id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
95,200 | Also, as Hilbert series are not changed by extending the field of coefficients, the field k is supposed, without loss of generality, to be algebraically closed. The dimension d of V is equal to the Krull dimension minus one of R, and the degree of V is the number of points of intersection, counted with multiplicities, ... | Hilbert series | 0.778822 |
95,201 | The Hilbert series allows us to compute the degree of an algebraic variety as the value at 1 of the numerator of the Hilbert series. This provides also a rather simple proof of Bézout's theorem. For showing the relationship between the degree of a projective algebraic set and the Hilbert series, consider a projective a... | Hilbert series | 0.778822 |
95,202 | Scintillography is an imaging method of nuclear events provoked by collisions or charged current interactions among nuclear particles or ionizing radiation and atoms which result in a brief, localised pulse of electromagnetic radiation, usually in the visible light range (Cherenkov radiation). This pulse (scintillation... | Scintigraphy | 0.778822 |
95,203 | Scintigraphic scanning was invented and proven by Neurologist and Radiologist professor Bernard George Ziedses des Plantes. He presented the results in 1950 under the name 'indirect Autoradiograph’. In 1970, the Physikalisch-Medizinische Gesellschaft für Neuroradiologie (The Physics and Medical Society for Neuroradiolo... | Scintigraphy | 0.778822 |
95,204 | ": 872 Viral immunologist Ronald C. Kennedy testified that Michelle Cedillo had a "selective immune dysfunction". He also, like Dr. Hepner, testified that the Unigenetics lab was reliable and followed appropriate measures to prevent contamination, stating "that the laboratory of Dr. John O'Leary, Dr. Orla Sheils, and t... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.77882 |
95,205 | ": 46 She also contended that the two studies that had failed to replicate the Uhlmann paper's results were flawed for two reasons: because they looked at cells of children with autism rather than in their GI tract, and because they did not test children with autism with gastrointestinal dysfunction. : 629A Immunologis... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.77882 |
95,206 | ": 102 Another study which Aposhian used to back up this statement was one conducted by Jeff Bradstreet and Mark Geier, which gave dimercaptosuccinic acid, a chelating agent, to children and concluded that children with autism excreted much more mercury thereafter than children without autism. Aposhian also cited a num... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.77882 |
95,207 | The witnesses testifying on behalf of the state whose testimony attracted the most attention were Éric Fombonne, a psychiatrist at McGill University, Jeffrey Brent, a medical toxicologist at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, and Stephen Bustin of Queen Mary University of London. Other experts who testi... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.77882 |
95,208 | In addition, Bustin and Bertus Rima both testified that Cotter was unable to replicate the Unigenetics lab's results, in contrast to Kennedy's claim that they were able to replicate these results. : 56 Byers' testimony was countered by that of Christine McCusker, who testified that "Dr. Byers had compared the results f... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.77882 |
95,209 | He pointed out that this is based on results from the O'Leary lab, and concluded, based on a 2002 paper by Uhlmann that described their PCR methodology, that this lab contained a lot of contaminating DNA, and that the assays were actually detecting this DNA rather than the RNA which makes up the measles virus. Bustin p... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.77882 |
95,210 | In the second set of the proceedings, which pertained to thimerosal alone (as opposed to thimerosal working in conjunction with MMR), Brent testified, with regard to Jordan King and one other child with autism who also served as a test case in this trial, that there was "absolutely no reason to chelate them for any mer... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.77882 |
95,211 | The trial opened on June 11, 2007, in Washington, D. C. The Cedillos' six expert witnesses argued that thimerosal-containing vaccines degraded Michelle's immune system, which in turn made it possible for the weakened measles virus in the MMR vaccine to cause a persistent infection leading to autism. In support of this ... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.77882 |
95,212 | ": 26 According to Hastings' decision, Byers' testimony "was far outweighed by the testimony of Dr. Brent and respondent's other witnesses ...";: 33 he also concluded that "her insistence that it was acceptable to use adult norms to measure the immune function of infants and young children was, frankly, incredible." Ha... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.77882 |
95,213 | Astrostatistics is a discipline which spans astrophysics, statistical analysis and data mining. It is used to process the vast amount of data produced by automated scanning of the cosmos, to characterize complex datasets, and to link astronomical data to astrophysical theory. Many branches of statistics are involved in... | Astrostatistics | 0.778819 |
