and constellations of the northern hemisphere are inherited from the terminology of Greek astronomy, which are however indeed derived from the empirical knowledge in Babylonian astronomy, characterized by its theoretical model formulation in terms of algebraic and numerical rela... | Ancient Greek astronomy | 0.781143 |
89,804 | During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many of the Greek and non-Greek astronomers working in the Greek tradition studied at the Museum and the Library of Alexandria in Ptolemaic Egypt. The development of astronomy by the Greek and notably Hellenistic astronomers is considered to be a major phase in the history of a... | Ancient Greek astronomy | 0.781143 |
89,805 | Ancient Greek astronomy is the astronomy written in the Greek language during classical antiquity. Greek astronomy is understood to include the Ancient Greek, Hellenistic, Greco-Roman, and late antique eras. It is not limited geographically to Greece or to ethnic Greeks, as the Greek language had become the language of... | Ancient Greek astronomy | 0.781143 |
89,806 | Books by Roman authors like Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius contain some information on Greek astronomy. The most important primary source is the Almagest, since Ptolemy refers to the work of many of his predecessors (Evans 1998, p. 24). | Ancient Greek astronomy | 0.781143 |
89,807 | In mathematics, the direct image functor is a construction in sheaf theory that generalizes the global sections functor to the relative case. It is of fundamental importance in topology and algebraic geometry. Given a sheaf F defined on a topological space X and a continuous map f: X → Y, we can define a new sheaf f∗F ... | Direct image | 0.781142 |
89,808 | Among the ORI's projects are various autonomous vehicles as a part of the Mobile Robotics Group's Robotcar project. There have been various iterations of the hardware and software used in these experiments. The first vehicle used as a research platform by the Mobile Robotics Group was a Bowler Wildcat provided by BAE S... | Oxford Robotics Institute | 0.781142 |
89,809 | The Oxford Robotics Institute (ORI) is an interdisciplinary division within the University of Oxford. It is dedicated to researching robotics, artificial intelligence, systems engineering, and other related fields. The ORI is a subsidiary of the Department of Engineering Science.Information engineering Professor Paul N... | Oxford Robotics Institute | 0.781142 |
89,810 | Dynamic Robot Systems Group (DRS): control, motion planning, mapping, and navigation for dynamically moving robots. Goal-Oriented Long-Lived Systems (GOALS): long-term autonomy and planning for robots operating for long periods of time in uncertain dynamic environments. Estimation, Search & Planning Group (ESP): algori... | Oxford Robotics Institute | 0.781142 |
89,811 | The ORI is divided into five groups, each with a different specialisation. Mobile Robotics Group (MRG): navigation systems, autonomous vehicles. This group is headed by Paul Newman, who is also the founder of Oxbotica. Applied AI Lab (A2I): artificial intelligence and machine learning. | Oxford Robotics Institute | 0.781142 |
89,812 | Notable derivative-free optimization algorithms include: Bayesian optimization Coordinate descent and adaptive coordinate descent Cuckoo search Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) DONE Evolution strategies, Natural evolution strategies (CMA-ES, xNES, SNES) Genetic algorithms MCS algorithm Nelder-Mead method Particle swarm opt... | Derivative-free optimization | 0.78114 |
89,813 | There exist benchmarks for blackbox optimization algorithms, see e.g. the bbob-biobj tests. | Derivative-free optimization | 0.78114 |
89,814 | Some of these methods can be proved to discover optima, but some are rather metaheuristic since the problems are in general more difficult to solve compared to convex optimization. For these, the ambition is rather to efficiently find "good" parameter values which can be near-optimal given enough resources, but optimal... | Derivative-free optimization | 0.78114 |
89,815 | However, they can have problems when e.g. A {\displaystyle A} is disconnected, or (mixed-)integer, or when f {\displaystyle f} is expensive to evaluate, or is non-smooth, or noisy, so that (numeric approximations of) derivatives do not provide useful information. A slightly different problem is when f {\displaystyle f}... | Derivative-free optimization | 0.78114 |
89,816 | The problem to be solved is to numerically optimize an objective function f: A → R {\displaystyle f\colon A\to \mathbb {R} } for some set A {\displaystyle A} (usually A ⊂ R n {\displaystyle A\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}} ), i.e. find x 0 ∈ A {\displaystyle x_{0}\in A} such that without loss of generality f ( x 0 ) ≤ f ( x ... | Derivative-free optimization | 0.78114 |
