id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
95,300 | Rate constants can be derived from the dataset published in a website. Rate constants have the form: k(T) = α(T/300)β × exp(−γ/T) cm3 s−1The following table has the rate constants calculated for a typical temperature in a dense cloud T = 10 K. Formation rates rix can be obtained using the rate constants k(T) and the ab... | Hydroxyl radicals | 0.778781 |
95,301 | Lead nitrate has been used as a heat stabiliser in nylon and polyesters, as a coating for photothermographic paper, and in rodenticides.Heating lead nitrate is convenient means of making nitrogen dioxide 2 Pb ( NO 3 ) 2 → Δ 2 PbO + 4 NO 2 + O 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {2 Pb(NO_3)_2->2PbO + 4NO_2 +O_2}}} In the gold cyanida... | Lead(II) nitrate | 0.778778 |
95,302 | In the case of a simple grating in the transmission geometry the angular selectivity Δ Θ {\displaystyle \Delta \Theta } can be estimated as well: Δ Θ ≈ Λ / d {\displaystyle \Delta \Theta \approx \Lambda /d} , where d {\displaystyle d} is the thickness of the holographic grating. Here Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } is given... | Volume hologram | 0.778777 |
95,303 | The Wigner–Seitz radius r s {\displaystyle r_{\rm {s}}} , named after Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz, is the radius of a sphere whose volume is equal to the mean volume per atom in a solid (for first group metals). In the more general case of metals having more valence electrons, r s {\displaystyle r_{\rm {s}}} is t... | Wigner–Seitz radius | 0.778777 |
95,304 | Scientists at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory believe that Voyager 1 entered the termination shock in February 2003. This marks the point where the solar wind slows to subsonic speeds. Some other scientists expressed doubt and discussed this in the journal Nature of November 6, 2003. The issue w... | Voyager 1 | 0.778774 |
95,305 | The problem of whether simple infinite-dimensional C*-algebras with this property exist was posed in 1958 by Irving Kaplansky, and the first example of one was published in 1981 by Bruce Blackadar. For commutative C*-algebras, being projectionless is equivalent to its spectrum being connected. Due to this, being projec... | Projectionless C*-algebra | 0.778774 |
95,306 | In mathematics, a projectionless C*-algebra is a C*-algebra with no nontrivial projections. For a unital C*-algebra, the projections 0 and 1 are trivial. While for a non-unital C*-algebra, only 0 is considered trivial. | Projectionless C*-algebra | 0.778774 |
95,307 | C, the algebra of complex numbers. The reduced group C*-algebra of the free group on finitely many generators. The Jiang-Su algebra is simple, projectionless, and KK-equivalent to C. | Projectionless C*-algebra | 0.778774 |
95,308 | . . , B r {\displaystyle B_{1},...,B_{r}} belong to B 0 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{0}} . Every C*-algebra A in B {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} is projectionless, moreover, its only projection is 0. == References == | Projectionless C*-algebra | 0.778774 |
95,309 | Let B 0 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{0}} be the class consisting of the C*-algebras C 0 ( R ) , C 0 ( R 2 ) , D n , S D n {\displaystyle C_{0}(\mathbb {R} ),C_{0}(\mathbb {R} ^{2}),D_{n},SD_{n}} for each n ≥ 2 {\displaystyle n\geq 2} , and let B {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} be the class of all C*-algebras of the fo... | Projectionless C*-algebra | 0.778774 |
95,310 | The A. thaliana gene knockout collections are a unique resource for plant biology made possible by the availability of high-throughput transformation and funding for genomics resources. The site of T-DNA insertions has been determined for over 300,000 independent transgenic lines, with the information and seeds accessi... | Mouse-Ear Cress | 0.778774 |
95,311 | Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small plant from the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Eurasia and Africa. Commonly found along the shoulders of roads and in disturbed land, it is generally considered a weed. A winter annual with a relatively short lifecycle, A. thalia... | Mouse-Ear Cress | 0.778774 |
95,312 | TAIR and NASC: curated sources for diverse genetic and molecular biology information, links to gene expression databases etc. Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (seed and DNA stocks) Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre (seed and DNA stocks) Artade database | Mouse-Ear Cress | 0.778774 |