95,214 | Practitioners are represented by the International Astrostatistics Association affiliated with the International Statistical Institute, the International Astronomical Union Working Group in Astrostatistics and Astroinformatics, the American Astronomical Society Working Group in Astroinformatics and Astrostatistics, the... | Astrostatistics | 0.778819 |
95,215 | Various studies have found that a fixed feed-in tariff scheme provides financial certainty and is more cost effective and less bureaucratic than other forms of support, including investment or production tax credits, quota-based renewable portfolio standards (RPS), and auction mechanisms. In 2008 the European Commissio... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,216 | The purpose of the EEG (2014) is stated in the legislation: The purpose of this Act is to enable the energy supply to develop in a sustainable manner in particular in the interest of mitigating climate change and protecting the environment, to reduce the costs to the economy not least by including long-term external ef... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,217 | The positive impact on the environment globally is less clear. Hans-Werner Sinn, a German economist and chair of the Ifo Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung argues that Germany's renewable energy support reduces world market prices for fossil energy. Thus, countries like China or the US have an incentive to produce more,... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,218 | The EEG is also a key element in the implementation of EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. This directive requires Germany to produce 18% of its gross final energy consumption (including heat and transport) from renewable energy sources by 2020.: 6 In this endeavour, th... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,219 | The high growth of photovoltaics in Germany is set against its relatively poor solar resource. As the US NREL observed: Countries such as Germany, in particular, have demonstrated that FITs can be used as a powerful policy tool to drive renewable energy deployment and help meet combined energy security and emissions re... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,220 | And the use of deployment corridors and auctions to set the levels of uptake and remuneration, respectively, in 2014. The EEG has generally been regarded as a success. The EEG (2000) led to the particularly rapid uptake of two renewable energy technologies: wind power and photovoltaics. | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,221 | The EEG surcharge is based on the difference between the specified feed-in tariffs paid under the EEG and the sale of the renewable energy at the EEX energy exchange by the grid operators (also known as transmission system operators or TSO). As of 2016, the TSOs comprise 50Hertz Transmission, Amprion, Tennet TSO, and T... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,222 | The pioneer EEG (spanning 2001–2014) and its predecessor the Electricity Feed-in Act (1991) (spanning 1991–2001) class as feed-in tariff (FIT) schemes, a policy mechanism designed to accelerate the uptake of renewable energy technologies. The scheme offers long-term contracts to renewable energy producers, based on the... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,223 | Tariffs are to be reduced by 0.5% on a three-monthly basis for new installations.On 16 April 2014 the European Commission found that EEG (2014) support for 20 offshore wind farms totalling almost 7 GW was not state aid. On 23 July 2014 the European Commission approved the EEG (2014), having assessed it to be in line wi... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,224 | To this end, a suite of complex calculations (Referenzertragsmodell) are being developed to ensure that bids are comparable and payments are fair.The proposed EEG (2016) is a continuation of the EEG (2014). It replaces prescribed feed-in tariffs with an auction system for the majority of renewable technologies. It repe... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,225 | That bill will now go to the Bundestag and Bundesrat for consideration.The reform is being driven by three guiding principles, namely the need:: 1–2 "to keep within agreed deployment corridors for the development of renewable energy" "to keep to a minimum the overall cost arising from the Renewable Energy Sources Act" ... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,226 | In March 2019, the European Court of Justice ruled that feed‑in tariffs do not class as state aid, admissible or otherwise. This landmark decision annuls an earlier Commission decision that the German renewable energy law of 2012 involved state aid. More specifically, the ECJ found that the Commission had failed to est... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,227 | : for quotes Estimates for 2012 suggest that almost half the renewable energy capacity in Germany is owned by citizens through energy cooperatives (Genossenschaft) and private installations. Critics worry that the new rules will preclude citizen participation, despite the special provisions for cooperatives and individ... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,228 | In January 2016, in response to the official proposals, Greenpeace Germany cautioned that a complete overhaul of the successful EEG would endanger climate protection targets. The German Wind Energy Association (BWE) and others are calling for a 2.5 GW net capacity addition for onshore wind energy per annum that is not ... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,229 | : 226 Beginning in 1998, the Electricity Feed-in Act was challenged under European Union anti-subsidy rules by PreussenElektra (an E.ON predecessor). The European Court of Justice (ECJ) found that the arrangements did not constitute state aid. The court concluded: Statutory provisions of a Member State which, first, re... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,230 | Germany first began promoting renewable electricity using feed-in tariffs with the Electricity Feed-in Act (Stromeinspeisungsgesetz or StrEG). The long title is the law on feeding electricity from renewable energy sources into the public grid. The law entered into force on 1 January 1991.: 4 This legislation was the fi... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,231 | Railways were now automatically exempt, being regarded as an environmentally friendly form of transport. : 245–247 Renewable targets were now defined in the act for the first time: 12.5% for the share of renewable energy in gross final electricity consumption by 2010 and at least 20% by 2020.: 245 Thus the EEG (2004) r... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,232 | A 2011 paper from DIW Berlin modeled the deployment of various renewable energy technologies until 2030 and quantified the associated economic effects. The uptake of renewable energy simultaneously creates business opportunities and imposes social costs for promotion. The study reveals that the continued expansion of r... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,233 | Yet despite expectations, renewable generation came to account for 27.4% of gross electricity consumption in 2014: 4 and seriously threatened the business model of the incumbents. As history shows, the environmental coalition prevailed till 2014 at least, underpinning the development of the EEG legislation, the nuclear... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,234 | The Renewable Energy Sources Act or EEG (German: Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz) is a series of German laws that originally provided a feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme to encourage the generation of renewable electricity. The EEG 2014 specified the transition to an auction system for most technologies which has been finished w... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,235 | This decrease, known as a 'degression', applies to new installations. It is expected that technologies become more cost efficient with time and the legislation captures this view:The compensation rates ... have been determined by means of scientific studies, subject to the provision that the rates identified should mak... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,236 | The Electricity Feed-in Act was replaced by the Renewable Energy Sources Act (2000), also known as the EEG (2000), and came into force on 1 April 2000. The legislation is available in English. The long title is an act on granting priority to renewable energy sources. The three principles of the act are: Investment prot... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,237 | The EEG (2014) specifies technology-specific deployment corridors (see table) which will be tracked by the new auction system. Environmental NGOs and renewable energy advocates argue that these corridors are insufficient to meet Germany's climate protection goals. Greenpeace Germany observes "to reduce renewables to 45... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,238 | The 2009 amendments were undertaken alongside a boom in renewable electricity uptake. In 2009, renewables accounted for 16.3% of total electricity generation, up from 9.3% in 2004.: 10 Over the same period, the EEG surcharge climbed from 0.54 ¢/kWh to 1.32 ¢/kWh. : 29 For further context, the European Union climate and... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,239 | One challenge that lies ahead is integrating the electricity generated by decentralized renewable energy into the existing electricity grid structure. The grid was built to suit the centralized energy system of the then four main energy companies, namely, E.ON, EnBW, RWE, and Vattenfall.The need for grid reinforcement ... | German Renewable Energy Sources Act | 0.778818 |
95,240 | The Scopes Trial decision of 1925 caused the subject to become very rare in American secondary biology textbooks for a generation, but it was gradually re-introduced later and became legally protected with the 1968 Epperson v. Arkansas decision. Since then, the competing religious belief of creationism was legally disa... | Darwin Theory of Evolution | 0.778817 |