89,817 | Derivative-free optimization (sometimes referred to as blackbox optimization), is a discipline in mathematical optimization that does not use derivative information in the classical sense to find optimal solutions: Sometimes information about the derivative of the objective function f is unavailable, unreliable or impr... | Derivative-free optimization | 0.78114 |
89,818 | In mathematical logic, Lindström's theorem (named after Swedish logician Per Lindström, who published it in 1969) states that first-order logic is the strongest logic (satisfying certain conditions, e.g. closure under classical negation) having both the (countable) compactness property and the (downward) Löwenheim–Skol... | Lindstrom's theorem | 0.78114 |
89,819 | Like the solid hydrates, aqueous solutions of ferric chloride also consist of the octahedral + of unspecified stereochemistry. Detailed speciation of aqueous solutions of ferric chloride is challenging because the individual components do not have distinctive spectroscopic signatures. Iron(III) complexes, with a high s... | Iron (III) chloride | 0.781139 |
89,820 | It is also used as a leaching agent in chloride hydrometallurgy, for example in the production of Si from FeSi (Silgrain process by Elkem).In another commercial application, a solution of iron(III) chloride is useful for etching copper according to the following equation: 2 FeCl3 + Cu → 2 FeCl2 + CuCl2The soluble coppe... | Iron (III) chloride | 0.781139 |
89,821 | In probability and statistics, the inverse-chi-squared distribution (or inverted-chi-square distribution) is a continuous probability distribution of a positive-valued random variable. It is closely related to the chi-squared distribution. It arises in Bayesian inference, where it can be used as the prior and posterior... | Inverse-chi-squared distribution | 0.781138 |
89,822 | Every reflexive Banach space is a Grothendieck space. Conversely, it is a consequence of the Eberlein–Šmulian theorem that a separable Grothendieck space X {\displaystyle X} must be reflexive, since the identity from X → X {\displaystyle X\to X} is weakly compact in this case. Grothendieck spaces which are not reflexiv... | Grothendieck space | 0.781132 |
89,823 | In mathematics, a Grothendieck space, named after Alexander Grothendieck, is a Banach space X {\displaystyle X} in which every sequence in its continuous dual space X ′ {\displaystyle X^{\prime }} that converges in the weak-* topology σ ( X ′ , X ) {\displaystyle \sigma \left(X^{\prime },X\right)} (also known as the to... | Grothendieck space | 0.781132 |
89,824 | In place of the protective enzyme superoxide dismutase present in almost all other oxygen-tolerant cells, this organism accumulates millimolar quantities of manganese polyphosphate. Manganese is also used by L. plantarum in a pseudo-catalase to lower reactive oxygen levels. Because the chemistry by which manganese comp... | Lactobacillus plantarum | 0.781132 |
89,825 | Itô's theorem is a result in the mathematical discipline of representation theory due to Noboru Itô. It generalizes the well-known result that the dimension of an irreducible representation of a group must divide the order of that group. | Itô's theorem | 0.78113 |
89,826 | In petrochemistry, superacidic media are used as catalysts, especially for alkylations. Typical catalysts are sulfated oxides of titanium and zirconium or specially treated alumina or zeolites. The solid acids are used for alkylating benzene with ethene and propene as well as difficult acylations, e.g. of chlorobenzene... | Superacid | 0.781129 |
89,827 | The activity level of the blowhole, depends on factors like tide, sea conditions and the geometry of the caverns. . The best conditions for viewing the blowholes are when there is a high tide, and a large incoming ocean swell. | Pancake Rocks and Blowholes | 0.781129 |
89,828 | The category of energy saving determines if a building is classified as a ClimateHouse. The ClimateHouse categories provide an instant estimate of a building's energy consumption. Certified buildings according to ClimateHouse standards can save as much as 90 percent of the energy compared to traditionally constructed b... | ClimateHouse | 0.781128 |
89,829 | Small is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering nanotechnology. It was established in 2005 as a monthly journal, switched to biweekly in 2009, and to weekly in 2015. It is published by Wiley-VCH and the editor-in-chief is José Oliveira. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impac... | Small (journal) | 0.781126 |
89,830 | Meso-zeaxanthin is produced at an industrial level from the lutein obtained from marigold petals. The process involves saponification set at high temperature and high base concentrations, and leads to the isomerization of the 4´-5´double bond to the position 5´-6´. This converts the ɛ-ring of lutein into a β-ring, thus... | Meso-Zeaxanthin | 0.781125 |