95,313 | Using A. thaliana, the genetics behind leaf shape development have become more clear and have been broken down into three stages: The initiation of the leaf primordium, the establishment of dorsiventrality, and the development of a marginal meristem. Leaf primordia are initiated by the suppression of the genes and prot... | Mouse-Ear Cress | 0.778774 |
95,314 | Studies of A. thaliana have provided considerable insights with regards to the genetics of leaf morphogenesis, particularly in dicotyledon-type plants. Much of the understanding has come from analyzing mutants in leaf development, some of which were identified in the 1960s, but were not analysed with genetic and molecu... | Mouse-Ear Cress | 0.778774 |
95,315 | In modern world, digital computers do contribute a lot to higher speed and efficiency in data analysis. Thus, it is necessary to convert an analog signal into a digital signal by sample the signal in time domain. The operation can be realized by three devices: a digital conversion device, a dynamic range controller and... | Sonar signal processing | 0.778772 |
95,316 | Researchers at the Radboud University Nijmegen and Twente University, the Netherlands, have developed a microfluidic high-resolution NMR flow probe. They have shown a model reaction being followed in real-time. The combination of the uncompromised (sub-Hz) resolution and a low sample volume can prove to be a valuable t... | Micro reactor | 0.77877 |
95,317 | Synthesis is also combined with online purification of the product. Following green chemistry principles, microreactors can be used to synthesize and purify extremely reactive Organometallic Compounds for ALD and CVD applications, with improved safety in operations and higher purity products.In microreactor studies a K... | Micro reactor | 0.77877 |
95,318 | Microreactors can be used to synthesise material more effectively than current batch techniques allow. The benefits here are primarily enabled by the mass transfer, thermodynamics, and high surface area to volume ratio environment as well as engineering advantages in handling unstable intermediates. Microreactors are a... | Micro reactor | 0.77877 |
95,319 | The Apple A14 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the fourth-generation iPad Air and iPhone 12, released on October 23, 2020. It is the first commercially available 5 nm chipset and it contains 11.8 billion transistors and a 16-core AI processor. It includes Samsung LPDDR4X DRAM, a 6-core CPU, and 4... | Apple-designed processors | 0.778769 |
95,320 | The Apple A13 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max, which were introduced on September 10, 2019. It is also featured in the second-generation iPhone SE (released April 15, 2020), the 9th generation iPad (announced September 14, 2021) and in the Studio Display (an... | Apple-designed processors | 0.778769 |
95,321 | The Apple A11 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, and iPhone X, which were introduced on September 12, 2017. It has two high-performance cores, which are 25% faster than the A10 Fusion, four high-efficiency cores, which are 70% faster than the energy-efficient cores in t... | Apple-designed processors | 0.778769 |
95,322 | The Bielschowsky technique is a silver staining method used in histochemistry for the visualization of nerve fibers, including multipolar interneurons in the cerebellum.The method is attributed to German neurologist and neurohistologist Max Bielschowsky (1869–1940), who made improvements over the previous method develo... | Bielschowsky stain | 0.778767 |
95,323 | In algebraic geometry, an affine algebraic set V(I) is defined as the set of the common zeros of an ideal I of a polynomial ring R = k . {\displaystyle R=k.} An irredundant primary decomposition I = Q 1 ∩ ⋯ ∩ Q r {\displaystyle I=Q_{1}\cap \cdots \cap Q_{r}} of I defines a decomposition of V(I) into a union of algebra... | Primary submodule | 0.778766 |
95,324 | As I is generated by two elements, this implies that it is a complete intersection (more precisely, it defines an algebraic set, which is a complete intersection), and thus all primary components have height two. Therefore, the associated primes of I are exactly the primes ideals of height two that contain I. It follow... | Primary submodule | 0.778766 |
95,325 | This also generalizes the primary decomposition form of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, and for the special case of polynomial rings over a field, it generalizes the decomposition of an algebraic set into a finite union of (irreducible) varieties. The first algorithm ... | Primary submodule | 0.778766 |
