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97,200 | In biology five factors are known to contribute to bimodal distributions of population sizes: the initial distribution of individual sizes the distribution of growth rates among the individuals the size and time dependence of the growth rate of each individual mortality rates that may affect each size class differently... | Bimodal distribution | 0.777841 |
97,201 | Additional tests are available for a number of special cases: Mixture of two normal distributionsA study of a mixture density of two normal distributions data found that separation into the two normal distributions was difficult unless the means were separated by 4–6 standard deviations.In astronomy the Kernel Mean Mat... | Bimodal distribution | 0.777841 |
97,202 | In statistics, a multimodal distribution is a probability distribution with more than one mode. These appear as distinct peaks (local maxima) in the probability density function, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Categorical, continuous, and discrete data can all form multimodal distributions. Among univariate analyses, mul... | Bimodal distribution | 0.777841 |
97,203 | In the mathematical field of topology, a sphere bundle is a fiber bundle in which the fibers are spheres S n {\displaystyle S^{n}} of some dimension n. Similarly, in a disk bundle, the fibers are disks D n {\displaystyle D^{n}} . From a topological perspective, there is no difference between sphere bundles and disk bun... | Sphere bundle | 0.77784 |
97,204 | The new robot helped launch the era of flexible, user-friendly and cost-efficient collaborative robots. In 2012, Universal Robots released the UR10 cobot, and in 2015 they released the smaller, lower payload UR3. Rethink Robotics released an industrial cobot, Baxter, in 2012 and smaller, faster collaborative robot Sawy... | Collaborative robots | 0.777839 |
97,205 | Cobots were invented in 1996 by J. Edward Colgate and Michael Peshkin, professors at Northwestern University. Their United States patent entitled, "Cobots" describes "an apparatus and method for direct physical interaction between a person and a general purpose manipulator controlled by a computer." The invention resul... | Collaborative robots | 0.777839 |
97,206 | The International Federation of Robotics (IFR), a global industry association of robot manufacturers and national robot associations, recognizes two main groups of robots: industrial robots used in automation in an industrial environment and service robots for domestic and professional use. Service robots could be cons... | Collaborative robots | 0.777839 |
97,207 | Automatic gain control was provided by using an 241Am radioactive source mounted in each detector's field of view. The HEXTE's basic properties were: Energy range: 15–250-keV Energy resolution: 15% at 60-keV Time sampling: 8 microseconds Field of view: 1° FWHM Detectors: 2 clusters of 4 NaI/CsI scintillation counters C... | Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer | 0.777838 |
97,208 | The Proportional Counter Array (PCA) provides approximately 6,500 cm2 (1,010 sq in) of X-ray detector area, in the energy range 2 to 60 keV, for the study of temporal/spectral effects in the X-ray emission from galactic and extragalactic sources. The PCA was an array of five proportional counters with a total collectin... | Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer | 0.777838 |
97,209 | Lance Fortnow. Favorite Theorems: Small Sets. April 18, 2006. http://weblog.fortnow.com/2006/04/favorite-theorems-small-sets.html Complexity Zoo: TALLY | Unary language | 0.777836 |
97,210 | The Fleming valve, also called the Fleming oscillation valve, was a thermionic valve or vacuum tube invented in 1904 by English physicist John Ambrose Fleming as a detector for early radio receivers used in electromagnetic wireless telegraphy. It was the first practical vacuum tube and the first thermionic diode, a vac... | Fleming oscillation valve | 0.777834 |
97,211 | A complex Hadamard matrix is any complex N × N {\displaystyle N\times N} matrix H {\displaystyle H} satisfying two conditions: unimodularity (the modulus of each entry is unity): | H j k | = 1 f o r j , k = 1 , 2 , … , N {\displaystyle |H_{jk}|=1{\quad {\rm {for\quad }}}j,k=1,2,\dots ,N} orthogonality: H H † = N I {\di... | Complex Hadamard matrices | 0.777833 |
97,212 | The functions should be smooth but need not be convex. SNOPT is used in several trajectory optimization software packages, including Copernicus, AeroSpace Trajectory Optimization and Software (ASTOS), General Mission Analysis Tool, and Optimal Trajectories by Implicit Simulation (OTIS). It is also available in the Astr... | SNOPT | 0.777833 |
97,213 | SNOPT, for Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer, is a software package for solving large-scale nonlinear optimization problems written by Philip Gill, Walter Murray and Michael Saunders. SNOPT is mainly written in Fortran, but interfaces to C, C++, Python and MATLAB are available. It employs a sparse sequential quadratic program... | SNOPT | 0.777833 |
97,214 | On September 25, 1958, Saenger sent a grant proposal entitled “Metabolic Changes in Human following Total Body Radiation” to the Department of Defense, requesting $25,085 to analyze the amino-aciduria levels in the urine of total body irradiated patients. Although multiple military researchers, including the Director o... | Cincinnati Radiation Experiments (1960-1971) | 0.777831 |