89,831 | In number theory, Zolotarev's lemma states that the Legendre symbol ( a p ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {a}{p}}\right)} for an integer a modulo an odd prime number p, where p does not divide a, can be computed as the sign of a permutation: ( a p ) = ε ( π a ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {a}{p}}\right)=\varepsilon (\pi ... | Zolotarev's lemma | 0.781125 |
89,832 | Proton beams can be used for writing (proton beam writing) through either the hardening of a polymer (by proton induced cross-linking), or through the degradation of a proton sensitive material. This may have important effects in the field of nanotechnology. | Particle induced X-ray emission | 0.781124 |
89,833 | In mathematics, the Walter theorem, proved by John H. Walter (1967, 1969), describes the finite groups whose Sylow 2-subgroup is abelian. Bender (1970) used Bender's method to give a simpler proof. | Walter's theorem | 0.781122 |
89,834 | Stevens graduated from Smith College in 1970, and completed her doctorate in 1978 at Harvard University under the supervision of Andrew M. Gleason. Her dissertation was Weakened Topologies for Lie Groups.She held teaching positions at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, at Mount Holyoke College and at Arkansas Stat... | Chris Stevens (mathematician) | 0.781119 |
89,835 | 1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane, also called 9-ane-S3, is the thia-crown ether with the formula (CH2CH2S)3. This cyclic thioether is most often encountered as a tridentate ligand in coordination chemistry, where it forms transition metal thioether complexes. 9-ane-S3 forms complexes with many metal ions, including those consi... | 1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane | 0.781117 |
89,836 | J. G. Lu et al. "Quasi-one-dimensional metal oxide materials—Synthesis, properties and applications" (42 pages) Mater. Sci. Eng. R 52 (2006) 49 S.J. Pearton et al. "ZnO-based nanowires" Nano 4 (2007) 201 W. Park et al. "Catalyst-free growth of ZnO nanorods and their nanodevice applications" Int. J. Nanotechnology 3 (20... | Zinc oxide nanorod sensor | 0.781117 |
89,837 | Legacy USB host-controller architectures exhibit some serious shortcomings when applied to virtualized environments. Legacy USB host-controller interfaces define a relatively simple hardware data-pump; where critical state related to overall bus-management (bandwidth allocation, address assignment, etc.) resides in the... | Extensible Host Controller Interface | 0.781115 |
89,838 | In using reflective practice, nurses are able to plan their actions and consciously monitor the action to ensure it is beneficial to their patient.The act of reflection is seen as a way of promoting the development of autonomous, qualified and self-directed professionals, as well as a way of developing more effective h... | Reflective practice | 0.781114 |
89,839 | In physics, a high contrast grating is a single layer near-wavelength grating physical structure where the grating material has a large contrast in index of refraction with its surroundings. The term near-wavelength refers to the grating period, which has a value between one optical wavelength in the grating material a... | High contrast grating | 0.781112 |
89,840 | optiSLang is a software platform for CAE-based sensitivity analysis, multi-disciplinary optimization (MDO) and robustness evaluation. It is developed by Dynardo GmbH and provides a framework for numerical Robust Design Optimization (RDO) and stochastic analysis by identifying variables which contribute most to a predef... | OptiSLang | 0.781112 |
89,841 | In 2001, the Dynardo GmbH was founded in 2003. Based on SLang, the software optiSLang was launched as an industrial solution for CAE-based sensitivity analysis, optimization, robustness evaluation and reliability analysis. In 2013, the current version optiSLang 4 was completely restructured with a new graphical user in... | OptiSLang | 0.781112 |
89,842 | Since the 1980s, research teams at the University of Innsbruck and Bauhaus-Universität Weimar had been developing algorithms for optimization and reliability analysis in conjunction with finite element simulations. As a result, the software "Structural Language (SLang)" was created. In 2000, CAE engineers first applied... | OptiSLang | 0.781112 |
89,843 | Finally this single-objective optimization determines an optimal design. Robustness evaluation: In variance-based robustness analysis, the variations of the critical model responses are investigated. | OptiSLang | 0.781112 |
89,844 | Due to the model independence and objectivity of the CoP measure, it is well suited to compare the different models in the different subspaces. Multi-disciplinary optimization: The optimal variable subspace and approximation model found by a CoP/MOP procedure can also be used for a pre-optimization before global optimi... | OptiSLang | 0.781112 |