95,326 | The theorem plays an important role in algebraic geometry, by asserting that every algebraic set may be uniquely decomposed into a finite union of irreducible components. It has a straightforward extension to modules stating that every submodule of a finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring is a finite intersec... | Primary submodule | 0.778766 |
95,327 | In mathematics, the Lasker–Noether theorem states that every Noetherian ring is a Lasker ring, which means that every ideal can be decomposed as an intersection, called primary decomposition, of finitely many primary ideals (which are related to, but not quite the same as, powers of prime ideals). The theorem was first... | Primary submodule | 0.778766 |
95,328 | MicrobeLibrary is a permanent collection of over 1400 original peer-reviewed resources for teaching undergraduate microbiology. It is provided by the American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, United States. Contents include curriculum activities; images and animations; reviews of books, websites and other resou... | MicrobeLibrary | 0.778764 |
95,329 | In molecular biology, the crustacean neurohormone family of proteins is a family of neuropeptides expressed by arthropods. The family includes the following types of neurohormones: Crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH). CHH is primarily involved in blood sugar regulation, but also plays a role in the control of moult... | Crustacean neurohormone family | 0.778763 |
95,330 | Since the early 1900s, physicists have postulated that the number could lie at the heart of a grand unified theory, relating theories of electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and, especially, gravity. 1/137 was once believed to be the exact value of the fine-structure constant. The fine-structure constant, a dimensionles... | 137 (number) | 0.778758 |
95,331 | A digital architect is a person who designs business processes to improve customer experience, increase profitability, and improve competitive position. Digital architects focus on: (1) customer experience; (2) cloud, webscale, iot; (3) data science including analytics; (4) business, application, information, technolog... | Digital architect | 0.778756 |
95,332 | Since 1993, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Green Book also uses the same symbol "a", notes the difference between Gregorian year and Julian year, and adopts the former (a=365.2425 days), also noted in the IUPAC Gold Book.In 2011, the IUPAC and the International Union of Geological Science... | Tya (unit) | 0.778755 |
95,333 | In astronomy the abbreviations kyr, Myr and Gyr are in common use for kiloyears, megayears and gigayears.The Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) disambiguates the varying symbologies of ISO 1000, ISO 2955 and ANSI X3.50 by using: at = 365.24219 days for the mean tropical year; aj = 365.25 days for the mean Julian ... | Tya (unit) | 0.778755 |
95,334 | A common symbol for the year as a unit of time is "a", taken from the Latin word annus. For example, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) supports the symbol "a" as the unit of time for a year.In English, the abbreviations "y" or "yr"... | Tya (unit) | 0.778755 |
95,335 | The field of activity of SRTI ranges over fundamental and applied investigations in space physics, astrophysics, image processing, remote sensing, life sciences, scientific equipment, preparation and implementation of experiments in the area of space exploration and usage from the board of automatic and piloted spacecr... | Space Research and Technology Institute | 0.778755 |
95,336 | The organized participation of Bulgarian scientists in space research started in 1969 with the creation of a Scientific Group of Space Physics (SGSP) at the Presidium of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. In 1974, based on the SGSP, the Central Laboratory for Space Research (CLSR) was founded. The Space Research Instit... | Space Research and Technology Institute | 0.778755 |
95,337 | The Space Research and Technology Institute (Bulgarian: Институт за космически изследвания и технологии, romanized: Institut za kosmicheski izsledvaniya i tekhnologii) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is a primary research body in the field of space science in Bulgaria. The mission of SRTI-BAS is to conduct fundame... | Space Research and Technology Institute | 0.778755 |
