id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
91,300 | Most common organoactinide complexes involve π-bonding with ligands such as cyclopentadienyl, but there are a few exceptions with σ-bonding, namely in thorium and uranium chemistry as these are the most easily handleable elements of this group. | Organoactinide chemistry | 0.780598 |
91,301 | "The search for higher productivity and the increase of labor cost has driven the development of computer vision technology, electronic scales and automatic skinning and filleting machines." | Fish processing | 0.780598 |
91,302 | David Charles Rees (born 1958) CChem FRSC FMedSci is a chemist recognised internationally for his innovative use of chemistry in drug discovery. He is Chief Scientific Officer of biotechnology company Astex Pharmaceuticals, which is located in Cambridge, UK. | David Rees (organic chemist) | 0.780598 |
91,303 | Rees joined Astex in 2003 to lead its chemistry team. He became Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) in 2017. In 2013, Astex was acquired for around USD $900 million and now operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Rees is associated with the discovery of three la... | David Rees (organic chemist) | 0.780598 |
91,304 | Rees is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). He is one of the few industrial scientists to have served as President of its Organic Division (2010-2013), and was later elected to the RSC Board of Trustees (2015-2019).Rees has held visiting professorships at three UK universities, and sits on several scienti... | David Rees (organic chemist) | 0.780598 |
91,305 | (Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride is an organotitanium compound with the formula Cp*TiCl3 (Cp* = C5(CH3)5). It is an orange solid. The compound adopts a piano stool geometry. An early synthesis involve the combination of lithium pentamethylcyclopentadienide and titanium tetrachloride.The compound is an ... | (Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride | 0.780597 |
91,306 | Stakeholder analysis in conflict resolution, business administration, environmental health sciences decision making, industrial ecology, public administration, and project management is the process of assessing a system and potential changes to it as they relate to relevant and interested parties known as stakeholders.... | Stakeholder analysis | 0.780596 |
91,307 | The Tanzania national BAP addresses issues related to sustainable use of Lake Manyara, an extensive freshwater lake, whose usage by humans accelerated in the period 1950 to 1990. The designation of the Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme in 1981 combines conservation of the lak... | Biodiversity action plan | 0.780596 |
91,308 | The Herschel Museum of Astronomy at 19 New King Street, Bath, England, is a museum that was inaugurated in 1981. It is located in a town house that was formerly the home of William Herschel and his sister Caroline. | Herschel Museum of Astronomy | 0.780594 |
91,309 | The "Star Vault Astronomy auditorium", opened in 2003, shows a short film about the Herschels, their life living at 19 New King Street, and modern space exploration, narrated by Patrick Moore. | Herschel Museum of Astronomy | 0.780594 |
91,310 | {\displaystyle \left(a_{d}x^{d}+a_{d-1}x^{d-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}\right)'=da_{d}x^{d-1}+(d-1)a_{d-1}x^{d-2}+\cdots +a_{1}.} The mapping f ↦ f ′ {\displaystyle f\mapsto f'} is then a derivation on the polynomial ring R. This definition can be extended to rational functions as well. The notion of derivation applies to ... | Generalized derivative | 0.780593 |
91,311 | A derivation is a linear map on a ring or algebra which satisfies the Leibniz law (the product rule). Higher derivatives and algebraic differential operators can also be defined. They are studied in a purely algebraic setting in differential Galois theory and the theory of D-modules, but also turn up in many other area... | Generalized derivative | 0.780593 |
91,312 | This is useful, for example, if the vector-valued function is the position vector of a particle through time, then the derivative is the velocity vector of the particle through time. In complex analysis, the central objects of study are holomorphic functions, which are complex-valued functions on the complex numbers wh... | Generalized derivative | 0.780593 |
91,313 | In multivariable calculus, in the context of differential equations defined by a vector valued function Rn to Rm, the Fréchet derivative A is a linear operator on R considered as a vector space over itself, and corresponds to the best linear approximation of a function. If such an operator exists, then it is unique, an... | Generalized derivative | 0.780593 |
91,314 | The Fréchet derivative defines the derivative for general normed vector spaces V , W {\displaystyle V,W} . Briefly, a function f: U → W {\displaystyle f:U\to W} , U {\displaystyle U} an open subset of V {\displaystyle V} , is called Fréchet differentiable at x ∈ U {\displaystyle x\in U} if there exists a bounded linear... | Generalized derivative | 0.780593 |
