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94,600 | As noted above, Gleason's theorem shows that there is no probability measure over the rays of a Hilbert space that only takes the values 0 and 1 (as long as the dimension of that space exceeds 2). The Kochen–Specker theorem refines this statement by constructing a specific finite subset of rays on which no such probabi... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,601 | : §1.3: §2.1 Gleason's theorem states that for any such function f {\displaystyle f} , there exists a positive-semidefinite operator ρ {\displaystyle \rho } with unit trace such that Both the Born rule and the fact that "catalogues of probability" are positive-semidefinite operators of unit trace follow from the assump... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,602 | The probability of any outcome of a measurement upon a quantum system must be a real number between 0 and 1 inclusive, and in order to be consistent, for any individual measurement the probabilities of the different possible outcomes must add up to 1. Gleason's theorem shows that any function that assigns probabilities... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,603 | Finally, he shows that the general problem can be reduced to this special case. Gleason credits one lemma used in this last stage of the proof to his doctoral student Richard Palais. : fn 3 Robin Lyth Hudson described Gleason's theorem as "celebrated and notoriously difficult". Cooke, Keane and Moran later produced a p... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,604 | This step makes use of the theory of spherical harmonics. Then, he proves that frame functions on R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} have to be continuous, which establishes the theorem for the special case of R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} . This step is regarded as the most difficult of the proof. | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,605 | Any such measure that can be written in the standard way, that is, by applying the Born rule to a quantum state, is termed a regular frame function. Gleason derives a sequence of lemmas concerning when a frame function is necessarily regular, culminating in the final theorem. First, he establishes that every continuous... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,606 | Gleason, on the other hand, did not assume linearity, but merely additivity for commuting projectors together with noncontextuality, assumptions seen as better motivated and more physically meaningful.By the late 1940s, George Mackey had grown interested in the mathematical foundations of quantum physics, wondering in ... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,607 | Gleason's theorem highlights a number of fundamental issues in quantum measurement theory. As Fuchs argues, the theorem "is an extremely powerful result", because "it indicates the extent to which the Born probability rule and even the state-space structure of density operators are dependent upon the theory's other pos... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,608 | The representation theorem in quantum logic shows that such a lattice is isomorphic to the lattice of subspaces of a vector space with a scalar product. : §2 Using Solèr's theorem, the (skew) field K over which the vector space is defined can be proven, with additional hypotheses, to be either the real numbers, complex... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,609 | However, the theorem can be reformulated in such a way that a constructive proof can be found.Gleason's theorem can be extended to some cases where the observables of the theory form a von Neumann algebra. Specifically, an analogue of Gleason's result can be shown to hold if the algebra of observables has no direct sum... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,610 | However, when the set of allowed measurements is the set of all POVMs, the theorem holds. : §3.D The original proof by Gleason was not constructive: one of the ideas on which it depends is the fact that every continuous function defined on a compact space attains its minimum. Because one cannot in all cases explicitly ... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,611 | Unlike the original theorem of Gleason, the generalized version using POVMs also applies to the case of a single qubit. Assuming noncontextuality for POVMs is, however, controversial, as POVMs are not fundamental, and some authors defend that noncontextuality should be assumed only for the underlying von Neumann measur... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,612 | Gleason originally proved the theorem assuming that the measurements applied to the system are of the von Neumann type, i.e., that each possible measurement corresponds to an orthonormal basis of the Hilbert space. Later, Busch and independently Caves et al.: 116 proved an analogous result for a more general class of m... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,613 | Defining the probability of a measurement outcome to be 1 if the point representing that outcome lies in the same hemisphere as λ → {\displaystyle {\vec {\lambda }}} and 0 otherwise yields an assignment of probabilities to measurement outcomes that obeys Gleason's assumptions. However, this probability assignment does ... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,614 | More specifically, Gleason's theorem rules out hidden-variable models that are "noncontextual". Any hidden-variable model for quantum mechanics must, in order to avoid the implications of Gleason's theorem, involve hidden variables that are not properties belonging to the measured system alone but also dependent upon t... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,615 | Since this unit sphere is connected, no continuous probability measure on it can be deterministic. : §1.3 Gleason's theorem therefore suggests that quantum theory represents a deep and fundamental departure from the classical intuition that uncertainty is due to ignorance about hidden degrees of freedom. | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,616 | Conditional on the value of the underlying physical property, any given outcome (for example, a result of + {\displaystyle +} ) must be either impossible or guaranteed. But Gleason's theorem implies that there can be no such deterministic probability measure. The mapping u → ⟨ ρ u , u ⟩ {\displaystyle u\to \langle \rho... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,617 | Moreover, the theorem is historically significant for the role it played in ruling out the possibility of hidden variables in quantum mechanics. A hidden-variable theory that is deterministic implies that the probability of a given outcome is always either 0 or 1. For example, a Stern–Gerlach measurement on a spin-1 at... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,618 | The Born rule associates a probability with each unit vector in the Hilbert space, in such a way that these probabilities sum to 1 for any set of unit vectors comprising an orthonormal basis. Moreover, the probability associated with a unit vector is a function of the density operator and the unit vector, and not of ad... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,619 | In quantum mechanics, each physical system is associated with a Hilbert space. For the purposes of this overview, the Hilbert space is assumed to be finite-dimensional. In the approach codified by John von Neumann, a measurement upon a physical system is represented by a self-adjoint operator on that Hilbert space some... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,620 | In mathematical physics, Gleason's theorem shows that the rule one uses to calculate probabilities in quantum physics, the Born rule, can be derived from the usual mathematical representation of measurements in quantum physics together with the assumption of non-contextuality. Andrew M. Gleason first proved the theorem... | Gleason's theorem | 0.779057 |
94,621 | SoundHound (previously known as Midomi) is a software and company (both with the same name) that lets users find results with audio. Its features are both an audio-based artificial intelligence service and services to find songs and details about them by singing, humming or recording them. Shazam is an app for smartpho... | Audio search engine | 0.779056 |
94,622 | effects on biological damage related to differences between space radiation and x-rays dependence of risk on dose-rates in space related to the biology of DNA repair, cell regulation and tissue responses predicting solar particle events (SPEs) extrapolation from experimental data to humans and between human populations... | Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis | 0.779056 |
94,623 | data on galactic cosmic ray environments physics of shielding assessments related to transmission properties of radiation through materials and tissue microgravity effects on biological responses to radiation errors in human data (statistical, dosimetry or recording inaccuracies)Quantitative methods have been developed... | Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis | 0.779056 |
94,624 | The risk of cancer is calculated by using radiation dosimetry and physics methods.For the purpose of determining radiation exposure limits at NASA, the probability of fatal cancer is calculated as shown below: The body is divided into a set of sensitive tissues, and each tissue, T, is assigned a weight, wT, according t... | Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis | 0.779056 |
94,625 | The measured change rate of cancer is restricted by limited statistics. A study published in Scientific Reports looked over 301 U.S. astronauts and 117 Soviet and Russian cosmonauts, and found no measurable increase in cancer mortality compared to the general population, as reported by LiveScience.An earlier 1998 study... | Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis | 0.779056 |
94,626 | The BEIR VII report, which is the most recent of the major reports is used in the following sub-pages. Evidence for low-LET cancer effects must be augmented by information on protons, neutrons, and HZE nuclei that is only available in experimental models. Such data have been reviewed by NASA several times in the past a... | Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis | 0.779056 |
94,627 | The cumulative cancer fatality risk (%REID) to an astronaut for occupational radiation exposures, N, is found by applying life-table methodologies that can be approximated at small values of %REID by summing over the tissue-weighted effective dose, Ei, as R i s k = ∑ i = 1 N E i R 0 ( a g e i , s e x ) {\displaystyle R... | Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis | 0.779056 |