95,338 | Since 2004 SRTI-BAS is organizing an annual conference "Space, Ecology, Safety" which proceedings (ISSN ) can be found on the SRTI-BAS website. Few more workshops and conferences were organized by STIL-BAS before the reform in 2010. Their proceedings can also be found in the 'Publishing activity' section of SRTI-BAS we... | Space Research and Technology Institute | 0.778755 |
95,339 | One prominent theory for the neurophysiological basis of primary consciousness was proposed by Gerald Edelman. This theory of consciousness is premised upon three major assumptions: The laws of physics apply to consciousness, which rules out concepts such as spirits and a soul and allows for a purely physiological mode... | Primary consciousness | 0.778754 |
95,340 | In this battery technology, the electrolyte and part of the cathode is converted to continuously refreshing and free flowing liquid, making this a different battery variant while solving some of the inherent problems explained above. The result is a refreshing polysulfide redox Single Liquid Battery (SLIQ ). In additio... | Alkali sulfur liquid battery | 0.778751 |
95,341 | The Theodor Jacobsen Observatory is the on-campus observatory of the University of Washington. Built in 1895, it is the second oldest building on campus and was constructed using the remaining Tenino sandstone blocks from Denny Hall, the oldest and first building on campus. The refracting telescope, enclosed within the... | Theodor Jacobsen Observatory | 0.778748 |
95,342 | "The commutator product of this Lie algebra is just twice the cross product on R3, for instance, = ij − ji = 2k, which is twice i × j. As Shaw wrote in 1970: Now it is well known that the Lie algebra of the homogeneous Lorentz group can be considered to be that of bivectors under commutation. The Lie algebra of bivect... | Bivector (complex) | 0.778747 |
95,343 | The Lie algebra of the Lorentz group is expressed by bivectors. In particular, if r1 and r2 are right versors so that r 1 2 = − 1 = r 2 2 {\displaystyle r_{1}^{2}=-1=r_{2}^{2}} , then the biquaternion curve {exp θr1: θ ∈ R} traces over and over the unit circle in the plane {x + yr1: x, y ∈ R}. Such a circle corresponds... | Bivector (complex) | 0.778747 |
95,344 | Matt Visser has described a way of visualising wormhole geometry: Take a "normal" region of space "Surgically remove" spherical volumes from two regions ("spacetime surgery") Associate the two spherical bleeding edges, so that a line attempting to enter one "missing" spherical volume encounters one bounding surface and... | Non-orientable wormhole | 0.778746 |
95,345 | In another nod to Lewis Carroll, charge with magnitude but no persistently identifiable polarity is referred to in the literature as Cheshire charge, after Carroll's Cheshire cat, whose body would fade in and out, and whose only persistent property was its smile. If we define a reference charge as nominally positive an... | Non-orientable wormhole | 0.778746 |
95,346 | In wormhole theory, a non-orientable wormhole is a wormhole connection that appears to reverse the chirality of anything passed through it. It is related to the "twisted" connections normally used to construct a Möbius strip or Klein bottle. In topology, this sort of connection is referred to as an Alice handle. | Non-orientable wormhole | 0.778746 |
95,347 | In theoretical physics, an Alice universe is a hypothetical universe with no global definition of charge. What a Klein bottle is to a closed two-dimensional surface, an Alice universe is to a closed three-dimensional volume. The name is a reference to the main character in Lewis Carroll's children's book Through the Lo... | Non-orientable wormhole | 0.778746 |
95,348 | The Δ operator is by definition of n'th order if and only if the (n + 1)-bracket Φ n + 1 {\displaystyle \Phi ^{n+1}} vanishes. In that case, one speaks of a BV n-algebra. Thus a BV 2-algebra is by definition just a BV algebra. The Jacobiator J a c ( a , b , c ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\rm {Jac}}(a,b,c)=0} vanishes within a... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,349 | It is manifestly nilpotent Δ π 2 = 0 {\displaystyle \Delta _{\pi }^{2}=0} , and of degree −1. Nevertheless, it is technically not a BV Δ operator as the vector space of semidensities has no multiplication. (The product of two semidensities is a density rather than a semidensity.) Given a fixed density ρ {\displaystyle ... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,350 | In theoretical physics, the coordinates q i {\displaystyle q^{i}} and momenta p j {\displaystyle p_{j}} are called fields and antifields, and are typically denoted ϕ i {\displaystyle \phi ^{i}} and ϕ j ∗ {\displaystyle \phi _{j}^{*}} , respectively. Δ π := ( − 1 ) | q i | ∂ ∂ q i ∂ ∂ p i {\displaystyle \Delta _{\pi }:=... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,351 | If the odd Poisson bi-vector π i j {\displaystyle \pi ^{ij}} is invertible, one has an odd symplectic manifold. In that case, there exists an odd Darboux Theorem. That is, there exist local Darboux coordinates, i.e., coordinates q 1 , … , q n {\displaystyle q^{1},\ldots ,q^{n}} , and momenta p 1 , … , p n {\displaystyl... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,352 | The classical master equation for an even degree element S (called the action) of a Batalin–Vilkovisky algebra is the equation ( S , S ) = 0. {\displaystyle (S,S)=0.} The quantum master equation for an even degree element W of a Batalin–Vilkovisky algebra is the equation Δ exp = 0 , {\displaystyle \Delta \exp \left=... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,353 | The Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket for multi-vector fields is an example of an antibracket. If L is a Lie superalgebra, and Π is the operator exchanging the even and odd parts of a super space, then the symmetric algebra of Π(L) (the "exterior algebra" of L) is a Batalin–Vilkovisky algebra with Δ given by the usual differe... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,354 | {\displaystyle {\Delta }_{\rho }(f):={\frac {(-1)^{\left|f\right|}}{2}}{\rm {div}}_{\rho }X_{f}={\frac {(-1)^{\left|x^{i}\right|}}{2\rho }}\partial _{i}\rho \pi ^{ij}\partial _{j}f.} The odd Poisson structure π i j {\displaystyle \pi ^{ij}} and Berezin volume density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } are said to be compatible if... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,355 | In odd Poisson geometry the corresponding statement does not hold. The odd Laplacian Δ ρ {\displaystyle {\Delta }_{\rho }} measures the failure of Liouville's Theorem. Up to a sign factor, it is defined as one half the divergence of the corresponding Hamiltonian vector field, Δ ρ ( f ) := ( − 1 ) | f | 2 d i v ρ X f = ... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,356 | A Hamiltonian vector field X f {\displaystyle X_{f}} with Hamiltonian f can be defined as X f := ( f , g ) . {\displaystyle X_{f}:=(f,g).} The (super-)divergence of a vector field X = X i ∂ i {\displaystyle X=X^{i}\partial _{i}} is defined as d i v ρ X := ( − 1 ) | x i | ( | X | + 1 ) ρ ∂ i ( ρ X i ) {\displaystyle {\... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,357 | In theoretical physics, the Batalin–Vilkovisky (BV) formalism (named for Igor Batalin and Grigori Vilkovisky) was developed as a method for determining the ghost structure for Lagrangian gauge theories, such as gravity and supergravity, whose corresponding Hamiltonian formulation has constraints not related to a Lie al... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,358 | In the definition of a generalized BV algebra, one drops the second-order assumption for Δ. One may then define an infinite hierarchy of higher brackets of degree −1 Φ n ( a 1 , … , a n ) := , … ] , L a n ] ⏟ n n e s t e d c o m m u t a t o r s 1. {\displaystyle \Phi ^{n}(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n}):=\underbrace {,\ldots ],L... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,359 | In mathematics, a Batalin–Vilkovisky algebra is a graded supercommutative algebra (with a unit 1) with a second-order nilpotent operator Δ of degree −1. More precisely, it satisfies the identities | a b | = | a | + | b | {\displaystyle |ab|=|a|+|b|} (The product has degree 0) | Δ ( a ) | = | a | − 1 {\displaystyle |\De... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,360 | (This can be seen by letting Kn be the complete binary tree of depth n.) These ends can be thought of as the "leaves" of the infinite tree. In the end compactification, the set of ends has the topology of a Cantor set. | End (topology) | 0.778745 |
95,361 | In infinite graph theory, an end is defined slightly differently, as an equivalence class of semi-infinite paths in the graph, or as a haven, a function mapping finite sets of vertices to connected components of their complements. However, for locally finite graphs (graphs in which each vertex has finite degree), the e... | End (topology) | 0.778745 |