91,315 | In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental construction of differential calculus and admits many possible generalizations within the fields of mathematical analysis, combinatorics, algebra, geometry, etc. | Generalized derivative | 0.780593 |
91,316 | The circle later became a pair of parentheses, and the parentheses were sometimes omitted altogether over the next few decades.A few asteroids were given symbols by their discoverers after the encircled-number notation became widespread. 26 Proserpina (discovered 1853), 28 Bellona (discovered 1854), 35 Leukothea (disco... | Astronomical symbol | 0.780593 |
91,317 | Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts, proposed astronomical symbols for the dwarf planets Quaoar, Sedna, Orcus, Haumea, Eris, Makemake, and Gonggong. These symbols are somewhat standard among astrologers (e.g. in the program Astrolog), which is where planetary symbols are most used today. Moskowitz has... | Astronomical symbol | 0.780593 |
91,318 | Pluto's name and symbol were announced by the discoverers on May 1, 1930. The symbol, a monogram of the letters PL, could be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for Percival Lowell, the astronomer who initiated Lowell Observatory's search for a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune. Pluto has an alternative symbol consistin... | Astronomical symbol | 0.780593 |
91,319 | In differential geometry, the Schwarz minimal surfaces are periodic minimal surfaces originally described by Hermann Schwarz. In the 1880s Schwarz and his student E. R. Neovius described periodic minimal surfaces. They were later named by Alan Schoen in his seminal report that described the gyroid and other triply peri... | Schwarz minimal surface | 0.780592 |
91,320 | Schoen named this surface 'primitive' because it has two intertwined congruent labyrinths, each with the shape of an inflated tubular version of the simple cubic lattice. While the standard P surface has cubic symmetry the unit cell can be any rectangular box, producing a family of minimal surfaces with the same topolo... | Schwarz minimal surface | 0.780592 |
91,321 | It was a collaboration of Alan Dressler and Augustus Oemler, Jr., at Observatory of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, Warrick J. Couch at the University of New South Wales, Richard Ellis at Caltech, Bianca Poggianti at the University of Padua, Amy Barger at the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy, Harvey... | Morphs collaboration | 0.780592 |
91,322 | As a consequence of the Mayer-Vietoris sequence, the value of an excisive functor on a space X {\displaystyle X} only depends on its value on 'small' subspaces of X {\displaystyle X} , together with the knowledge how these small subspaces intersect. In a cycle representation of the associated homology theory, this mean... | Assembly map | 0.780592 |
91,323 | In mathematics, assembly maps are an important concept in geometric topology. From the homotopy-theoretical viewpoint, an assembly map is a universal approximation of a homotopy invariant functor by a homology theory from the left. From the geometric viewpoint, assembly maps correspond to 'assemble' local data over a p... | Assembly map | 0.780592 |
91,324 | For A {\displaystyle A} -theory, the homotopy fiber A % ( M ) {\displaystyle A_{\%}(M)} of the corresponding assembly map is homotopy equivalent to the space of stable h-cobordisms on M {\displaystyle M} . This fact is called the stable parametrized h-cobordism theorem, proven by Waldhausen-Jahren-Rognes. It may be vie... | Assembly map | 0.780592 |
91,325 | Moreover, the fibration sequence L % ( M ) → L % ( M ) → L ( M ) {\displaystyle L_{\%}(M)\to L^{\%}(M)\to L(M)} induces a long exact sequence of homotopy groups which may be identified with the surgery exact sequence of M {\displaystyle M} . This may be called the fundamental theorem of surgery theory and was developed... | Assembly map | 0.780592 |
91,326 | Assembly maps are studied in geometric topology mainly for the two functors L ( X ) {\displaystyle L(X)} , algebraic L-theory of X {\displaystyle X} , and A ( X ) {\displaystyle A(X)} , algebraic K-theory of spaces of X {\displaystyle X} . In fact, the homotopy fibers of both assembly maps have a direct geometric inter... | Assembly map | 0.780592 |
91,327 | But does this mean an animal feels—is aware of—pain as we are, or does it merely mean it is programmed to act a certain way with certain stimuli? Similar questions can be asked of any activity an animal (including a human) might undertake, in principle. Many scientists regard all emotion and cognition (in humans and an... | Emotion in animals | 0.780586 |
91,328 | In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt or ester of a sulfonic acid. It contains the functional group R−S(=O)2−O−, where R is an organic group. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids. Sulfonates are generally stable in water, non-oxidizing, and colorless. Many useful compounds and even some bioch... | Sulfonate ester | 0.780584 |
