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91,200 | Let ⟨ E , E ⟩ A = span { ⟨ x , y ⟩ A ∣ x , y ∈ E } , {\displaystyle \langle E,E\rangle _{A}=\operatorname {span} \{\langle x,y\rangle _{A}\mid x,y\in E\},} then the closure of ⟨ E , E ⟩ A {\displaystyle \langle E,E\rangle _{A}} is a two-sided ideal in A {\displaystyle A} . Two-sided ideals are C*-subalgebras and ther... | Hilbert C*-module | 0.780634 |
91,201 | 2019: Bernhard Schölkopf, for developing mathematical methods that have made a significant contribution to helping artificial intelligence (AI) reach its most recent heights. 2020: Botond Roska, for revolutionising ophthalmology. 2021: Clare Grey, for optimisation of batteries using NMR spectroscopy. 2022: Anthony A. H... | Körber European Science Prize | 0.780633 |
91,202 | A splint is lit and held near the opening of the tube, then the stopper is removed to expose the splint to the gas. If the gas is flammable, the mixture ignites. This test is most commonly used to identify hydrogen, which results with a distinctive 'squeaky pop' sound. Hydrogen is easily ignited and used to definitivel... | Burning splint test | 0.780632 |
91,203 | These tests are not safe for completely unidentified gases, as the energy of their explosion could be beyond the safe confinement of a fragile glass tube. This means that they are really only useful as a demonstration of a gas that is already strongly suspected, and so is known to be safe. In a high school chemistry cl... | Burning splint test | 0.780632 |
91,204 | Other issues will need to be considered with a higher bath temperature, though, such as the fact that superfluidity (which is presently exploited with liquid helium) would not be present with (for example) liquid nitrogen. At present, none of the "high Tc" superconducting materials are suitable for RF applications. Sho... | Superconducting RF | 0.780632 |
91,205 | SRF cavities allow the excitation of high electromagnetic fields at high duty cycle, or even cw, in such regimes that a copper cavity's electrical loss could melt the copper, even with robust water cooling. Low beam impedance. The low electrical loss in an SRF cavity allows their geometry to have large beampipe apertur... | Superconducting RF | 0.780632 |
91,206 | In mathematics, a Perron number is an algebraic integer α which is real and exceeds 1, but such that its conjugate elements are all less than α in absolute value. For example, the larger of the two roots of the irreducible polynomial x 2 − 3 x + 1 {\displaystyle x^{2}-3x+1} is a Perron number. Perron numbers are named ... | Perron number | 0.780631 |
91,207 | In January 2019, Weebit announced its collaboration with a team at the Polytechnic University of Milan, to test, characterize and implement its developed algorithms using Weebit’s ReRAM. The goal of the project is to demonstrate the capability of ReRAM-based hardware in neuromorphic and artificial intelligence applicat... | Weebit Nano | 0.780631 |
91,208 | The company began as a startup in Israel in 2015, founded on the roots of research and patents developed by Professor James Tour of Rice University, with a primary goal of productizing this ReRAM technology. In 2016 the company successfully merged with Radar Iron of Australia, giving the merged entity the Weebit Nano n... | Weebit Nano | 0.780631 |
91,209 | The two organizations have collaborated on the 40 nm and 130 nm technology nodes.Weebit and Leti have also shown a neuromorphic demo for Artificial Intelligence (AI) inference tasks where memory circuits are meant to mimic the actions of a human brain. The areas of focus for CEA-Leti and Weebit Nano as of November 2020... | Weebit Nano | 0.780631 |
91,210 | Weebit Nano’s ReRAM can be more easily integrated into fabrication flows because it happens during the later BEOL layers instead of the earlier FEOL layers. There are two primary technologies that are used to fabricate transistors onto wafers, bulk CMOS and FD-SOI. Weebit Nano utilizes the CMOS-compatible process where... | Weebit Nano | 0.780631 |
91,211 | Weebit Nano is a public semiconductor IP company founded in Israel in 2015 and headquartered in Hod Hasharon, Israel. The company develops Resistive Random-Access Memory (ReRAM or RRAM) technologies which is a specialized form of non-volatile memory (NVM) for the semiconductor industry. The company’s products are targe... | Weebit Nano | 0.780631 |
91,212 | Finally, a graph is Hamiltonian if there exists a cycle that passes through each of its vertices exactly once. Barnette's conjecture states that every cubic bipartite polyhedral graph is Hamiltonian. By Steinitz's theorem, a planar graph represents the edges and vertices of a convex polyhedron if and only if it is poly... | Barnette's conjecture | 0.780631 |
91,213 | Barnette's conjecture is an unsolved problem in graph theory, a branch of mathematics, concerning Hamiltonian cycles in graphs. It is named after David W. Barnette, a professor emeritus at the University of California, Davis; it states that every bipartite polyhedral graph with three edges per vertex has a Hamiltonian ... | Barnette's conjecture | 0.780631 |