89,845 | Representing continuous optimization variables by uniform distributions without variable interactions, variance based sensitivity analysis quantifies the contribution of the optimization variables for a possible improvement of the model responses. In contrast to local derivative based sensitivity methods, the variance ... | OptiSLang | 0.781112 |
89,846 | While emotions are integral to thought processes, cognition has been investigated without emotion until the late 1990s, focusing instead on non-emotional processes such as memory, attention, perception, problem solving, and mental imagery. Cognitive neuroscience and affective neuroscience have emerged as separate field... | Affective neuroscience | 0.781112 |
89,847 | Affective neuroscience is the study of how the brain processes emotions. This field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. The basis of emotions and what emotions are remains an issue of debate within the field of affective neuroscience.The term "affective neuroscience" wa... | Affective neuroscience | 0.781112 |
89,848 | Murphy, et al. 2003 analyzed 106 peer reviewed studies published between January 1994 and December 2001 to examine the evidence for regional specialization of discrete emotions (fear, disgust, anger, happiness and sadness) across a larger set of studies. Studies included in the meta-analysis measured activity in the wh... | Affective neuroscience | 0.781112 |
89,849 | Instead, they can collaborate with the host’s CPU and augment their efficient processing horsepower to the system. The scientific article “Computational storage: an efficient and scalable platform for big data and HPC applications” which is published by Springer Publishing under open access policy (free for the public ... | In-situ processing | 0.78111 |
89,850 | In-situ processing also known as in-storage processing (ISP) is a computer science term that refers to processing data where it resides. In-situ means "situated in the original, natural, or existing place or position." An in-situ process processes data where it is stored, such as in solid-state drives (SSDs) or memory ... | In-situ processing | 0.78111 |
89,851 | We state the theorem first for the special case when the underlying stochastic process is a Wiener process. This special case is sufficient for risk-neutral pricing in the Black–Scholes model. Let { W t } {\displaystyle \{W_{t}\}} be a Wiener process on the Wiener probability space { Ω , F , P } {\displaystyle \{\Omega... | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,852 | Girsanov's theorem is important in the general theory of stochastic processes since it enables the key result that if Q is a measure that is absolutely continuous with respect to P then every P-semimartingale is a Q-semimartingale. | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,853 | In this case Girsanov's theorem may be used to compute functionals of X t {\displaystyle X_{t}} directly in terms a related functional for Brownian motion. More specifically, we have for any bounded functional Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } on continuous functions C ( ) {\displaystyle C()} that E Φ ( X ) = E . | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,854 | Another application of this theorem, also given in the original paper of Igor Girsanov, is for stochastic differential equations. Specifically, let us consider the equation d X t = μ ( t , X t ) d t + σ ( t , X t ) d W t , {\displaystyle dX_{t}=\mu (t,X_{t})dt+\sigma (t,X_{t})dW_{t},} where W t {\displaystyle W_{t}} de... | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,855 | This theorem can be used to show in the Black–Scholes model the unique risk-neutral measure, i.e. the measure in which the fair value of a derivative is the discounted expected value, Q, is specified by d Q d P = E ( ∫ 0 t r s − μ s σ s d W s ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {dQ}{dP}}={\mathcal {E}}\left(\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {... | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,856 | The stochastic exponential E ( X ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}(X)} is the process Z which solves the stochastic differential equation Z t = 1 + ∫ 0 t Z s d X s . {\displaystyle Z_{t}=1+\int _{0}^{t}Z_{s}\,dX_{s}.