91,329 | News Best Colleges Ranking for misreporting statistics. Berkeley had originally reported that its two-year average alumni giving rate for fiscal years 2017 and 2016 was 11.6 percent, U.S. News said. | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,330 | The four-year, full-time undergraduate program offers 107 bachelor's degrees across the Haas School of Business (1), College of Chemistry (5), College of Engineering (20), College of Environmental Design (4), College of Letters and Science (67), Rausser College of Natural Resources (10), and individual majors (2). The ... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,331 | The school in 1993 was the only remaining member of the original 1906 "Big Six", along with Harvard; in that year Berkeley ranked first.The American Council on Education, a private non-profit association, ranked Berkeley tenth in 1934. However, by 1942, private funding had helped Berkeley rise to second place, behind o... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,332 | In particular, during World War II and following Glenn Seaborg's then-secret discovery of plutonium, Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory began to contract with the U.S. Army to develop the atomic bomb. Physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,333 | In 1926, future Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval ROTC unit at Berkeley. Berkeley ROTC alumni include former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Army Chief of Staff Frederick C. Weyand, sixteen other general officers, ten Navy flag officers, and AFROTC alumna Captain Theresa Claiborne.In the... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,334 | In 1977, a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy (MS 1982) assembled the original Berkeley Software Distribution, commonly known as BSD Unix. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of the terminal console editor vi, while Ken Arnold (BA 1985) crea... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,335 | Cyclotron – Ernest O. Lawrence created a particle accelerator in 1934, and was awarded the Nobel Physics Prize in 1939. Dark energy – Saul Perlmutter and many others in the Supernova Cosmology Project discover the universe is expanding because of dark energy 1998. Flu vaccine – Wendell M. Stanley and colleagues discove... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,336 | Atomic bomb – Physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was wartime director of Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Manhattan Project. Carbon 14 and photosynthesis – Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben first discovered carbon 14 in 1940, and Nobel laureate Melvin Calvin and his colleagues used carbon 14 as a molecular tracer t... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,337 | Daniel Kahneman was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory. Richard O. Buckius, engineer, Bachelor's in Mechanical Engineering '72, Masters '73, PhD '75, currently Chief Operating Officer of the National Science Foundation. Edward P. Tryon (PhD 1967) is the physicist who firs... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,338 | Narendra Karmarkar (PhD 1983) is known for the interior point method, a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as Karmarkar's algorithm. National Medal of Science laureate Chien-Shiung Wu (PhD 1940), often known as the "Chinese Madame Curie", disproved the Law of Conservation of Parity for which she was awar... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,339 | Carol Greider (PhD 1987), professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer. Harvey Itano (BS 1942) co... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,340 | Alumni have made important contributions to science. Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules. Nobel laureate William F. Giauque (BS 1920, PhD 1922) investigated chemical thermodynamics, Nobel laureate Willard Libby (BS 1931, PhD 1933) pioneered radiocarbon dating, Nobel la... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,341 | Hans Albert Einstein, the first son of Albert Einstein and a world's leading scholar in hydraulic engineering, was a long-time faculty member at Berkeley. Steven Chu (PhD 1976), the 12th United States Secretary of Energy and Nobel laureate in physics, was Director of Berkeley Lab from 2004 to 2009. Janet Yellen, 78th U... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,342 | Gilbert N. Lewis, former Dean of the College of Chemistry, was nominated 41 times for Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He mentored and influenced numerous Berkeley Nobel laureates, including Harold Urey (1934 Nobel Prize), William F. Giauque (1949 Nobel Prize), Glenn T. Seaborg (1951 Nobel Prize), Willard Libby (1960 Nobel Pr... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,343 | Shiing-Shen Chern, a leading geometer of the 20th century, co-founded the renowned Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and served as its founding Director until 1984. Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was scientific director of the Manhattan Project and was the founder of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics.... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,344 | Supported by a grant from alumnus James Simons, the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing was established in 2012. In 2014, Berkeley and its sister campus, UCSF, established the Innovative Genomics Institute, and, in 2020, an anonymous donor pledged $252 million to help fund a new center for computing and data s... | Discoveries and innovation by the University of California, Berkeley | 0.780583 |