91,214 | Though unique to each degree-granting institution, an MISM will often include most, if not all, of the following: Information systems modelingInformation System – Concepts (data, information, System Modeling) Functional components of computer; Project management Databases Computer networks Economics & Statistics Busine... | Master of Information System Management | 0.780626 |
91,215 | The Master in Information System Management, also known as Masters in Management Information Systems or Master of Science in Information System Management is a professional Master's degree in Information Systems, Information Technology, Computer Science and Management. The degree is also known as Master of Science in I... | Master of Information System Management | 0.780626 |
91,216 | Responsible Care was launched by the Chemistry Industry Association of Canada (formerly the Canadian Chemical Producers' Association - CCPA) in 1985. The term was coined by CIAC president Jean Bélanger. The scheme evolved, and, in 2006, The Responsible Care Global Charter was launched at the UN-led International Confer... | Responsible Care | 0.780625 |
91,217 | In complex geometry, a line through the origin in the direction of an isotropic vector is an isotropic line. Isotropic coordinates Isotropic coordinates are coordinates on an isotropic chart for Lorentzian manifolds. Isotropy group An isotropy group is the group of isomorphisms from any object to itself in a groupoid. | Optical isotropy | 0.780623 |
91,218 | Within mathematics, isotropy has a few different meanings: Isotropic manifolds A manifold is isotropic if the geometry on the manifold is the same regardless of direction. A similar concept is homogeneity. Isotropic quadratic form A quadratic form q is said to be isotropic if there is a non-zero vector v such that q(v)... | Optical isotropy | 0.780623 |
91,219 | In the study of mechanical properties of materials, "isotropic" means having identical values of a property in all directions. This definition is also used in geology and mineralogy. Glass and metals are examples of isotropic materials. | Optical isotropy | 0.780623 |
91,220 | The Erdős–Kac theorem describing the number of distinct prime factors also involves the natural logarithm. The logarithm of n factorial, n! = 1 · 2 · ... · n, is given by This can be used to obtain Stirling's formula, an approximation of n! for large n. | Common antilogarithm | 0.780623 |
91,221 | Natural logarithms are closely linked to counting prime numbers (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...), an important topic in number theory. For any integer x, the quantity of prime numbers less than or equal to x is denoted π(x). The prime number theorem asserts that π(x) is approximately given by in the sense that the ratio of π(x) a... | Common antilogarithm | 0.780623 |
91,222 | The reaction of cyclopentadiene and butenone for example is 700 times faster in water relative to 2,2,4-trimethylpentane as solvent. Several explanations for this effect have been proposed, such as an increase in effective concentration due to hydrophobic packing or hydrogen-bond stabilization of the transition state.T... | Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction | 0.780622 |
91,223 | The "prevailing opinion" is that most Diels–Alder reactions proceed through a concerted mechanism; the issue, however, has been thoroughly contested. Despite the fact that the vast majority of Diels–Alder reactions exhibit stereospecific, syn addition of the two components, a diradical intermediate has been postulated ... | Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction | 0.780622 |
91,224 | The diene in this instance is notable as an example of a 1-amino-3-siloxybutadiene, otherwise known as a Rawal diene. (+)-Sterpurene can be prepared by asymmetric D-A reaction that featured a remarkable intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction of an allene. The -sigmatropic rearrangement of the thiophenyl group to give the ... | Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction | 0.780622 |
91,225 | The stereospecificity of the Diels–Alder reaction in this instance allowed for the definition of four stereocenters that were carried on to the final product. A Diels–Alder reaction is a key step in the synthesis of (-)-furaquinocin C. Tabersonine was prepared by a Diels–Alder to establish cis relative stereochemistry ... | Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction | 0.780622 |
91,226 | Epoxidation from the less hindered α-face, followed by epoxide opening at the less hindered C18 afforded the desired stereochemistry at these positions, while the cis-fusion was achieved with hydrogenation, again proceeding primarily from the less hindered face. A pyranone was similarly used as the dienophile in the to... | Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction | 0.780622 |
91,227 | The Diels–Alder reaction establishes the relative stereochemistry of three contiguous stereocenters on the prostaglandin cyclopentane core. Activation by Lewis acidic cupric tetrafluoroborate was required. A Diels–Alder reaction was used in the synthesis disodium prephenate, a biosynthetic precursor of the amino acids ... | Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction | 0.780622 |