95,241 | In some countries, notably the United States, these tensions between science and religion have fuelled the current creation–evolution controversy, a religious conflict focusing on politics and public education. While other scientific fields such as cosmology and Earth science also conflict with literal interpretations ... | Darwin Theory of Evolution | 0.778817 |
95,242 | In the 19th century, particularly after the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859, the idea that life had evolved was an active source of academic debate centred on the philosophical, social and religious implications of evolution. Today, the modern evolutionary synthesis is accepted by a vast majority of sci... | Darwin Theory of Evolution | 0.778817 |
95,243 | Some possible uses of such an immense computational resource have been proposed. An idea suggested by Charles Stross, in his novel Accelerando, would be to use it to run perfect simulations or uploads of human minds into virtual reality spaces supported by the matrioshka brain. Stross even went as far as to suggest tha... | Jupiter Brain | 0.778814 |
95,244 | Intraspecific competition is an interaction in population ecology, whereby members of the same species compete for limited resources. This leads to a reduction in fitness for both individuals, but the more fit individual survives and is able to reproduce. By contrast, interspecific competition occurs when members of di... | Intraspecific competition | 0.778813 |
95,245 | In the context of functional analysis, functions f(D) more general than powers are studied in the functional calculus of spectral theory. The theory of pseudo-differential operators also allows one to consider powers of D. The operators arising are examples of singular integral operators; and the generalisation of the ... | Fractional differential equation | 0.778812 |
95,246 | More regiospecific and less bioorthogonal requirements are best served by the traditional Huisgen cycloaddition, especially given the low yield and synthetic difficulty of synthesizing a strained cyclooctyne (compared to the addition of a terminal alkyne). The bioorthogonality of the reaction has allowed the Cu-free cl... | Copper-free click chemistry | 0.778811 |
95,247 | The cyclooctane derivative OCT was the first one developed for Cu-free click chemistry; it had only ring strain to drive the reaction forward, and the kinetics were barely improved over the Staudinger ligation. After OCT and MOFO (monofluorinated cyclooctyne), the difluorinated cyclooctyne (DIFO) was developed. An impr... | Copper-free click chemistry | 0.778811 |
95,248 | Copper-free click chemistry is a bioorthogonal reaction as a variant of an azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition. By eliminating cytotoxic copper catalysts, the reaction proceeds without live-cell toxicity. It was developed as a faster alternative to the Staudinger ligation with the first generation of Cu-free click chemi... | Copper-free click chemistry | 0.778811 |
95,249 | Experimental studies by Carolyn R. Bertozzi report a nearly 1:1 ratio of regioisomers, confirming the predicted lack of regioselectivity in the addition. Furthermore, nearly all of the distortion energy (92%) arises from the distortion of the 1,3 dipole rather than the cyclooctyne, which has a pre-distorted ground stat... | Copper-free click chemistry | 0.778811 |
95,250 | Taking an output from the end of this network, so realised, will transform it into a two-port network filter with the desired transfer function.Not every possible mathematical function for driving point impedance can be realised using real electrical components. Wilhelm Cauer (following on from R. M. Foster) did much o... | Network synthesis filter | 0.778811 |
95,251 | In the same paper in which the structure of prFMN was deduced in the active site of AnFdc1 there was a proposal for the mechanism by which Fdc1 decarboxylates α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids. Not all UbiD enzymes decarboxylate acrylic acid substrates and other mechanisms may be at play for alternative substrates. In t... | Ferulic acid decarboxylase | 0.77881 |
95,252 | Open Mind Common Sense (OMCS) is an artificial intelligence project based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab whose goal is to build and utilize a large commonsense knowledge base from the contributions of many thousands of people across the Web. It has been active from 1999 to 2016. Since its ... | Open Mind Common Sense | 0.77881 |
95,253 | The information in ConceptNet can be used as a basis for machine learning algorithms. One representation, called AnalogySpace, uses singular value decomposition to generalize and represent patterns in the knowledge in ConceptNet, in a way that can be used in AI applications. Its creators distribute a Python machine lea... | Open Mind Common Sense | 0.77881 |
95,254 | The concept of a "backstop" resource is a resource that is sufficiently abundant and sustainable to replace non-renewable resources. Thus, solar and other renewable energy sources are considered "backstop" energy options for unsustainable fossil fuels. Similarly, Gleick and Palaniappan defined "backstop water sources" ... | Peak water | 0.778808 |
95,255 | Sustainable water management involves the scientific planning, developing, distribution and optimization of water resources under defined water policies and regulations. Examples of policies that improve water management include the use of technology for efficiency monitoring and use of water, innovative water prices a... | Peak water | 0.778808 |