94,628 | The French mathematician Paul Lévy proved the following theorem, which gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a continuous Rn-valued stochastic process X to actually be n-dimensional Brownian motion. Hence, Lévy's condition can actually be used as an alternative definition of Brownian motion. Let X = (X1, ..., ... | Brownian path | 0.779055 |
94,629 | Some of these collisions will tend to accelerate the Brownian particle; others will tend to decelerate it. If there is a mean excess of one kind of collision or the other to be of the order of 108 to 1010 collisions in one second, then velocity of the Brownian particle may be anywhere between 10 and 1000 cm/s. Thus, ev... | Brownian path | 0.779055 |
94,630 | Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE/MBE). This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin(II) chloride (SnCl2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and quenching the resulting iminium salt (+Cl−) with water (H2O). During the synthe... | Stephen aldehyde synthesis | 0.779051 |
94,631 | Since a matrix is similar to its own transpose, they must have the same eigenvalues. It follows that the eigenvalues of a skew-symmetric matrix always come in pairs ±λ (except in the odd-dimensional case where there is an additional unpaired 0 eigenvalue). From the spectral theorem, for a real skew-symmetric matrix the... | Skew-symmetric matrix | 0.77905 |
94,632 | This α7-nAChR functions to allow calcium ion influx into cells, and thus when blocked by ingested bungarotoxin will produce damaging effects, as ACh signaling will be inhibited. Likewise, the use of α-bungarotoxin can be very useful in neuroscience if it is desirable to block calcium flux in order to isolate effects of... | Neurotoxic drug | 0.779049 |
94,633 | Bungarotoxin is a compound with known interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which constitute a family of ion channels whose activity is triggered by neurotransmitter binding. Bungarotoxin is produced in a number of different forms, though one of the commonly used forms is the long chain alpha for... | Neurotoxic drug | 0.779049 |
94,634 | Of note, chronic ethanol ingestion has additionally been shown to induce reorganization of cellular membrane constituents, leading to a lipid bilayer marked by increased membrane concentrations of cholesterol and saturated fat. This is important as neurotransmitter transport can be impaired through vesicular transport ... | Neurotoxic drug | 0.779049 |
94,635 | It is this capability to inhibit potassium flux in neurons that has made TEA one of the most important tools in neuroscience. It has been hypothesized that the ability for TEA to inhibit potassium channels is derived from its similar space-filling structure to potassium ions. What makes TEA very useful for neuroscienti... | Neurotoxic drug | 0.779049 |
94,636 | In the 1990s, the AAVSO developed the Hands-On Astrophysics curriculum, now known as Variable Star Astronomy (with support from the National Science Foundation ). In 2009, the AAVSO was awarded a three-year $800,000 grant from the NSF to run Citizen Sky, a pro-am collaboration project examining the 2009-2011 eclipse of... | American Association of Variable Star Observers | 0.779049 |
94,637 | Professional astronomers do not have the resources to monitor every variable star. Hence, astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can make significant contributions to scientific research. In 2011, the 100th year of the AAVSO's existence, the twenty-millionth variable star observation was received into thei... | American Association of Variable Star Observers | 0.779049 |
94,638 | An MOEA whose behavior is sensitive to its parameterization will not be easily controllable; conversely, an MOEA that is insensitive to its parameters is controllable. By measuring the sensitivities of each MOEA, the MOEA Framework can identify the controlling parameters for each MOEA and provide guidance for fine-tuni... | MOEA Framework | 0.779048 |
94,639 | The MOEA Framework is an open-source evolutionary computation library for Java that specializes in multi-objective optimization. It supports a variety of multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs), including genetic algorithms, genetic programming, grammatical evolution, differential evolution, and particle swarm o... | MOEA Framework | 0.779048 |
94,640 | Users can use Giac/Xcas to develop formal algorithms or use it in other software. Giac is used in SageMath for calculus operations. Among other things, Xcas can solve equations (Figure 3) and differential equations (Figure 4) and draw graphs. There is a forum for questions about Xcas.CmathOOoCAS, an OpenOffice.org plug... | Xcas | 0.779048 |
94,641 | Xcas is a user interface to Giac, which is an open source computer algebra system (CAS) for Windows, macOS and Linux among many other platforms. Xcas is written in C++. Giac can be used directly inside software written in C++. Xcas has compatibility modes with many popular algebra systems like WolframAlpha, Mathematica... | Xcas | 0.779048 |