91,345 | The added degrees of freedom make modular robots more versatile in their potential capabilities, but also incur a performance tradeoff and increased mechanical and computational complexities. The quest for self-reconfiguring robotic structures is to some extent inspired by envisioned applications such as long-term spac... | Self-reconfiguring modular robot | 0.780583 |
91,346 | For example, self-assembling systems may be composed of multiple modules but cannot dynamically control their target shape. Similarly, tensegrity robotics may be composed of multiple interchangeable modules but cannot self-reconfigure. Self-reconfigurable robotic systems feature reconfigurability compared to their fixe... | Self-reconfiguring modular robot | 0.780583 |
91,347 | A modular robot is likely to be inferior in performance to any single custom robot tailored for a specific task. However, the advantage of modular robotics is only apparent when considering multiple tasks that would normally require a set of different robots. | Self-reconfiguring modular robot | 0.780583 |
91,348 | The calculus of the oral cavity is the result of mineralization of and around dead microorganisms; this calculus can then be colonized by living bacteria. Dental calculus can be present on supragingival and subgingival surfaces. | Dental bacteria | 0.780581 |
91,349 | By the fourth semester, the teachers lead the class, and the software engineers become "teaching assistants". The aim is to enable the teachers who have math and science backgrounds in the future to lead the classes by themselves.TEALS provides support for three classes. Two of the classes are one-semester long: Introd... | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools | 0.780581 |
91,350 | Wang designed a three-month summer class for Microsoft employees who wanted to volunteer with TEALS. The class taught the employees about devising lesson plans and leading classes. TEALS aims to create self-perpetuating computer science programs within two or three years. The software engineers commit to being physical... | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools | 0.780581 |
91,351 | A 2015 article in the Altavista Journal quoted the TEALS website, noting that the United States has 80,000 unfilled jobs that need a computer science degree. The Altavista Journal further reported that this would cause the United States to lose $500 billion over the following 10 years and that only 10% of American high... | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools | 0.780581 |
91,352 | Kevin Wang graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 2002 with a degree in electrical engineering and computer science. To pursue his teaching passion, he declined several industry job offers. Wang taught in the Bay Area for several years, and attended the Harvard Graduate School of Education, where he r... | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools | 0.780581 |
91,353 | The classes are scheduled for first period since many volunteers do not start work until later in the morning. For rural schools that lack the capital to run a computer science class, TEALS enables software engineers to instruct students distantly through videoconferencing.The first two semesters, the software engineer... | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools | 0.780581 |
91,354 | Volunteers undergo a three-month summer class that teach them about making lesson plans and leading classes. Afterwards, software engineers visit classrooms four or five mornings a week for the entire school year to teach computer science concepts to both students and teachers. TEALS volunteers are not required to be M... | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools | 0.780581 |
91,355 | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools (TEALS) is a program that pairs high schools with software engineers who serve as part-time computer science teachers. The program was started in 2009 by Microsoft software engineer Kevin Wang, but after Wang's divisional president learned about the program, Microsoft incuba... | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools | 0.780581 |
91,356 | In a 2012 interview with GeekWire, Wang said TEALS has two long-term goals. The first is to give every American high school student the opportunity to take an introductory computer science course and an AP Computer Science course. The second is to have the same proportion of students taking AP Computer Science as those... | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools | 0.780581 |
91,357 | He convinced fellow Microsoft employees and other acquaintances to teach computer science at other schools. After joining Microsoft, Wang started volunteering to teach the morning computer science class at Issaquah High School, a nearby high school, in 2009.In 2009, Wang founded Technology Education and Literacy in Sch... | Technology Education and Literacy in Schools | 0.780581 |