91,228 | In mathematics, the Carleson–Jacobs theorem, introduced by Carleson and Jacobs (1972), describes the best approximation to a continuous function on the unit circle by a function in a Hardy space. | Carleson–Jacobs theorem | 0.780622 |
91,229 | In the mathematical subject of topology, an ambient isotopy, also called an h-isotopy, is a kind of continuous distortion of an ambient space, for example a manifold, taking a submanifold to another submanifold. For example in knot theory, one considers two knots the same if one can distort one knot into the other with... | Ambient isotopy | 0.780621 |
91,230 | Selection; A process that preferentially selects one trait over another trait, leading to one trait being more numerous after sufficient generations. Variation; differences in heritable traits that affect "Fitness" or the ability to survive and reproduce leading to differential survival.Quantum Darwinism appears to con... | Quantum Darwinism | 0.780618 |
91,231 | Perhaps of equal significance to the light this theory shines on quantum explanations is its identification of a Darwinian process operating as the selective mechanism establishing our classical reality. As numerous researchers have made clear any system employing a Darwinian process will evolve. As argued by the thesi... | Quantum Darwinism | 0.780618 |
91,232 | In number theory, a branch of mathematics, a cusp form is a particular kind of modular form with a zero constant coefficient in the Fourier series expansion. | Cusp form | 0.780616 |
91,233 | The dimensions of spaces of cusp forms are, in principle, computable via the Riemann–Roch theorem. For example, the Ramanujan tau function τ(n) arises as the sequence of Fourier coefficients of the cusp form of weight 12 for the modular group, with a1 = 1. The space of such forms has dimension 1, which means this defin... | Cusp form | 0.780616 |
91,234 | In terms of genetics, activated PI3K Delta Syndrome is autosomal dominant, a mutation in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform is the reason for this condition (located at chromosome 1p36.) | Activated PI3K delta syndrome | 0.780616 |
91,235 | The coordination chemistry of V4+ is dominated by the vanadyl center, VO2+, which binds four other ligands strongly and one weakly (the one trans to the vanadyl center). An example is vanadyl acetylacetonate (V(O)(O2C5H7)2). In this complex, the vanadium is 5-coordinate, distorted square pyramidal, meaning that a sixth... | Vanadium steel | 0.780614 |
91,236 | The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5. In an aqueous solution, vanadium forms metal aquo complexes of which the colors are lilac 2+, green 3+, blue 2+, yellow-orange oxides 3+, the formula for which depends on pH. Vanadium(II) compounds are reducing agen... | Vanadium steel | 0.780614 |
91,237 | Vanadium compounds are used extensively as catalysts; Vanadium pentoxide V2O5, is used as a catalyst in manufacturing sulfuric acid by the contact process In this process sulfur dioxide (SO2) is oxidized to the trioxide (SO3): In this redox reaction, sulfur is oxidized from +4 to +6, and vanadium is reduced from +5 to ... | Vanadium steel | 0.780614 |
91,238 | The three basic principles of geometry are as follows: Certain propositions must be accepted as true without demonstration; such a proposition is known as an axiom of geometry. Every proposition that is not an axiom of geometry must be demonstrated as following from the axioms of geometry; such a demonstration is known... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,239 | Valid reasoning has been employed in all periods of human history. However, logic studies the principles of valid reasoning, inference and demonstration. It is probable that the idea of demonstrating a conclusion first arose in connection with geometry, which originally meant the same as "land measurement". The ancient... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,240 | One of Avicenna's ideas had a particularly important influence on Western logicians such as William of Ockham: Avicenna's word for a meaning or notion (ma'na), was translated by the scholastic logicians as the Latin intentio; in medieval logic and epistemology, this is a sign in the mind that naturally represents a thi... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,241 | Avicenna wrote on the hypothetical syllogism and on the propositional calculus, which were both part of the Stoic logical tradition. He developed an original "temporally modalized" syllogistic theory, involving temporal logic and modal logic. He also made use of inductive logic, such as the methods of agreement, differ... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,242 | The Entscheidungsproblem asked for a procedure that, given any formal mathematical statement, would algorithmically determine whether the statement is true. Church and Turing proved there is no such procedure; Turing's paper introduced the halting problem as a key example of a mathematical problem without an algorithmi... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,243 | Since Gentzen's work, natural deduction and sequent calculi have been widely applied in the fields of proof theory, mathematical logic and computer science. Gentzen also proved normalization and cut-elimination theorems for intuitionistic and classical logic which could be used to reduce logical proofs to a normal form... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,244 | Later in the decade, Gödel developed the concept of set-theoretic constructibility, as part of his proof that the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis are consistent with Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. In proof theory, Gerhard Gentzen developed natural deduction and the sequent calculus. The former attempts to mo... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,245 | For any such system, there will always be statements about the natural numbers that are true, but that are unprovable within the system. The second is that if such a system is also capable of proving certain basic facts about the natural numbers, then the system cannot prove the consistency of the system itself. These ... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,246 | This is known as Gödel's completeness theorem. A year later, he proved two important theorems, which showed Hibert's program to be unattainable in its original form. The first is that no consistent system of axioms whose theorems can be listed by an effective procedure such as an algorithm or computer program is capabl... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,247 | It culminates with the Principia, an important work which includes a thorough examination and attempted solution of the antinomies which had been an obstacle to earlier progress. The metamathematical period from 1910 to the 1930s, which saw the development of metalogic, in the finitist system of Hilbert, and the non-fi... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,248 | The development of modern logic falls into roughly five periods: The embryonic period from Leibniz to 1847, when the notion of a logical calculus was discussed and developed, particularly by Leibniz, but no schools were formed, and isolated periodic attempts were abandoned or went unnoticed. The algebraic period from B... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,249 | Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here. None of the surviving works of the great fourth-century philosopher Plato (428–347 BC) include any formal logic, but they include important contributions to the field of philosophical logic. Plato raises three questions: What is it that can properly be called true or false? W... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,250 | While the ancient Egyptians empirically discovered some truths of geometry, the great achievement of the ancient Greeks was to replace empirical methods by demonstrative proof. Both Thales and Pythagoras of the Pre-Socratic philosophers seemed aware of geometric methods. Fragments of early proofs are preserved in the w... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,251 | "Those who follow such methods will ... escape all error except such as will be speedily corrected after it is once suspected". Modern logic is also "constructive" rather than "abstractive"; i.e., rather than abstracting and formalising theorems derived from ordinary language (or from psychological intuitions about val... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,252 | C. S. Peirce noted that even though a mistake in the evaluation of a definite integral by Laplace led to an error concerning the moon's orbit that persisted for nearly 50 years, the mistake, once spotted, was corrected without any serious dispute. Peirce contrasted this with the disputation and uncertainty surrounding ... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,253 | The period between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century had been largely one of decline and neglect, and is generally regarded as barren by historians of logic. The revival of logic occurred in the mid-nineteenth century, at the beginning of a revolutionary period where the subject develop... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,254 | But, like Llull and Hobbes, he failed to develop a detailed or comprehensive system, and his work on this topic was not published until long after his death. Leibniz says that ordinary languages are subject to "countless ambiguities" and are unsuited for a calculus, whose task is to expose mistakes in inference arising... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,255 | The idea that inference could be represented by a purely mechanical process is found as early as Raymond Llull, who proposed a (somewhat eccentric) method of drawing conclusions by a system of concentric rings. The work of logicians such as the Oxford Calculators led to a method of using letters instead of writing out ... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,256 | The Prior Analytics, a formal analysis of what makes a syllogism (a valid argument, according to Aristotle). The Posterior Analytics, a study of scientific demonstration, containing Aristotle's mature views on logic.These works are of outstanding importance in the history of logic. In the Categories, he attempts to dis... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,257 | Deontic logics are closely related to modal logics: they attempt to capture the logical features of obligation, permission and related concepts. Although some basic novelties syncretizing mathematical and philosophical logic were shown by Bolzano in the early 1800s, it was Ernst Mally, a pupil of Alexius Meinong, who w... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,258 | As a result, research into this class of formal systems began to address both logical and computational aspects; this area of research came to be known as modern type theory. Advances were also made in ordinal analysis and the study of independence results in arithmetic such as the Paris–Harrington theorem. This was al... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,259 | In proof theory, the relationship between classical mathematics and intuitionistic mathematics was clarified via tools such as the realizability method invented by Georg Kreisel and Gödel's Dialectica interpretation. This work inspired the contemporary area of proof mining. The Curry–Howard correspondence emerged as a ... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,260 | Alfred Tarski published much pioneering work in the field, which is named after a series of papers he published under the title Contributions to the theory of models. In the 1960s, Abraham Robinson used model-theoretic techniques to develop calculus and analysis based on infinitesimals, a problem that first had been pr... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,261 | The fields of constructive analysis and computable analysis were developed to study the effective content of classical mathematical theorems; these in turn inspired the program of reverse mathematics. A separate branch of computability theory, computational complexity theory, was also characterized in logical terms as ... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,262 | Using it, Frege provided a definition of the ancestral relation, of the many-to-one relation, and of mathematical induction. This period overlaps with the work of what is known as the "mathematical school", which included Dedekind, Pasch, Peano, Hilbert, Zermelo, Huntington, Veblen and Heyting. Their objective was the ... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,263 | "All inhabitants are either men or women" is ∀ x ( I ( x ) → ( M ( x ) ∨ W ( x ) ) ) {\displaystyle \forall \;x{\Big (}I(x)\rightarrow {\big (}M(x)\lor W(x){\big )}{\Big )}} whereas "All the inhabitants are men or all the inhabitants are women" is ∀ x ( I ( x ) → M ( x ) ) ∨ ∀ x ( I ( x ) → W ( x ) ) {\displaystyle \fo... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,264 | But this is not the case. This functional analysis of ordinary-language sentences later had a great impact on philosophy and linguistics. This means that in Frege's calculus, Boole's "primary" propositions can be represented in a different way from "secondary" propositions. | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,265 | He was not the first writer to suggest this. In his pioneering work Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (The Foundations of Arithmetic), sections 15–17, he acknowledges the efforts of Leibniz, J. S. Mill as well as Jevons, citing the latter's claim that "algebra is a highly developed logic, and number but logical discriminat... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,266 | After Boole, the next great advances were made by the German mathematician Gottlob Frege. Frege's objective was the program of Logicism, i.e. demonstrating that arithmetic is identical with logic. Frege went much further than any of his predecessors in his rigorous and formal approach to logic, and his calculus or Begr... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,267 | Peirce (1880) showed how all the Boolean elective functions could be expressed by the use of a single primitive binary operation, "neither ... nor ..." and equally well "not both ... and ...", however, like many of Peirce's innovations, this remained unknown or unnoticed until Sheffer rediscovered it in 1913. Boole's e... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,268 | The defects in Boole's system (such as the use of the letter v for existential propositions) were all remedied by his followers. Jevons published Pure Logic, or the Logic of Quality apart from Quantity in 1864, where he suggested a symbol to signify exclusive or, which allowed Boole's system to be greatly simplified. T... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,269 | Boole distinguished between "primary propositions" which are the subject of syllogistic theory, and "secondary propositions", which are the subject of propositional logic, and showed how under different "interpretations" the same algebraic system could represent both. An example of a primary proposition is "All inhabit... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,270 | The fundamental idea of Boole's system is that algebraic formulae can be used to express logical relations. This idea occurred to Boole in his teenage years, working as an usher in a private school in Lincoln, Lincolnshire. For example, let x and y stand for classes, let the symbol = signify that the classes have the s... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,271 | Modern logic begins with what is known as the "algebraic school", originating with Boole and including Peirce, Jevons, Schröder, and Venn. Their objective was to develop a calculus to formalise reasoning in the area of classes, propositions, and probabilities. The school begins with Boole's seminal work Mathematical An... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,272 | It is said Thales, most widely regarded as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition, measured the height of the pyramids by their shadows at the moment when his own shadow was equal to his height. Thales was said to have had a sacrifice in celebration of discovering Thales' theorem just as Pythagoras had the Pythag... | History of logic | 0.780612 |