94,642 | There is a port of Giac/Xcas for Casio graphing calculators: fx-CG10, fx-CG20, fx-CG50, fx-9750GIII, fx-9860GIII, called χCAS (KhiCAS). These calculators do not have their own computer algebra system. It is also available for TI Nspire CX, CX-II, and Numworks N0110 | Xcas | 0.779047 |
94,643 | Since 2015 is Xcas used in the French education system. Xcas is also used in German universities, and also in Spain and Mexico and the University of North Carolina Wilmington as well as the University of New Mexico. Xcas is especially used for learning algebra. | Xcas | 0.779047 |
94,644 | ICTP offers educational training through its pre-PhD programmes and degree programmes (conducted in collaboration with other institutes). Pre-PhD programmesPostgraduate diploma programmes in Condensed Matter Physics, High Energy Physics, Mathematics, Earth System Physics, and Quantitative Life Sciences for students fro... | International Centre for Theoretical Physics | 0.779047 |
94,645 | ICTP has instituted awards to honour and encourage high-level research in the fields of physics and mathematics. The Dirac Medal – For scientists who have made significant contributions to theoretical physics. The ICTP Prize – For young scientists from developing countries. ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award – For signifi... | International Centre for Theoretical Physics | 0.779047 |
94,646 | Sabatier's earliest research concerned the thermochemistry of sulfur and metallic sulfates, the subject for the thesis leading to his doctorate. In Toulouse, he continued his physical and chemical investigations to sulfides, chlorides, chromates and copper compounds. He also studied the oxides of nitrogen and nitrosodi... | Paul Sabatier (chemist) | 0.779047 |
94,647 | Sabatier studied at the École Normale Supérieure, starting in 1874. Three years later, he graduated at the top of his class. In 1880, he was awarded a Doctor of Science degree from the College de France.In 1883 Sabatier succeeded Édouard Filhol at the Faculty of Science, and began a long collaboration with Jean-Baptist... | Paul Sabatier (chemist) | 0.779047 |
94,648 | Sabatier is best known for the Sabatier process and his works such as La Catalyse en Chimie Organique (Catalysis in organic chemistry) which was published in 1913. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with fellow Frenchman Victor Grignard in 1912. He is also known for the Sabatier principle of catalysis. The red... | Paul Sabatier (chemist) | 0.779047 |
94,649 | Prof Paul Sabatier FRS(For) HFRSE (French: ; 5 November 1854 – 14 August 1941) was a French chemist, born in Carcassonne. In 1912, Sabatier was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Victor Grignard. Sabatier was honoured for his work improving the hydrogenation of organic species in the presence of metals. | Paul Sabatier (chemist) | 0.779047 |
94,650 | In 2007 ICTP created the peer-reviewed open-access Journal "African Review of Physics" under the then name "African Physical Review". | International Centre for Theoretical Physics | 0.779047 |
94,651 | The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) is an international research institute for physical and mathematical sciences that operates under a tripartite agreement between the Italian Government, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and International Atomic... | International Centre for Theoretical Physics | 0.779047 |
94,652 | Research at ICTP is carried out by seven scientific sections: High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Mathematics Earth System Physics Science, Technology and Innovation Quantitative Life Sciences New Research Areas (which includes studies related to Energy and Sustaina... | International Centre for Theoretical Physics | 0.779047 |
94,653 | One of ICTP's goals is to set up regional centres of excellence around the globe. The idea is to bring ICTP's unique blend of high-quality physics and mathematics education and high-level science meetings closer to scientists everywhere. On February 6, 2012, ICTP opened a partner institute (ICTP South American Institut... | International Centre for Theoretical Physics | 0.779047 |
94,654 | Germicidal lamps are used to sterilize workspaces and tools used in biology laboratories and medical facilities. If the quartz envelope transmits shorter wavelengths, such as the 185 nm mercury emission line, they can also be used wherever ozone is desired, for example, in the sanitizing systems of hot tubs and aquariu... | Germicidal lamp | 0.779046 |
94,655 | Recent developments in light-emitting diode (LED) technology have led to the commercial availability of UVC LED sources. UVC LEDs use semiconductor materials to produce light in a solid-state device. The wavelength of emission is tuneable by adjusting the chemistry of the semiconductor material, giving a selectivity to... | Germicidal lamp | 0.779046 |
94,656 | Being modern, FlightGear has realistic graphics and an orbital renderer that can handle calculations of light scattering and auroral emission with huge distances involved. Of particular note is FlightGear's Space Shuttle project, whose simulation is backed by NASA windtunnel data and is the most detailed and accurate s... | Space trading and combat simulator | 0.779046 |