97,215 | Saiful was born in 1963 in Karachi, Pakistan to ethnically Bengali parents. The family moved to London in 1964 and he grew up in Crouch End, north London. There he went to Stationers' Company's School, a state comprehensive. He received both a BSc degree in chemistry and a PhD (1988) from University College London, whe... | Saiful Islam (chemist) | 0.77783 |
97,216 | Saiful returned to the UK in 1990 to become a lecturer, then reader, at the University of Surrey. In January 2006 he was appointed professor of Materials Chemistry at the University of Bath.His research interests lie in the field of clean energy materials, especially new materials for next generations of lithium batter... | Saiful Islam (chemist) | 0.77783 |
97,217 | Saiful is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) and a Fellow of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (FIMMM).He has received several RSC research awards including the 2017 Peter Day Award for Materials Chemistry, 2013 Sustainable Energy Award, 2011 Materials Chemistry Division Lecturer Award and ... | Saiful Islam (chemist) | 0.77783 |
97,218 | Saiful Islam (born 14 August 1963) is a British chemist and professor of Materials science at the University of Oxford. Previously he was professor of materials chemistry at the University of Bath. Saiful is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) and a Fellow of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Minin... | Saiful Islam (chemist) | 0.77783 |
97,219 | The Kalahari Desert is in central southern Africa (Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa). Geology of the area includes significant karst formations. Most of the precipitation in the region evaporates before it can contribute to significant recharge of the aquifers below. Whether or not the region's aquifers receive any ... | Fossil groundwater | 0.777829 |
97,220 | Work involving supervised machine learning to classify network traffic. Data are hand-classified (based upon flow content) to one of a number of categories. A combination of data set (hand-assigned) category and descriptions of the classified flows (such as flow length, port numbers, time between consecutive flows) are... | Internet traffic | 0.777829 |
97,221 | Some others will set a finer-grained classification goal, for instance, the exact number of applications represented by the traffic. Traffic features included port number, application payload, temporal, packet size, and the characteristic of the traffic. There is a vast range of methods to allocate Internet traffic inc... | Internet traffic | 0.777829 |
97,222 | Internet traffic is the flow of data within the entire Internet, or in certain network links of its constituent networks. Common traffic measurements are total volume, in units of multiples of the byte, or as transmission rates in bytes per certain time units. As the topology of the Internet is not hierarchical, no sin... | Internet traffic | 0.777829 |
97,223 | If T is closed (which includes the case when T is bounded), boundedness of ( T − λ I ) − 1 {\displaystyle (T-\lambda I)^{-1}} follows automatically from its existence. The space of bounded linear operators B(X) on a Banach space X is an example of a unital Banach algebra. Since the definition of the spectrum does not m... | Spectrum (functional analysis) | 0.777828 |
97,224 | In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, the spectrum of a bounded linear operator (or, more generally, an unbounded linear operator) is a generalisation of the set of eigenvalues of a matrix. Specifically, a complex number λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is said to be in the spectrum of a bounded linear operato... | Spectrum (functional analysis) | 0.777828 |
97,225 | Let T {\displaystyle T} be a bounded linear operator acting on a Banach space X {\displaystyle X} over the complex scalar field C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } , and I {\displaystyle I} be the identity operator on X {\displaystyle X} . The spectrum of T {\displaystyle T} is the set of all λ ∈ C {\displaystyle \lambda \i... | Spectrum (functional analysis) | 0.777828 |
97,226 | In this optimization, Alice generates a global random (k-1)-bit value R {\displaystyle R} which is kept secret. During the garbling of the input gates w a {\displaystyle w^{a}} and w b {\displaystyle w^{b}} , she only generates the labels ( X 0 a , X 0 b ) {\displaystyle (X_{0}^{a},X_{0}^{b})} and computes the other la... | Garbled circuit protocol | 0.777828 |
97,227 | In the garbled circuit protocol, we make use of oblivious transfer. In the oblivious transfer, a string is transferred between a sender and a receiver in the following way: a sender has two strings S 0 {\displaystyle S_{0}} and S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} . The receiver chooses b ∈ { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle b\in \{0,1\}} ... | Garbled circuit protocol | 0.777828 |
97,228 | Random measures can be defined as transition kernels or as random elements. Both definitions are equivalent. For the definitions, let E {\displaystyle E} be a separable complete metric space and let E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} be its Borel σ {\displaystyle \sigma } -algebra. (The most common example of a separable... | Stationary random measure | 0.777828 |