91,273 | Square-shaped screens used for overhead projectors sometimes double as projection screens for digital projectors in meeting rooms, where space is scarce and multiple screens can seem redundant. These screens have an aspect ratio of 1:1 by definition. Most image sources are designed to project a perfectly rectangular im... | Screen Mirroring | 0.780612 |
91,274 | Therefore, since geometry is important in screen applications, screen materials should be at least specified by their gain and their total reflectance. Instead of total reflectance, "geometric gain" (equal to the gain divided by the total reflectance) can be the second specification. Curved screens can be made highly r... | Screen Mirroring | 0.780612 |
91,275 | In the commercial movie theaters, the screen is a reflective surface that may be either aluminized (for high contrast in moderate ambient light) or a white surface with small glass beads (for high brilliance under dark conditions). The screen also has hundreds of small, evenly spaced holes to allow air to and from the ... | Screen Mirroring | 0.780612 |
91,276 | In a non-U(1) compact Lie group, the covering space is a Lie group with the same Lie algebra, but where all closed loops are contractible. Lie groups are homogeneous, so that any cycle in the group can be moved around so that it starts at the identity, then its lift to the covering group ends at P, which is a lift of t... | Dirac quantization condition | 0.780612 |
91,277 | Classically, the electromagnetic field surrounding them has a momentum density given by the Poynting vector, and it also has a total angular momentum, which is proportional to the product qeqm, and is independent of the distance between them. Quantum mechanics dictates, however, that angular momentum is quantized as a ... | Dirac quantization condition | 0.780611 |
91,278 | One of the defining advances in quantum theory was Paul Dirac's work on developing a relativistic quantum electromagnetism. Before his formulation, the presence of electric charge was simply "inserted" into the equations of quantum mechanics (QM), but in 1931 Dirac showed that a discrete charge naturally "falls out" of... | Dirac quantization condition | 0.780611 |
91,279 | Another concept within RPR is what is known as spatial reuse. Because RPR strips the signal once it reaches the destination (unlike a SONET UPSR/SDH SNCP ring, in which the bandwidth is consumed around the entire ring) it can reuse the freed space to carry additional traffic. The RPR standard also supports the use of l... | Resilient Packet Ring | 0.780611 |
91,280 | The avoidance of failed spans is accomplished by using one of two techniques known as steering and wrapping. Under steering, if a node or span is broken, all nodes are notified of a topology change and they reroute their traffic. In wrapping, the traffic is looped back at the last node prior to the break and routed to ... | Resilient Packet Ring | 0.780611 |
91,281 | Concerns have also been raised about a possible conflict of interest, with some of the scientists appointed to the GEAC being involved in developing their own GM products, that the decision by the EC-II was not unanimous, and about the reliability of safety data originating from Mahcyo run trials. The imposed moratoriu... | Genetically modified brinjal | 0.78061 |
91,282 | Several factors contribute to the formation of renal stones in space. Dietary changes, bone metabolism, dehydration, increased salt intake as well as decreased urine volumes and increased urine saturation are all possible causes of renal stone formation. It has been noted that spaceflight-induced changes in urine bioch... | Renal stone formation in space | 0.780609 |
91,283 | Computing the holonomy of Riemannian manifolds has been suggested as a way to learn the structure of data manifolds in machine learning, in particular in the context of manifold learning. As the holonomy group contains information about the global structure of the data manifold, it can be used to identify how the data ... | Ambrose-Singer theorem | 0.780609 |
91,284 | So M is locally a Cartesian product M′ × M″. The (local) de Rham isomorphism follows by continuing this process until a complete reduction of the tangent space is achieved: Let M be a simply connected Riemannian manifold, and TM = T(0)M ⊕ T(1)M ⊕ ⋯ ⊕ T(k)M be the complete reduction of the tangent bundle under the actio... | Ambrose-Singer theorem | 0.780609 |
91,285 | A multi-party computation protocol must be secure to be effective. In modern cryptography, the security of a protocol is related to a security proof. The security proof is a mathematical proof where the security of a protocol is reduced to that of the security of its underlying primitives. Nevertheless, it is not alway... | Secure multi-party computation | 0.780609 |