94,657 | FlightGear can accurately handle speeds from subsonic, transonic, through to high hypersonic or re-entry regimes with a flight dynamics engine that can incorporate windtunnel data or computational fluid dynamics, and uses a 3d model of gravity used for spaceflight based on spherical harmonics which can simulate the twi... | Space trading and combat simulator | 0.779046 |
94,658 | FlightGear is used professionally in aerospace engineering and research, with a flight dynamics engine (JSBSim) that is used in a 2015 NASA benchmark to judge new simulation code to the standards of the space industry. FlightGear simulates orbital and atmospheric flight, but as of 2021 does not cover flight between pla... | Space trading and combat simulator | 0.779046 |
94,659 | Realistic space simulators seek to represent a vessel's behaviour under the influence of the laws of physics. As such, the player normally concentrates on following checklists or planning tasks. Piloting is generally limited to dockings, landings or orbital maneuvers. The reward for the player is on mastering real or r... | Space trading and combat simulator | 0.779046 |
94,660 | Most games in the space combat genre feature futuristic scenarios involving space flight and extraplanetary combat. Such games generally place the player into the controls of a small starfighter or smaller starship in a military force of similar and larger spaceships and do not take into account the physics of space fl... | Space trading and combat simulator | 0.779046 |
94,661 | Oracle Designer is a Computer aided software engineering (CASE) tool that was sold by Oracle. It was able to generate various software modules including Oracle Forms and Oracle Reports. The last release of Oracle Designer was in 2010 and it has since been discontinued. | Oracle Forms | 0.779045 |
94,662 | Together, they are responsible for executing game code and high-level modeling computations. The second VPU, VPU1, is dedicated to geometry-transformations and lighting and operates independently, parallel to the CPU core, controlled by microcode. VPU0, when not utilized, can also be used for geometry-transformations. ... | Emotion Engine | 0.779043 |
94,663 | In unconfined aquifers, there is no aquitard, and groundwater can be freely extracted from the surface. Extracting groundwater from unconfined aquifers is like borrowing the water: it has to be recharged at a proper rate. Recharge can happen through artificial recharge and natural recharge.Insufficient recharge can lea... | Overdrafting | 0.779042 |
94,664 | {\displaystyle C\subseteq Y.} By induction, for every m , {\displaystyle m,} But compact sets are bounded, so C {\displaystyle C} lies in the closure of Y . {\displaystyle Y.} This proves the result. For a different proof based on Hahn–Banach theorem see Crespín (1994). | Riesz's lemma | 0.779041 |
94,665 | (27 June 2009). "Quantum-chemical modelling of nanotubes of titanium silicocarbides Ti2SiC, Ti3SiC2, and Ti4SiC3". Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry. | Titanium silicon carbide | 0.779041 |
94,666 | Grace Hopper continued to contribute to computer science through the 1950s. She brought the idea of using compilers from her time at Harvard to UNIVAC which she joined in 1949. Other women who were hired to program UNIVAC included Adele Mildred Koss, Frances E. Holberton, Jean Bartik, Frances Morello and Lillian Jay. T... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,667 | In 2014, Danielle George, professor at the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester spoke at the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures on the subject of "how to hack your home", describing simple experiments involving computer hardware and demonstrating a giant game of Tetris by remote c... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,668 | In 1995, Rosemary Candlin went to write software for CERN in Geneva. In the early 1990s, Nancy Hafkin was an important figure in working with the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) in enabling email connections in 10 African countries. Starting in 1999, Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder began to work with Domain... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,669 | By the 1990s, computing was dominated by men. The proportion of female computer science graduates peaked in 1984 around 37 per cent, and then steadily declined. Although the end of the 20th century saw an increase in women scientists and engineers, this did not hold true for computing, which stagnated. Despite this, th... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,670 | The Association for Computing Machinery Turing Award, sometimes referred to as the "Nobel Prize" of computing, was named in honor of Alan Turing. This award has been won by three women between 1966 and 2015. 2006 – Frances "Fran" Elizabeth Allen 2008 – Barbara Liskov 2012 – Shafi GoldwasserThe British Computer Society ... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,671 | It laid the conceptual basis for systematic analysis and transformation of computer programs. This paper introduced the use of graph-theoretic structures to encode program content in order to automatically and efficiently derive relationships and identify opportunities for optimization.Christine Darden began working fo... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,672 | In 1965, Sister Mary Kenneth Keller became the first American woman to earn a doctorate in computer science. Keller helped develop BASIC while working as a graduate student at Dartmouth, where the university "broke the 'men only' rule" so she could use its computer science center.In 1966, Frances "Fran" Elizabeth Allen... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,673 | Voyager continues to carry their codes inside its own memory banks as it leaves the solar system. In 1979, Ruzena Bajcsy founded the General Robotics, Automation, Sensing and Perception (GRASP) Lab at the University of Pennsylvania.In the mid-70s, Joan Margaret Winters began working at IBM as part of a "human factors p... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,674 | In IT-based organisations, the ratio of men to women can vary between roles; for example, while most software developers at InfoWatch are male, half of usability designers and 80% of project managers are female.In 1991, Massachusetts Institute of Technology undergraduate Ellen Spertus wrote an essay "Why Are There So F... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,675 | In government universities in Saudi Arabia in 2014, Arab women made up 59% of students enrolled in computer science. It has been suggested there is a greater gap in countries where people of both sexes are treated more equally, contradicting any theories that society in general is to blame for any disparity. However, t... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,676 | In Britain, following the war, women programmers were selected for redundancy and forced retirement, leading to the country losing its position as computer science leader by 1974.Popular theories are favored about the lack of women in computer science, which discount historical and social circumstances. In 1992, John G... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,677 | A 1984 report by Ebury Publishing reported that in a typical family, only 5% of mothers and 19% of daughters were using a computer at home, compared to 25% of fathers and 51% of sons. To counteract this, the company launched a series of software titles designed towards women and publicized in Good Housekeeping. Anita B... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,678 | Her thesis was titled "The solution of difference equations describing array manipulation in program loops". Shortly after, in 1982, Marsha R. Williams became the second African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science.Sometimes known as the "Betsy Ross of the personal computer," according to the New York Tim... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,679 | Gwen Bell developed the Computer Museum in 1980. The museum, which collected computer artifacts became a non-profit organization in 1982 and in 1984, Bell moved it to downtown Boston. Adele Goldberg served as president of ACM between 1984 and 1986.In 1981, Deborah Washington Brown became the first African American woma... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,680 | Unlike their white counterparts, the black women were asked by NACA to re-do college courses they had already passed and many never received promotions.Women were also working on ballistic missile calculations. In 1948, women such as Barbara Paulson were working on the WAC Corporal, determining trajectories the missile... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,681 | Several important groups have been established to encourage women in the IT industry. The Association for Women in Computing was one of the first and is dedicated to promoting the advancement of women in computing professions. The CRA-W: Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research established in 1991 focused... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,682 | Florence Weldon's calculations demonstrated that statistics could be used to support Darwin's theory of evolution. Another human computer involved in biology was Alice Lee, who worked with Karl Pearson. Pearson hired two sisters to work as part-time computers at his Biometrics Lab, Beatrice and Frances Cave-Brown-Cave. | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,683 | Even though they performed an important role, the Harvard Computers were paid less than factory workers.By the 1890s, women computers were college graduates looking for jobs where they could use their training in a useful way. Florence Tebb Weldon, was part of this group and provided computations relating to biology an... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,684 | One of the first computers for the American Nautical Almanac was Maria Mitchel. Her work on the assignment was to compute the motion of the planet Venus. The Almanac never became a reality, but Mitchell became the first astronomy professor at Vassar.Ada Lovelace was the first person to publish an algorithm intended to ... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,685 | These human computers worked with electrical engineers to help figure out how to boost signals with vacuum tube amplifiers. One of the computers, Clara Froelich, was eventually moved along with the other computers to their own division where they worked with a mathematician, Thornton Fry, to create new computational me... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,686 | In the 21st century, several attempts have been made to reduce the gender disparity in IT and get more women involved in computing again. A 2001 survey found that while both sexes use computers and the internet in equal measure, women were still five times less likely to choose it as a career or study the subject beyon... | Women in computing | 0.77904 |