95,362 | In topology, a branch of mathematics, the ends of a topological space are, roughly speaking, the connected components of the "ideal boundary" of the space. That is, each end represents a topologically distinct way to move to infinity within the space. Adding a point at each end yields a compactification of the original... | End (topology) | 0.778745 |
95,363 | The normalized operator is defined as Δ ρ := Δ − Δ ( 1 ) . {\displaystyle {\Delta }_{\rho }:=\Delta -\Delta (1).} It is often called the odd Laplacian, in particular in the context of odd Poisson geometry. It "differentiates" the antibracket Δ ρ ( a , b ) = ( Δ ρ ( a ) , b ) − ( − 1 ) | a | ( a , Δ ρ ( b ) ) {\displays... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | 0.778745 |
95,364 | This is called a "second harmful event," such as when a vehicle is redirected by the first crash into another vehicle or fixed object. Representation of regional death statistics on map reveals significant differences even between neighboring regions.Source IRTAD for the following data: Number of vehicles: 2005 except ... | Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions | 0.778744 |
95,365 | In developing nations, statistics may be grossly inaccurate or hard to get. Some nations have not significantly reduced the total death rate, which stands at 12,000 in Thailand in 2007, for example.In the United States, twenty-eight states had reductions in the number of automobile crash fatalities between 2005 and 200... | Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions | 0.778744 |
95,366 | Halo's universe and the factions in it have been well-received, both from a storytelling point of view and from game play. Gamasutra lauded Halo's artificial intelligence. For example, Covenant or Flood forces never spawn in the same places when the player restarts from checkpoints, which gives the player "the sense th... | Halo Array | 0.778744 |
95,367 | Due to Halo being a first-person shooter, significant emphasis was put into the design of the game's weaponry. The chief designer for human weapons was Robert McLees, who at the time of Combat Evolved's development was the only one at Bungie with knowledge of firearms. McLees wanted to make sure that the weapons looked... | Halo Array | 0.778744 |
95,368 | The Halo Array is a group of fictional megastructures and superweapons in the Halo science-fiction franchise, consisting of ringworlds known as Halos built by a structure known as Ark. They are referred to as "Installations" by their artificial intelligence caretakers and were created by an ancient race known as the Fo... | Halo Array | 0.778744 |
95,369 | NMT is applied in biomedical research in various fields such as neuroscience, tumor research, drug screening, metabolism, and bone research. NMT is a useful tool for evaluating the effects of treatments for diseases like diabetes and cancer in tissue samples, as it can measure the flux changes in response to treatments... | Non-invasive micro-test technology | 0.778742 |
95,370 | NMT has been widely applied in plant biology in fields such as abiotic/biotic stress, plant nutrition, plant growth and development, plant/microbe interaction, plant defense, photosynthesis, signal transduction research, and more. Roots are commonly measured, in addition to many other plant samples such as leaf tissue,... | Non-invasive micro-test technology | 0.778742 |
95,371 | Because of the physical considerations one can assume without loss of generality that φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is of the following form: φ ( x , y , z , t ) = ψ ( x , y , z ) − c t {\displaystyle \varphi (x,y,z,t)=\psi (x,y,z)-ct} , i.e. a 2D surface moving through space, modelled as level surfaces of ψ {\displaystyl... | Luneburg method | 0.778741 |
95,372 | Start with Maxwell's equations away from the sources (Gaussian units): Using Stokes' theorem in R 4 {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{4}} one can conclude from the first of the above equations that for any domain D {\displaystyle D} in R 4 {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{4}} with a piecewise smooth (3-dimensional) boundary Γ {... | Luneburg method | 0.778741 |
95,373 | The method of obtaining equations of geometrical optics by analysing surfaces of discontinuities of solutions to Maxwell's equations was first described by Rudolf Karl Luneburg in 1944. It does not restrict the electromagnetic field to have a special form required by the Sommerfeld-Runge method which assumes the amplit... | Luneburg method | 0.778741 |