91,286 | Starting around 2004, first generation ADCs offered simple application acceleration and load balancing.In 2006, ADCs began to mature when they began featuring advanced applications services such as compression, caching, connection multiplexing, traffic shaping, application layer security, SSL offload, and content switc... | Application Delivery Controller | 0.780608 |
91,287 | His prediction was based on the difficulties and failures of computer use he had observed in 1981, including a candid horror story of his own Princeton University library's attempt to computerize its operations. His computers of the future, represented by the robot butler his visitor to Earth encounters in 2081, includ... | 2081: A Hopeful View of the Human Future | 0.780606 |
91,288 | With the aid of speculations by computer pioneers such as John von Neumann and the writers of "tracts" such as Zamyatin's We, O'Neill also predicted that privacy would be under siege from computers in 2081. O'Neill predicted that software engineering issues and the intractability of artificial intelligence problems wou... | 2081: A Hopeful View of the Human Future | 0.780606 |
91,289 | Sections are included on the five key "Drivers of Change" believed by O'Neill to be the focus of future development: Automation Space Colonies Communications Computers EnergyO'Neill applied basic physics to understand the limits of possible change, using the history of the technology to extrapolate likely progress. He ... | 2081: A Hopeful View of the Human Future | 0.780606 |
91,290 | However, the weak interaction does distinguish "left" from "right", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation). Based on this, one might think that, if the wavefunction for each particle (more precisely, the quantum field for each particle type) were simultaneously mirror-reversed, then the new set of wavefunct... | Meson | 0.780605 |
91,291 | P-parity is left-right parity, or spatial parity, and was the first of several "parities" discovered, and so is often called just “parity”. If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call "left" and what we call "right". Thi... | Meson | 0.780605 |
91,292 | The Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society since 1977. The recipient is chosen for "notable contributions to the field of molecular spectroscopy and dynamics". The prize is named after Earle K. Plyler, who was a leading ex... | Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy | 0.780604 |
91,293 | Any bounded operator T {\displaystyle T} that has finite rank is a compact operator; indeed, the class of compact operators is a natural generalization of the class of finite-rank operators in an infinite-dimensional setting. When Y {\displaystyle Y} is a Hilbert space, it is true that any compact operator is a limit o... | Compact operator | 0.780602 |
91,294 | A bounded linear operator between Banach spaces is compact if and only if its adjoint is compact (Schauder's theorem). If T: X → Y {\displaystyle T:X\to Y} is bounded and compact, then: the closure of the range of T {\displaystyle T} is separable. if the range of T {\displaystyle T} is closed in Y, then the range of T ... | Compact operator | 0.780602 |
91,295 | The compact operators from a Banach space to itself form a two-sided ideal in the algebra of all bounded operators on the space. Indeed, the compact operators on an infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space form a maximal ideal, so the quotient algebra, known as the Calkin algebra, is simple. More generally, the com... | Compact operator | 0.780602 |
91,296 | An important example of a compact operator is compact embedding of Sobolev spaces, which, along with the Gårding inequality and the Lax–Milgram theorem, can be used to convert an elliptic boundary value problem into a Fredholm integral equation. Existence of the solution and spectral properties then follow from the the... | Compact operator | 0.780602 |
91,297 | In the following, X , Y , Z , W {\displaystyle X,Y,Z,W} are Banach spaces, B ( X , Y ) {\displaystyle B(X,Y)} is the space of bounded operators X → Y {\displaystyle X\to Y} under the operator norm, and K ( X , Y ) {\displaystyle K(X,Y)} denotes the space of compact operators X → Y {\displaystyle X\to Y} . Id X {\displa... | Compact operator | 0.780602 |
91,298 | Uranium and thorium both form metallacycles with a diverse chemistry. These complexes are very labile so trimethylsilyl groups are again present for protection. These compounds are formed by reacting weaker alkylating agents (LiCH3 and Mg(CH3)2 are too strong and lead to the formation of simple alkyls) with ClAn3 (An =... | Organoactinide chemistry | 0.780598 |
91,299 | Organoactinide chemistry is the science exploring the properties, structure, and reactivity of organoactinide compounds, which are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to actinide chemical bond. Like most organometallic compounds, the organoactinides are air sensitive and need to be handled using the appropriat... | Organoactinide chemistry | 0.780598 |
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