97,229 | In probability theory, a random measure is a measure-valued random element. Random measures are for example used in the theory of random processes, where they form many important point processes such as Poisson point processes and Cox processes. | Stationary random measure | 0.777828 |
97,230 | This optimization reduces the size of garbled tables from 4 rows to 3 rows. Here, instead of generating a label for the output wire of a gate randomly, Alice generates it using a function of the input labels. She generates the output labels such that the first entry of the garbled table becomes all 0 and no longer need... | Garbled circuit protocol | 0.777828 |
97,231 | This optimization reduce the size of garbled table for AND gates from 3 row in Row Reduction to 2 rows. It is shown that this is the theoretical minimum for the number of rows in the garbled table, for a certain class of garbling techniques. | Garbled circuit protocol | 0.777828 |
97,232 | Free XOR optimization implies an important point that the amount of data transfer (communication) and number of encryption and decryption (computation) of the garbled circuit protocol relies only on the number of AND gates in the Boolean circuit not the XOR gates. Thus, between two Boolean circuits representing the sam... | Garbled circuit protocol | 0.777828 |
97,233 | The Boolean circuit for small functions can be generated by hand. It is conventional to make the circuit out of 2-input XOR and AND gates. It is important that the generated circuit has the minimum number of AND gates (see Free XOR optimization). There are methods that generate the optimized circuit in term of number o... | Garbled circuit protocol | 0.777828 |
97,234 | In this optimization, Alice generates a random bit, s {\displaystyle s} , called select bit for each wire w a {\displaystyle w^{a}} . She then sets the first bit of label 0, X 0 a {\displaystyle X_{0}^{a}} to s {\displaystyle s} and the first bit of label 1, X 1 a {\displaystyle X_{1}^{a}} , to s ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar... | Garbled circuit protocol | 0.777828 |
97,235 | The graded dual of the universal enveloping algebra of a free Lie algebra on a finite set is the shuffle algebra. This essentially follows because universal enveloping algebras have the structure of a Hopf algebra, and the shuffle product describes the action of comultiplication in this algebra. See tensor algebra for ... | Free Lie algebra | 0.777827 |
97,236 | The universal enveloping algebra of a free Lie algebra on a set X is the free associative algebra generated by X. By the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem it is the "same size" as the symmetric algebra of the free Lie algebra (meaning that if both sides are graded by giving elements of X degree 1 then they are isomorphic ... | Free Lie algebra | 0.777827 |
97,237 | The definition of the free Lie algebra generated by a set X is as follows: Let X be a set and i: X → L {\displaystyle i\colon X\to L} a morphism of sets (function) from X into a Lie algebra L. The Lie algebra L is called free on X if i {\displaystyle i} is the universal morphism; that is, if for any Lie algebra A with ... | Free Lie algebra | 0.777827 |
97,238 | Serre's theorem on a semisimple Lie algebra uses a free Lie algebra to construct a semisimple algebra out of generators and relations. The Milnor invariants of a link group are related to the free Lie algebra on the components of the link, as discussed in that article. See also Lie operad for the use of a free Lie alge... | Free Lie algebra | 0.777827 |
97,239 | In mathematics, a free Lie algebra over a field K is a Lie algebra generated by a set X, without any imposed relations other than the defining relations of alternating K-bilinearity and the Jacobi identity. | Free Lie algebra | 0.777827 |
97,240 | Anatoly Širšov (1953) and Witt (1956) showed that any Lie subalgebra of a free Lie algebra is itself a free Lie algebra. | Free Lie algebra | 0.777827 |
97,241 | An explicit basis of the free Lie algebra can be given in terms of a Hall set, which is a particular kind of subset inside the free magma on X. Elements of the free magma are binary trees, with their leaves labelled by elements of X. Hall sets were introduced by Marshall Hall (1950) based on work of Philip Hall on grou... | Free Lie algebra | 0.777827 |
97,242 | There is a bijection γ from the Lyndon words in an ordered alphabet to a basis of the free Lie algebra on this alphabet defined as follows: If a word w has length 1 then γ ( w ) = w {\displaystyle \gamma (w)=w} (considered as a generator of the free Lie algebra). If w has length at least 2, then write w = u v {\display... | Free Lie algebra | 0.777827 |
97,243 | The Lyndon words are a special case of the Hall words, and so in particular there is a basis of the free Lie algebra corresponding to Lyndon words. This is called the Lyndon basis, named after Roger Lyndon. (This is also called the Chen–Fox–Lyndon basis or the Lyndon–Shirshov basis, and is essentially the same as the S... | Free Lie algebra | 0.777827 |