91,358 | {\displaystyle \dim _{\mathbf {C} }M=a(M)=\operatorname {tr.deg.} _{\mathbf {C} }\mathbf {C} (M).} Complex algebraic varieties have this property, but the converse is not true: Hironaka's example gives a smooth 3-dimensional Moishezon manifold that is not an algebraic variety or scheme. Moishezon (1967, Chapter I, Theo... | Moishezon manifold | 0.78058 |
91,359 | A perception of a coherent family of tools and methods for ESA started to become established by findings published in the year 2000. Common characteristics were found to recently have appeared across tools and methods that had previously been seen as distinct from each other. The characteristics were full and attributi... | Environmental systems analysis | 0.78058 |
91,360 | In mathematics, the Brauer–Suzuki theorem, proved by Brauer & Suzuki (1959), Suzuki (1962), Brauer (1964), states that if a finite group has a generalized quaternion Sylow 2-subgroup and no non-trivial normal subgroups of odd order, then the group has a center of order 2. In particular, such a group cannot be simple. A... | Brauer–Suzuki theorem | 0.780579 |
91,361 | The Ministry of Energy, Science & Technology, and Public Utilities (Belize) was founded in 2012. The Ministry is currently divided into the Department of Geology and Petroleum, the Energy Unit and the Science and Technology Unit. The Ministry is represented by Senator Joy Grant and CEO Dr Colin Young, and has an office... | Ministry of Energy, Science & Technology and Public Utilities | 0.780578 |
91,362 | The Geology and Petroleum Department was established in 1984 as part of the Ministry of Natural Resources. In 2012, the department moved to the new Ministry of Energy, Science & Technology and Public Utilities. The department is responsible for governance of the petroleum industry in Belize. The department's mission st... | Ministry of Energy, Science & Technology and Public Utilities | 0.780578 |
91,363 | The Energy Unit was established in 2012 and has responsibility for governance of the energy sector in Belize. The Unit's mission statement is to "To plan, promote and effectively manage the production, delivery and use of energy through Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and Cleaner Production interventions for the s... | Ministry of Energy, Science & Technology and Public Utilities | 0.780578 |
91,364 | Steam can be drawn off as required, either for driving a steam turbine or for process purposes (e.g. in chemical engineering), by opening a steam valve on top of the drum. The pressure in the drum will fall but the reduced pressure causes more water to boil and the accumulator can go on supplying steam (while gradually... | Steam accumulator | 0.780577 |
91,365 | For example, the introduction of Cryptocurrency, opens possibility for illegal trade, such as the sale of drugs, guns and black market transaction. The digital revolution made it possible to store and track facts, articles, statistics, as well as minutiae hitherto unfeasible. From the perspective of the historian, a la... | Third industrial revolution | 0.780575 |
91,366 | Positive aspects include greater interconnectedness, easier communication, and the exposure of information that in the past could have more easily been suppressed by totalitarian regimes. Michio Kaku wrote in his books Physics of the Future that the failure of the Soviet coup of 1991 was due largely to the existence of... | Third industrial revolution | 0.780575 |
91,367 | Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the development and analysis of new methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. It was established in 1985 and is published by John Wiley & Sons. The editors-in-chief are George F. Pin... | Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations | 0.780574 |
91,368 | Whilst the Coase Theorem remains largely theoretical, there are some real life examples of Coasean bargaining. One Coasean example was the negotiations that took place between waterworks and farmers in Denmark. Danish waterworks were attempting to establish “voluntary cultivation agreements with Danish farmers”. Some m... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,369 | In his 1960 paper Coase specified the ideal conditions under which the theorem could hold and then also argued that real-world transaction costs are rarely low enough to allow for efficient bargaining. Hence, the theorem is almost always inapplicable to economic reality but is a useful tool in predicting possible econo... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,370 | This 'theorem' is commonly attributed to Nobel Prize laureate Ronald Coase (quotations noting that Coase's theorem is not a theorem in the strict mathematical sense). In practice, numerous complications, including imperfect information and poorly defined property rights, can prevent this optimal Coasean bargaining solu... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,371 | In law and economics, the Coase theorem () describes the economic efficiency of an economic allocation or outcome in the presence of externalities. The theorem is significant because, if true, the conclusion is that it is possible for private individuals to make choices that can solve the problem of market externalitie... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,372 | Market and contractual institutions should also be considered, as well as corrective subsidies. The equivalence theorem also is a springboard for Coase's primary achievement—providing the pillars for the New Institutional Economics. First, the Coasean maximum-value solution becomes a benchmark by which institutions can... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,373 | In his UCLA dissertation and in subsequent work, Steven N. S. Cheung (1969) coined an extension of the Coase theorem: aside from transaction costs, all institutional forms are capable of achieving the same efficient allocation. Contracts, extended markets, and corrective taxation are equally capable of internalizing an... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,374 | This is because dual regulatory environments exist. In order to examine whether the hypothesis that Coasean bargaining in the presence of a Pigouvian tax is superior to a scenario without taxation, MacKenzie and Ohndorf had to make certain assumptions. Firstly, they relaxing the assumption of property right allocations... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,375 | Because Ronald Coase did not originally intend to set forth any one particular theorem, it has largely been the effort of others who have developed the loose formulation of the Coase theorem. What Coase initially provided was fuel in the form of “counterintuitive insight” that externalities necessarily involved more th... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,376 | Let's assume the following: Possible solutions to internalize the externality: By applying the Coase Theorem two possible solutions arise for internalizing this externality. These solutions can occur because the positive external benefits are clearly identified and we assume that 1) transaction costs are low; 2) proper... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,377 | If a cause of action does not exist, and the damage equals $50 while the wall will cost $100, the wall will not exist. B cannot win the lawsuit and the economic realities of trying to get the wall built are prohibitive.The Coase theorem considers all four of these outcomes logical because the economic incentives will b... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,378 | This version fits the legal cases cited by Coase. If it is more efficient to prevent cattle trampling a farmer's fields by fencing in the farm, rather than fencing in the cattle, the outcome of bargaining will be the fence around the farmer's fields, regardless of whether victim rights or unrestricted grazing-rights pr... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,379 | "While most critics find fault with the applicability of the Coase Theorem, a critique of the theorem itself can be found in the work of the critical legal scholar Duncan Kennedy, who argues that the initial allocation always matters in reality. This is because psychological studies indicate that asking prices often ex... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,380 | In his later writings, Coase himself expressed frustration that his theorem was often misunderstood. Although some have used Coase's analysis to argue that because transaction costs are never zero it is always appropriate for a government to intervene and regulate, Coase believed that economists and politicians "tended... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,381 | Gruber further describes three additional issues with attempting to apply the Coase Theorem to real-world situations. The first of these is known as the assignment problem, and stems from the fact that for most situations with externalities, it is extremely difficult to determine who may be responsible for the external... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,382 | There must be no wealth effects. The efficient solution will be the same, regardless of who gets the initial property rights.The Coase Theorem shows that the essence of the market is not price, but property rights. As long as there are property rights, people will naturally "negotiate" a reasonable price. | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,383 | Coase's main point, clarified in his article 'The Problem of Social Cost,' published in 1960 and cited when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1991, was that transaction costs, however, could not be neglected, and therefore, the initial allocation of property rights often mattered. As a result, one normative conclusion ... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,384 | Coase developed his theorem when considering the regulation of radio frequencies. Competing radio stations could use the same frequencies and would therefore interfere with each other's broadcasts. The problem faced by regulators was how to eliminate interference and allocate frequencies to radio stations efficiently. ... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,385 | The Coase Theorem has been used by jurists and legal scholars in the analysis and resolution of disputes involving both contract law and tort law. In contract law, the Coase theorem is often used as a method to evaluate the relative power of the parties during the negotiation and acceptance of a traditional or classica... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,386 | As a result, under incomplete information (probably the only state of knowledge for most real world negotiations), Coasean bargaining yields predictably inefficient results. Hahnel and Sheeran emphasize that these failures are not due to behavioral issues or irrationality (although these are quite prevalent (ultimatum ... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,387 | Second, the information assumptions required to apply Coase's theorem correctly to yield an efficient result are complete information—in other words that both sides lack private information, that their true costs are completely known not only to themselves but to each other, and that this knowledge state is also common... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,388 | When the multiple parties on the other side all benefit fairly equally from the results of the negotiations, then each of the parties has the incentive to free-ride, to withhold their payments and withdraw from the negotiations because they can still receive the benefits regardless of whether or not they contribute fin... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,389 | Even in the simplest of situations, with only two individuals, social costs can increase transaction costs to be unreasonably high so as to invalidate the applicability of Coasean bargaining. As economist Jonathan Gruber describes, there are strong social norms that often prevent people from bargaining in most day-to-d... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,390 | So, a key criticism is that the theorem is almost always inapplicable in economic reality, because real-world transaction costs are rarely low enough to allow for efficient bargaining. (That was the conclusion of Coase's original paper, making him the first 'critic' of using the theorem as a practical solution.) Neo-Ke... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,391 | Ronald Coase's work itself emphasized a problem in applying the Coase theorem: transactions are "often extremely costly, sufficiently costly at any rate to prevent many transactions that would be carried out in a world in which the pricing system worked without cost." (Coase, 1960—first paragraph of section VI.) This i... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,392 | When students were trading cash-equivalent tokens, the negotiations resulted in the students who would receive the most cash from a token (as told by the researchers) holding the tokens, as would be predicted by the Coase Theorem. However, when the students were trading property (mugs in this case) that were not direct... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,393 | Unlike Hahnel and Sheeran, the economist Richard Thaler highlights the importance of behavioral economics in explaining the inability to effectively use the Coase Theorem in practice. Thaler modified his experiments with the Ultimatum game and showed that people were more likely to be concerned with ensuring fairness i... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,394 | The validity of this theoretical critique in practice is addressed in a later section. An additional critique of the theorem comes from new institutional economist Steven N. S. Cheung who thinks that private property rights are institutions that arise to reduce transaction costs. The existence of private property right... | Coase Theorem | 0.780573 |
91,395 | Finally, in order to understand the underlying physics, the "quantum efficiency" is used to compare the chance that one photon (of a particular energy) will create one electron. In quantum efficiency terms, DSSCs are extremely efficient. Due to their "depth" in the nanostructure there is a very high chance that a photo... | Grätzel cell | 0.780573 |
91,396 | Northwestern University researchers announced a solution to a primary problem of DSSCs, that of difficulties in using and containing the liquid electrolyte and the consequent relatively short useful life of the device. This is achieved through the use of nanotechnology and the conversion of the liquid electrolyte to a ... | Gratzel cell | 0.780573 |
91,397 | Apart from autoantigen reactivity, Th17 cells inherent biology of low end MAP kinases signaling especially Erk1/2 and p38 help their survival by refusing activation induced cell death (AICD). Together overactivation against autoantigen and prolonged existence of Th17 cells have deleterious consequence in autoimmune dis... | T helper 17 cell | 0.780571 |
91,398 | Projected dynamical systems is a mathematical theory investigating the behaviour of dynamical systems where solutions are restricted to a constraint set. The discipline shares connections to and applications with both the static world of optimization and equilibrium problems and the dynamical world of ordinary differen... | Projected dynamical system | 0.78057 |
91,399 | In mathematics, Bochner's theorem (named for Salomon Bochner) characterizes the Fourier transform of a positive finite Borel measure on the real line. More generally in harmonic analysis, Bochner's theorem asserts that under Fourier transform a continuous positive-definite function on a locally compact abelian group co... | Bochner theorem | 0.78057 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.