95,374 | The angle of incidence required for such a scenario is known as Brewster's angle.Snell's Law can be used to predict the deflection of light rays as they pass through "linear media" as long as the indexes of refraction and the geometry of the media are known. For example, the propagation of light through a prism results... | Luneburg method | 0.778741 |
95,375 | The above developments can be generalised to anisotropic media.The proof of Luneburg's theorem is based on investigating how Maxwell's equations govern the propagation of discontinuities of solutions. The basic technical lemma is as follows: A technical lemma. | Luneburg method | 0.778741 |
95,376 | CIMMYT (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo – International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvements) conducted these breeding programs and helped spread high-yielding varieties in Mexico and countries in Asia like India and Pakistan. These programs led to the doubling of harvests in these countries.Pla... | Green Revolution | 0.778736 |
95,377 | The most recent IPCC reports present only four models for sustainable agriculture: agroecology, conservation agriculture, integrated production systems, and organic farming - all marking dramatic departures from Green Revolution practices. In low-, middle-, and even high income countries hunger and malnutrition is rapi... | Green Revolution | 0.778736 |
95,378 | Although the Green Revolution has been able to improve agricultural output briefly in some regions in the world, its yield rates have been declining, while its social and environmental costs become more clearly apparent. As a result, many organizations continue to invent new ways to rectify, significantly augment or re... | Green Revolution | 0.778736 |
95,379 | The Green Revolution spread technologies that already existed, but had not been widely implemented outside industrialized nations. Two kinds of technologies were used in the Green Revolution, on the issues of cultivation and breeding. The technologies in cultivation are targeted at providing excellent growing condition... | Green Revolution | 0.778736 |
95,380 | Some have challenged the value of the increased food production of Green Revolution agriculture. Miguel A. Altieri, (a pioneer of agroecology and peasant-advocate), writes that the comparison between traditional systems of agriculture and Green Revolution agriculture has been unfair, because Green Revolution agricultur... | Green Revolution | 0.778736 |
95,381 | New breeds of maize, beans, and wheat produced bumper crops with additional inputs (such as fertilizer and pesticides) and careful cultivation. Many Mexican farmers who had been dubious about the scientists or hostile to them (often a mutual relationship of discord) came to see the scientific approach to agriculture as... | Green Revolution | 0.778736 |
95,382 | The Slater curve does produce realistic results, predicting Iron, Cobalt and Nickel to be the elements with ferromagnetic ordering. The curve is of practical use as a simple way of estimating J e x {\displaystyle J_{ex}} based on the average atomic separation. However, more recent evaluations with realistic calculation... | Bethe-Slater curve | 0.778733 |
95,383 | The Dresselhaus effect is a phenomenon in solid-state physics in which spin–orbit interaction causes energy bands to split. It is usually present in crystal systems lacking inversion symmetry. The effect is named after Gene Dresselhaus, who discovered this splitting in 1955.Spin–orbit interaction is a relativistic coup... | Dresselhaus effect | 0.778732 |
95,384 | Petrochemicals are predominantly made in a few manufacturing locations around the world, for example in Jubail and Yanbu Industrial Cities in Saudi Arabia, Texas and Louisiana in the US, in Teesside in the Northeast of England in the United Kingdom, in Tarragona in Catalonia, in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, in Jamnaga... | Petroleum distillate | 0.778731 |
95,385 | Radioglaciology uses nadir facing radars to probe the subsurface of glaciers, ice sheets, ice caps, and icy moons and to detect reflected and scattered energy from within and beneath the ice. This geometry tends to emphasize coherent and specular reflected energy resulting in distinct forms of the radar equation. Colle... | Ice-penetrating radar | 0.77873 |
95,386 | Research and education in radioglaciology is undertaken at universities and research institutes around the world. These groups found in institutions and departments that span physical geography, geophysics, earth science, planetary science, electrical engineering, and related disciplines. == References == | Ice-penetrating radar | 0.77873 |