95,256 | The ring of modular forms of the full modular group SL(2, Z) is freely generated by the Eisenstein series E4 and E6. In other words, Mk(Γ) is isomorphic as a C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } -algebra to C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } , which is the polynomial ring of two variables over the complex numbers. | Ring of modular forms | 0.778805 |
95,257 | The ring of modular forms is a graded Lie algebra since the Lie bracket = k f g ′ − ℓ f ′ g {\displaystyle =kfg'-\ell f'g} of modular forms f and g of respective weights k and ℓ is a modular form of weight k + ℓ + 2. A bracket can be defined for the n-th derivative of modular forms and such a bracket is called a Ranki... | Ring of modular forms | 0.778805 |
95,258 | A Fuchsian group Γ corresponds to the orbifold obtained from the quotient Γ ∖ H {\displaystyle \Gamma \backslash \mathbb {H} } of the upper half-plane H {\displaystyle \mathbb {H} } . By a stacky generalization of Riemann's existence theorem, there is a correspondence between the ring of modular forms of Γ and the a pa... | Ring of modular forms | 0.778805 |
95,259 | In mathematics, the ring of modular forms associated to a subgroup Γ of the special linear group SL(2, Z) is the graded ring generated by the modular forms of Γ. The study of rings of modular forms describes the algebraic structure of the space of modular forms. | Ring of modular forms | 0.778805 |
95,260 | In string theory and supersymmetric gauge theory, the algebraic structure of the ring of modular forms can be used to study the structure of the Higgs vacua of four-dimensional gauge theories with N = 1 supersymmetry. The stabilizers of superpotentials in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory are rings of modular form... | Ring of modular forms | 0.778805 |
95,261 | Nanolithography (NL) is a growing field of techniques within nanotechnology dealing with the engineering (patterning e.g. etching, depositing, writing, printing etc) of nanometer-scale structures on various materials. The modern term reflects on a design of structures built in range of 10−9 to 10−6 meters, i.e. nanomet... | Nanolithography | 0.778805 |
95,262 | A completely multiplicative function (or totally multiplicative function) is an arithmetic function (that is, a function whose domain is the natural numbers), such that f(1) = 1 and f(ab) = f(a)f(b) holds for all positive integers a and b.Without the requirement that f(1) = 1, one could still have f(1) = 0, but then f(... | Completely multiplicative function | 0.778805 |
95,263 | A completely multiplicative function is completely determined by its values at the prime numbers, a consequence of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Thus, if n is a product of powers of distinct primes, say n = pa qb ..., then f(n) = f(p)a f(q)b ... While the Dirichlet convolution of two multiplicative functions i... | Completely multiplicative function | 0.778804 |
95,264 | Size–frequency distribution is often used in geology to study the distribution of particles within sedimentary rocks. By analyzing the size–frequency distribution of particles in a rock, researchers can gain insights into the processes that shaped the rock formations. For example, a study might compare the size–frequen... | Size frequency distribution | 0.778804 |
95,265 | The type of distribution observed can provide insight into the processes that have shaped the size distribution of the population. Size–frequency distributions are an important tool for understanding the dynamics of populations and for making predictions about the impacts of environmental and other factors on populatio... | Size frequency distribution | 0.778804 |
95,266 | A Size–frequency distribution is a statistical tool used to describe the size distribution of a population of organisms or particles. It is often used in biology, geology, and other fields to study the size and distribution of organisms or particles within a population.The size of an organism or particle is typically m... | Size frequency distribution | 0.778804 |
95,267 | In the decades after the discovery of the Conia-ene reaction, several improvements allowed for milder reaction conditions and greater control of product stereo- and regiochemistry. For example, the carbonyl component, formerly a ketone or aldehyde, became a substituted β-ketoester or malonate ester. Such carbonyls enol... | Conia-ene reaction | 0.7788 |
95,268 | In organic chemistry, the Conia-ene reaction is an intramolecular cyclization reaction between an enolizable carbonyl such as an ester or ketone and an alkyne or alkene, giving a cyclic product with a new carbon-carbon bond. As initially reported by J. M. Conia and P. Le Perchec, the Conia-ene reaction is a heteroatom ... | Conia-ene reaction | 0.7788 |
95,269 | Hélène Michel-Wolfromm applied psychosomatic medicine to the field of gynecology and sexual problems experienced by women.In the 1970s, Thure von Uexküll and his colleagues in Germany and elsewhere proposed a biosemiotic theory (the umwelt concept) that was widely influential as a theoretical framework for conceptualiz... | Psychosomatic medicine | 0.778797 |