\,} The measure Q constructed above is not equivalent to P on F ∞ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{\infty }}... | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,857 | If X is a continuous process and W is Brownian motion under measure P then W ~ t = W t − t {\displaystyle {\tilde {W}}_{t}=W_{t}-\left_{t}} is Brownian motion under Q. The fact that W ~ t {\displaystyle {\tilde {W}}_{t}} is continuous is trivial; by Girsanov's theorem it is a Q local martingale, and by computing t = ... | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,858 | In particular, we note that with the notation above, the process W ~ t = W t − ∫ 0 t μ ( s , W s ) d s {\displaystyle {\tilde {W}}_{t}=W_{t}-\int _{0}^{t}\mu (s,W_{s})ds} is a Q Brownian motion. Rewriting this in differential form as d W t = d W ~ t + μ ( t , W t ) d t , {\displaystyle dW_{t}=d{\tilde {W}}_{t}+\mu (t,W... | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,859 | {\displaystyle E\Phi (X)=E\left.} This follows by applying Girsanov's theorem, and the above observation, to the martingale process Y t = ∫ 0 t μ ( s , W s ) d W s . {\displaystyle Y_{t}=\int _{0}^{t}\mu (s,W_{s})dW_{s}.} | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,860 | In probability theory, the Girsanov theorem tells how stochastic processes change under changes in measure. The theorem is especially important in the theory of financial mathematics as it tells how to convert from the physical measure, which describes the probability that an underlying instrument (such as a share pric... | Girsanov theorem | 0.78111 |
89,861 | It is expected that BPST-like instantons play an important role in the vacuum structure of QCD. Instantons are indeed found in lattice calculations. The first computations performed with instantons used the dilute gas approximation. The results obtained did not solve the infrared problem of QCD, making many physicists ... | BPST instanton | 0.781109 |
89,862 | In theoretical physics, the BPST instanton is the instanton with winding number 1 found by Alexander Belavin, Alexander Polyakov, Albert Schwarz and Yu. S. Tyupkin. It is a classical solution to the equations of motion of SU(2) Yang–Mills theory in Euclidean space-time (i.e. after Wick rotation), meaning it describes a... | BPST instanton | 0.781109 |
89,863 | Autobiographical memories are initially constructed in left prefrontal neural networks. As a memory forms over time, activation then transitions to right posterior networks where it remains at a high level while the memory is held in the mind.Networks in the left frontal lobe in the dorsolateral cortex and bilaterally ... | Autobiographical memory | 0.781107 |
89,864 | The autobiographical memory knowledge base is distributed through neural networks in the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes. The most abstract or conceptual knowledge is represented in frontal and anterior temporal networks, possibly bilaterally. Sensory and perceptual details of specific events are represented in p... | Autobiographical memory | 0.781107 |
89,865 | Regardless of the particular paradigm, the intuitive meaning of the Chern class concerns 'required zeroes' of a section of a vector bundle: for example the theorem saying one can't comb a hairy ball flat (hairy ball theorem). Although that is strictly speaking a question about a real vector bundle (the "hairs" on a bal... | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,866 | The generalized Chern classes in algebraic geometry can be defined for vector bundles (or more precisely, locally free sheaves) over any nonsingular variety. Algebro-geometric Chern classes do not require the underlying field to have any special properties. In particular, the vector bundles need not necessarily be comp... | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,867 | For this, we need the following fact: the first Chern class of a trivial bundle is zero, i.e., This is evinced by the fact that a trivial bundle always admits a flat connection. So, we shall show that Consider the Kähler metric One readily shows that the curvature 2-form is given by Furthermore, by the definition of th... | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,868 | Let C P 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {CP} ^{1}} be the Riemann sphere: 1-dimensional complex projective space. Suppose that z is a holomorphic local coordinate for the Riemann sphere. Let V = T C P 1 {\displaystyle V=T\mathbb {CP} ^{1}} be the bundle of complex tangent vectors having the form a ∂ / ∂ z {\displaystyle a\par... | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,869 | (See Arakelov geometry) | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,870 | The resulting theory is known as the Chern–Weil theory. There is also an approach of Alexander Grothendieck showing that axiomatically one need only define the line bundle case. Chern classes arise naturally in algebraic geometry. | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,871 | Chern's approach used differential geometry, via the curvature approach described predominantly in this article. He showed that the earlier definition was in fact equivalent to his. | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,872 | There are various ways of approaching