94,687 | The map t u {\displaystyle {}^{t}u} is called the transpose or algebraic adjoint of u . {\displaystyle u.} The following identity characterizes the transpose of u {\displaystyle u} where ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ {\displaystyle \left\langle \cdot ,\cdot \right\rangle } is the natural pairing defined by ⟨ z , h ⟩ := z ( h ) . {\display... | Algebraic adjoint | 0.779039 |
94,688 | {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}.} If u: X → Y {\displaystyle u:X\to Y} is a linear map, then its algebraic adjoint or dual, is the map # u: Y # → X # {\displaystyle {}^{\#}u:Y^{\#}\to X^{\#}} defined by f ↦ f ∘ u . {\displaystyle f\mapsto f\circ u.} | Algebraic adjoint | 0.779039 |
94,689 | Let X # {\displaystyle X^{\#}} denote the algebraic dual space of a vector space X . {\displaystyle X.} Let X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} be vector spaces over the same field K . | Algebraic adjoint | 0.779039 |
94,690 | Let M {\displaystyle M} be a closed vector subspace of a Hausdorff locally convex space X . {\displaystyle X.} If m ′ ∈ M ′ {\displaystyle m^{\prime }\in M^{\prime }} and if x ′ ∈ X ′ {\displaystyle x^{\prime }\in X^{\prime }} is a continuous linear extension of m ′ {\displaystyle m^{\prime }} to X {\displaystyle X} th... | Algebraic adjoint | 0.779039 |
94,691 | In linear algebra, the transpose of a linear map between two vector spaces, defined over the same field, is an induced map between the dual spaces of the two vector spaces. The transpose or algebraic adjoint of a linear map is often used to study the original linear map. This concept is generalised by adjoint functors. | Algebraic adjoint | 0.779039 |
94,692 | Robots able to co-exist and co-operate with people and reach or even surpass their performance require a technology of actuators, responsible for moving and controlling the robot, which can reach the functional performance of the biological muscle and its neuro-mechanical control. The most promising class of actuators ... | Articulated soft robotics | 0.779037 |
94,693 | Physical interaction of a robot with its environment can also be dangerous to the robot itself. Indeed, the number of times a robot is damaged because of impacts or force overexertion is rather large. Resilience to shocks is not only instrumental to achieve viable applications of robots in everyday life, but would also... | Articulated soft robotics | 0.779037 |
94,694 | Advanced sensing and control can realize a “soft” behavior via software. Articulated Soft Robotics realizes a different approach at increasing the safety level of robots interacting with humans by introducing mechanical compliance and damping directly at the mechanical design level.,“By this approach, researchers tend ... | Articulated soft robotics | 0.779037 |
94,695 | The Carlos J. Finlay Prize is a biennial scientific prize sponsored by the Government of Cuba and awarded since 1980 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to people or organizations for their outstanding contributions to microbiology (including immunology, molecular biology, g... | Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology | 0.779037 |
94,696 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-3-8 octagonal honeycomb is a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) with Schläfli symbol {8,3,8}. It has eight octagonal tilings, {8,3}, around each edge. All vertices are ultra-ideal (existing beyond the ideal boundary) with infinitely many octagonal tilings ... | Order-8 octagonal tiling honeycomb | 0.779037 |
94,697 | Together, the two papers which contain the proof are 129 pages long, and consumed over seven years of Wiles's research time. John Coates described the proof as one of the highest achievements of number theory, and John Conway called it "the proof of the century." Wiles's path to proving Fermat's Last Theorem, by way o... | Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem | 0.779037 |
94,698 | The corrected proof was published in 1995.Wiles's proof uses many techniques from algebraic geometry and number theory, and has many ramifications in these branches of mathematics. It also uses standard constructions of modern algebraic geometry, such as the category of schemes and Iwasawa theory, and other 20th-centur... | Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem | 0.779037 |
94,699 | Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is a proof by British mathematician Andrew Wiles of a special case of the modularity theorem for elliptic curves. Together with Ribet's theorem, it provides a proof for Fermat's Last Theorem. Both Fermat's Last Theorem and the modularity theorem were almost universally considered ... | Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem | 0.779037 |
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