95,270 | In additive number theory, the Schnirelmann density of a sequence of numbers is a way to measure how "dense" the sequence is. It is named after Russian mathematician Lev Schnirelmann, who was the first to study it. | Schnirelmann density | 0.778795 |
95,271 | A subset A ⊆ N {\displaystyle A\subseteq \mathbb {N} } with the property that A ⊕ A ⊕ ⋯ ⊕ A = N {\displaystyle A\oplus A\oplus \cdots \oplus A=\mathbb {N} } for a finite sum, is called an additive basis, and the least number of summands required is called the degree (sometimes order) of the basis. Thus, the last theore... | Schnirelmann density | 0.778795 |
95,272 | With this at hand, the following theorem can be elegantly proved. Theorem. For all k {\displaystyle k} there exists N {\displaystyle N} for which σ ( N G k ) > 0 {\displaystyle \sigma (N{\mathfrak {G}}^{k})>0} . We have thus established the general solution to Waring's Problem: Corollary. (Hilbert 1909) For all k {\dis... | Schnirelmann density | 0.778795 |
95,273 | Lill's method can be used with Thales's theorem to find the real roots of a quadratic polynomial. In this example with 3x2+5x−2, the polynomial's line segments are first drawn in black, as above. A circle is drawn with the straight line segment joining the start and end points forming a diameter. According to Thales's ... | Lill's method | 0.778795 |
95,274 | Individual agents are typically characterized as boundedly rational, presumed to be acting in what they perceive as their own interests, such as reproduction, economic benefit, or social status, using heuristics or simple decision-making rules. ABM agents may experience "learning", adaptation, and reproduction.Most age... | Agent-based modeling | 0.778793 |
95,275 | A review of recent literature on individual-based models, agent-based models, and multiagent systems shows that ABMs are used in many scientific domains including biology, ecology and social science. Agent-based modeling is related to, but distinct from, the concept of multi-agent systems or multi-agent simulation in t... | Agent-based modeling | 0.778793 |
95,276 | An agent-based model (ABM) is a computational model for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous agents (both individual or collective entities such as organizations or groups) in order to understand the behavior of a system and what governs its outcomes. It combines elements of game theory, complex system... | Agent-based modeling | 0.778793 |
95,277 | In some cases, though not always, the agents may be considered as intelligent and purposeful. In ecological ABM (often referred to as "individual-based models" in ecology), agents may, for example, be trees in a forest, and would not be considered intelligent, although they may be "purposeful" in the sense of optimizin... | Agent-based modeling | 0.778793 |
95,278 | Printing quality is highly influenced by the various treatments and methods used in creating paper and enhancing the paper surface. Consumers are most concerned with the paper-ink interactions which vary for certain types of paper due to different chemical properties of the surface. Inkjet paper is the most commerciall... | Surface chemistry of paper | 0.778793 |
95,279 | The surface chemistry of paper is responsible for many important paper properties, such as gloss, waterproofing, and printability. Many components are used in the paper-making process that affect the surface. | Surface chemistry of paper | 0.778793 |
95,280 | The Burgess reagent (methyl N-(triethylammoniumsulfonyl)carbamate) is a mild and selective dehydrating reagent often used in organic chemistry. It was developed in the laboratory of Edward M. Burgess at Georgia Tech. The Burgess reagent is used to convert secondary and tertiary alcohols with an adjacent proton into alk... | Burgess reagent | 0.778792 |
95,281 | Such models may be used to study atmospheric processes, but are not suitable for climate projections. Atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) model the atmosphere (and typically contain a land-surface model as well) using imposed sea surface temperatures (SSTs). They may include atmospheric chemistry. | General circulation models | 0.778791 |
95,282 | As a result, the vast majority of models used in the current round of IPCC reports do not use them. The model improvements that now make flux corrections unnecessary include improved ocean physics, improved resolution in both atmosphere and ocean, and more physically consistent coupling between atmosphere and ocean sub... | General circulation models | 0.778791 |
95,283 | The Abel polynomials in mathematics form a polynomial sequence, the nth term of which is of the form p n ( x ) = x ( x − a n ) n − 1 . {\displaystyle p_{n}(x)=x(x-an)^{n-1}.} The sequence is named after Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829), the Norwegian mathematician. This polynomial sequence is of binomial type: conversely,... | Abel polynomials | 0.77879 |
95,284 | If X {\displaystyle X} is a Hausdorff locally convex space then the following are equivalent: X {\displaystyle X} is reflexive; X {\displaystyle X} is semireflexive and infrabarreled; X {\displaystyle X} is semireflexive and barreled; X {\displaystyle X} is barreled and the weak topology on X {\displaystyle X} had the ... | Reflexive Banach space | 0.77879 |