the subject, each of which focuses on a slightly different flavor of Chern class. The original approach to Chern classes was via algebraic topology: the Chern classes arise via homotopy theory which provides a mapping associated with a vector bundle to a classifying space (an infin... | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,873 | Given a complex hermitian vector bundle V of complex rank n over a smooth manifold M, representatives of each Chern class (also called a Chern form) c k ( V ) {\displaystyle c_{k}(V)} of V are given as the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of the curvature form Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } of V. The determinan... | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,874 | It is a classifying space in the sense that, given a complex vector bundle E of rank n over X, there is a continuous map unique up to homotopy. Borel's theorem says the cohomology ring of Gn is exactly the ring of symmetric polynomials, which are polynomials in elementary symmetric polynomials σk; so, the pullback of f... | Chern number | 0.781106 |
89,875 | More recently, the approach has been further implemented to include an algebraic version of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Indeed, the viewpoint of local quantum physics is in particular suitable to generalize the renormalization procedure to the theory of quantum fields developed on curved backgrounds. Seve... | Algebraic quantum field theory | 0.781105 |
89,876 | History of neuroscience Neuron doctrine Category: History of neuroscience | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,877 | Computational neuroscience includes both the study of the information processing functions of the nervous system, and the use of digital computers to study the nervous system. It is an interdisciplinary science that links the diverse fields of neuroscience, cognitive science and psychology, electrical engineering, comp... | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,878 | Genetics Neurochemistry Cognitive science Psychology Molecular biology Psychiatry Neurosurgery Linguistics Developmental biology Biotechnology Neurophilosophy | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,879 | Developmental neuroscience aims to describe the cellular basis of brain development and to address the underlying mechanisms. The field draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to provide insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems develop. Aging and memory | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,880 | Cognitive neuroscience is concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. Neurolinguistics Neuroimaging Functional magnetic resonance imaging Positron emission tomography | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,881 | Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior in human and non-human animals. Neuroethology | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,882 | Neurophilosophy or "philosophy of neuroscience" is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy. Work in this field is often separated into two distinct approaches. The first approach attempts to solve problems in philosophy of mind with empirical information from the neurosciences. The second approach at... | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,883 | Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that examines the biology of the nervous system with molecular biology, molecular genetics, protein chemistry and related methodologies. Nutritional neuroscience Neurochemistry | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,884 | Neuroscience has multiple concepts that each relate to learning abilities and memory functions. Additionally, the brain is able to transmit signals that cause conscious/unconscious behaviors that are responses verbal or non-verbal. This allows people to communicate with one another. | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,885 | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to neuroscience: Neuroscience is the scientific study of the structure and function of the nervous system. It encompasses the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, and physiology of neurons and neural circuit... | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,886 | Systems neuroscience is a subdiscipline of neuroscience which studies the function of neural circuits and systems. It is an umbrella term, encompassing a number of areas of study concerned with how nerve cells behave when connected together to form neural networks. Neural oscillation | Outline of neuroscience | 0.781102 |