95,387 | It has also been used to observe the subglacial and conditions of ice sheets and glaciers, including hydrology, thermal state, accumulation, flow history, ice fabric, and bed geology. In planetary science, ice penetrating radar has also been used to explore the subsurface of the Polar Ice Caps on Mars and comets. Missi... | Ice-penetrating radar | 0.77873 |
95,388 | The thallium(I) halides are stable. In keeping with the large size of the Tl+ cation, the chloride and bromide have the caesium chloride structure, while the fluoride and iodide have distorted sodium chloride structures. Like the analogous silver compounds, TlCl, TlBr, and TlI are photosensitive and display poor solubi... | Thallium | 0.778728 |
95,389 | However, the +1 state, which is far more prominent in thallium than the elements above it, recalls the chemistry of alkali metals, and thallium(I) ions are found geologically mostly in potassium-based ores, and (when ingested) are handled in many ways like potassium ions (K+) by ion pumps in living cells. Commercially,... | Thallium | 0.778728 |
95,390 | Soluble thallium salts are added to gold plating baths to increase the speed of plating and to reduce grain size within the gold layer.A saturated solution of equal parts of thallium(I) formate (Tl(HCO2)) and thallium(I) malonate (Tl(C3H3O4)) in water is known as Clerici solution. It is a mobile, odorless liquid which ... | Thallium | 0.778728 |
95,391 | The actinide-cyclooctatetraenyl bonding has been of interest for multiple theoretical studies. Computational chemistry methods indicate bonding with a large covalent character resulting mainly from the mixing of actinide 6d orbitals with ligand π-orbitals, with a smaller interaction involving the actinide 5f and ligand... | Protactinocene | 0.778727 |
95,392 | Collin SP and Marshall NJ (Eds) (2003) Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments Springer. ISBN 9780387955278. Stevens, Martin (2013) Sensory Ecology, Behaviour, and Evolution Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199601783. | Sensory ecology | 0.778726 |
95,393 | A goal of sensory ecologists has been to study what environmental information is most important in determining how these organisms perceive their world. This information has been particularly relevant in understanding how organisms might respond to rapid environmental change and novel human-modified environments. Recen... | Sensory ecology | 0.778726 |
95,394 | In addition, researchers have used information on the sensory ecology of sea turtles to decrease their bycatch rate by fishermen. Bycatch is the term for non-target fish, turtles, or marine mammals that are incidentally captured by fishermen. Because researchers know that fishes and sea turtles differ in their response... | Sensory ecology | 0.778726 |
95,395 | Ecology has generally focused on the exchanges of matter and energy, while sensory interactions have generally been studied as influences on behavior and functions of certain physiological systems (sense organs). The relatively new area of sensory ecology has emerged as more researchers focus on questions concerning in... | Sensory ecology | 0.778726 |
95,396 | Sensory ecology is a relatively new field focusing on the information organisms obtain about their environment. It includes questions of what information is obtained, how it is obtained (the mechanism), and why the information is useful to the organism (the function). Sensory ecology is the study of how organisms acqui... | Sensory ecology | 0.778726 |
95,397 | In addition to using sensory ecology as a tool to inform conservation strategies, scientists have also used sensory ecology concepts and findings to inform pest management strategies. In particular, the exploitation of senses has been used to control insect, marine, and amphibious pests. Managers have used sensory ecol... | Sensory ecology | 0.778726 |
95,398 | Sensory ecologists have linked these ecological traps to avian sensory ecology. Researchers have found that while human vision is binocular, bird vision is much less so. | Sensory ecology | 0.778726 |
95,399 | As a result, the bats waste energy and time, which could lead to decreases in fitness. Bird species are also often subject to ecological traps as a result of their sensory ecology. One of the recent areas of focus of avian sensory ecology has been on how birds may perceive large wind turbines and other buildings. | Sensory ecology | 0.778726 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.