95,285 | Every finite-dimensional normed space is reflexive, simply because in this case, the space, its dual and bidual all have the same linear dimension, hence the linear injection J {\displaystyle J} from the definition is bijective, by the rank–nullity theorem. The Banach space c 0 {\displaystyle c_{0}} of scalar sequences... | Reflexive Banach space | 0.77879 |
95,286 | Every continuous linear functional on X {\displaystyle X} attains its supremum on the closed unit ball in X . {\displaystyle X.} (James' theorem) Since norm-closed convex subsets in a Banach space are weakly closed, it follows from the third property that closed bounded convex subsets of a reflexive space X {\displayst... | Reflexive Banach space | 0.77879 |
95,287 | The closed unit ball of X {\displaystyle X} is compact in the weak topology. (This is known as Kakutani's Theorem.) | Reflexive Banach space | 0.77879 |
95,288 | One of James' characterizations of super-reflexivity uses the growth of separated trees. The description of a vectorial binary tree begins with a rooted binary tree labeled by vectors: a tree of height n {\displaystyle n} in a Banach space X {\displaystyle X} is a family of 2 n + 1 − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{n+1}-1} vectors... | Reflexive Banach space | 0.77879 |
95,289 | This is the fissile isotope of uranium and it makes up approximately 0.7% of all naturally occurring uranium. Because of the small amount of 235U that exists, it is considered a non-renewable energy source despite being found in rock formations around the world. | Effective neutron multiplication factor | 0.778789 |
95,290 | Nuclear weapons employ high quality, highly enriched fuel exceeding the critical size and geometry (critical mass) necessary in order to obtain an explosive chain reaction. The fuel for energy purposes, such as in a nuclear fission reactor, is very different, usually consisting of a low-enriched oxide material (e.g. UO... | Effective neutron multiplication factor | 0.778789 |
95,291 | The cause of multicystic dysplastic kidney can be attributed to genetics. Renal dysplasia can be a consequence of a genetic syndrome, which in turn may affect the digestive tract, nervous system, or other areas of the urinary tract. If the mother had been taking certain prescription drugs such as those for hypertension... | Renal dysplasia | 0.778787 |
95,292 | F region - F-layer - f-spot - facula - fade margin - fading - fading distribution - filament (solar physics) - flare (solar physics) - flutter (electronics and communication) - FM DX - Forbush decrease - forward scatter - free space - free-space path loss - frequency of optimum transmission - frequency-hopping spread s... | Index of radio propagation articles | 0.778786 |
95,293 | radiation belt - radiation scattering - radio blackout - Radio direction finder - radio frequency - radio horizon - radio propagation - radio propagation beacon - radio propagation model - Radio Society of Great Britain - ray tracing (physics) - Rayleigh fading - Rayleigh–Taylor instability - Rain fade - relative trans... | Index of radio propagation articles | 0.778786 |
95,294 | Schumann resonance - selective fading - Shadow loss - shortwave relay station - side lobe - Signal-to-Interference Ratio - single event upset (SEU) - Single vegetative obstruction model - SINPO code - skip (radio) - skip zone - sky wave - skywave - Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) - Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS... | Index of radio propagation articles | 0.778786 |
95,295 | In organometallic chemistry, azulene serves as a ligand for low-valent metal centers, which otherwise are known to form π-complexes with both cyclopentadienyl and cycloheptatrienyl ligands. Illustrative complexes are (azulene)Mo2(CO)6 and (azulene)Fe2(CO)5. | Azulene | 0.778785 |
95,296 | In probability theory, Spitzer's formula or Spitzer's identity gives the joint distribution of partial sums and maximal partial sums of a collection of random variables. The result was first published by Frank Spitzer in 1956. The formula is regarded as "a stepping stone in the theory of sums of independent random vari... | Spitzer's formula | 0.778784 |
95,297 | The Princeton Sound Lab is a research laboratory in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University, in collaboration with the Department of Music. The Sound Lab conducts research in a variety of areas in computer music, including physical modeling, audio analysis, audio synthesis, programming languages for ... | Princeton Sound Lab | 0.778783 |
95,298 | The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information.Unassigned species: Meiothermus rosaceus Chen et al. 2002 | Meiothermus | 0.778782 |
95,299 | Most notably the hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) or, in atmospheric chemistry, by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water. It is also important in the field of radiation chemistry, since it leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, which can enhance ... | Hydroxyl radicals | 0.778781 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.