89,887 | The Moore Center for Theoretical Cosmology and Physics (CTCP) is a think tank for research into the nature of the universe on cosmological and nanoscales. Their research involves studies "from the beginning of time to the ongoing dynamics of dark matter, galaxies, and stars." Marc Kamionkowski was one of the founding D... | Moore Center for Theoretical Cosmology and Physics | 0.781101 |
89,888 | Additionally, information literacy instruction is usually tailored to a specific disciplines. One such attempt in the area of physics was published in 2009 but there are many many more published.In 2016, the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL, part of the American Library Association) adopted a new "Fr... | Information literacy | 0.781101 |
89,889 | This property and the above property in terms of "...its derivative is monotonically non-decreasing..." are not equal since if f ″ {\displaystyle f''} is non-negative on an interval X {\displaystyle X} then f ′ {\displaystyle f'} is monotonically non-decreasing on X {\displaystyle X} while its converse is not true, for... | Strictly convex function | 0.7811 |
89,890 | Using a CNN effectively allows us to bypass the second stage of TAMER by skipping the joint parameter search. This means that we can focus on solely estimating motion parameters θ {\textstyle \theta } . Because θ {\textstyle \theta } is really a vector of multiple, independent parameters, we can parallelize our optimiz... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
89,891 | The new model parameters are then used in a standard Least Squares optimization problem to reconstruct an image that minimizes the distance between the k-space data, and the result of applying the SENSE forward model E θ ^ {\displaystyle E_{\hat {\theta }}} under our new parameter estimate θ ^ {\textstyle {\hat {\theta... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
89,892 | Advantages: TAMER retrospectively corrects for motion, so modifications to the MRI exam procedure isn’t necessary. TAMER doesn’t alter the acquisition procedure, so it can be easily integrated into current clinical MRI scans. TAMER significantly reduces computation of the joint optimization model used to estimate motio... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
89,893 | A SENSE forward model is used to induce synthetic motion artifacts in raw k-space data, allowing us access to both data with motion artifacts, as well as the ground-truth image without motion artifacts. This is important to the NAMER technique, because it utilizes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to frontload image... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
89,894 | As described in the paper Targeted Motion Estimation and Reduction (TAMER): Consistency Based Motion Mitigation for MRI using a Reduced Model Joint Optimization, as part of the IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging Journal, the TAMER algorithm converges fastest when choosing target voxels that are highly coupled. The ta... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
89,895 | The TAMER algorithm has 3 main stages: Initialization, Jumpstart of Motion Parameter Search, and the Joint Optimization Reduced Model Search. Initialization: The first stage of the TAMER algorithm acquires the initial reconstruction of the full image volume, x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} , by assuming that all motion param... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
89,896 | The CNN attempts to learn the image artifacts from the motion-corrupted input data x {\displaystyle x} . The estimate for these artifacts, denoted as C N N ( x ) {\textstyle CNN(x)} , are then subtracted from the motion-corrupted input data x {\displaystyle x} in order to produce a best estimate for the motion-free ima... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
89,897 | Targeted Motion Estimation and Reduction (TAMER) is a retrospective motion correction method developed by Melissa Haskell, Stephen Cauley, and Lawrence Wald. The method was first introduced in their paper Targeted Motion Estimation and Reduction (TAMER): Consistency Based Motion Mitigation for MRI using a Reduced Model... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
89,898 | Other more advanced techniques take advantage of generative adversarial networks (GANs) which aim to learn the underlying latent representation of data in order to synthesize new examples that are indistinguishable from real data. Here, two neural networks, a Generator Network and a Discriminator Network, are modelled ... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
89,899 | One method is as simple as using the same transmit and receive coil to improve homogeneity. This method exploits the tradeoff between B1 dependence and coil sensitivity dependence in FLASH sequences and allows the user to select an optimized flip angle that will reduce B1 dependence. By using the same coil for transmit... | MRI artifact | 0.7811 |
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