97,244 | In mathematics, especially ring theory, a regular ideal can refer to multiple concepts. In operator theory, a right ideal i {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {i}}} in a (possibly) non-unital ring A is said to be regular (or modular) if there exists an element e in A such that e x − x ∈ i {\displaystyle ex-x\in {\mathfrak {i}}}... | Regular ideal | 0.777822 |
97,245 | The notion of modular ideals permits the generalization of various characterizations of ideals in a unital ring to non-unital settings. A two-sided ideal i {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {i}}} is modular if and only if A / i {\displaystyle A/{\mathfrak {i}}} is unital. In a unital ring, every ideal is modular since choosing... | Regular ideal | 0.777822 |
97,246 | If J and K are quotient von Neumann regular ideals, then so is J∩K. If J⊆K are proper ideals of R and J is quotient von Neumann regular, then so is K. This is because quotients of R/J are all von Neumann regular rings, and an isomorphism theorem for rings establishing that R/K≅(R/J)/(J/K). In particular if A is any ide... | Regular ideal | 0.777822 |
97,247 | Edelman explicitly rejects computational approaches to explaining biology as non-biological. Edelman acknowledges that there is a conservation of phylogenetic organization and structure within the vertebrate nervous system, but also points out that locally natural diversity, variation and degeneracy abound. This variat... | Neural Darwinism | 0.777822 |
97,248 | He sees neurons as living organisms working in cooperative and competitive ways within their local ecology and rejects models that see the brain in terms of computer chips or logic gates in an algorithmically organized machine. Edelman's commitment to the Darwinian underpinnings of biology, his emerging understanding o... | Neural Darwinism | 0.777822 |
97,249 | Edelman was well aware of the earlier debate in immunology between the instructionists, who believed the lymphocytes of the immune system learned or was instructed about the antigen and then devised a response; and the selectionists, who believed that the lymphocytes already contained the response to the antigen within... | Neural Darwinism | 0.777822 |
97,250 | Neural Darwinism is a biological, and more specifically Darwinian and selectionist, approach to understanding global brain function, originally proposed by American biologist, researcher and Nobel-Prize recipient Gerald Maurice Edelman (July 1, 1929 – May 17, 2014). Edelman's 1987 book Neural Darwinism introduced the p... | Neural Darwinism | 0.777822 |
97,251 | Edelman's isolation of NCAM lead him to theorize on the role of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs) in the formation of the animal bodyplan in both realtime and over evolutionary time. Topobiology is primarily dedicated to this issue that is foundational to the understanding of neural... | Neural Darwinism | 0.777822 |
97,252 | The exponential map exp: g → G {\displaystyle \exp \colon {\mathfrak {g}}\to G} is a smooth map. Its differential at zero, exp ∗: g → g {\displaystyle \exp _{*}\colon {\mathfrak {g}}\to {\mathfrak {g}}} , is the identity map (with the usual identifications). It follows from the inverse function theorem that the exponen... | Exponential map (Lie theory) | 0.77782 |
97,253 | = I + X + 1 2 X 2 + 1 6 X 3 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \exp(X)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {X^{k}}{k! }}=I+X+{\frac {1}{2}}X^{2}+{\frac {1}{6}}X^{3}+\cdots } ,where I {\displaystyle I} is the identity matrix. Thus, in the setting of matrix Lie groups, the exponential map is the restriction of the matrix exponential to the Lie ... | Exponential map (Lie theory) | 0.77782 |
97,254 | Let G {\displaystyle G} be a Lie group and g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} be its Lie algebra (thought of as the tangent space to the identity element of G {\displaystyle G} ). The exponential map is a map exp: g → G {\displaystyle \exp \colon {\mathfrak {g}}\to G} which can be defined in several different ways. The ... | Exponential map (Lie theory) | 0.77782 |
97,255 | The Galilei-covariant tensor formulation is a method for treating non-relativistic physics using the extended Galilei group as the representation group of the theory. It is constructed in the light cone of a five dimensional manifold. Takahashi et al., in 1988, began a study of Galilean symmetry, where an explicitly co... | Galilei-covariant tensor formulation | 0.77782 |
97,256 | For the Australian former rowing coxswain, see Megan Robertson. Megan L. Robertson is a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the University of Houston noted for her work in polymer chemistry towards achieving "green birth, green life, and green death" via recycling and via biosourced oils and fatty aci... | Megan Robertson (scientist) | 0.777819 |
97,257 | Robertson earned her B.S. in Chemical Engineering at Washington University St. Louis. S | Megan Robertson (scientist) | 0.777819 |
97,258 | A HEPA filter must remove at least 99.97% (US) or 99.95% (EU) of all airborne particulates with aerodynamic diameter of 0.3 μm. Particles both smaller and larger are easier to catch, and thus removed with a higher efficiency. People often assume that particles smaller than 0.3 microns would be more difficult to filter ... | Filtering facepiece respirator | 0.777819 |
97,259 | {\displaystyle T=T_{zz}=(\partial _{z}\phi )^{2}+Q\partial _{z}^{2}\phi \;,\quad {\bar {T}}=T_{{\bar {z}}{\bar {z}}}=(\partial _{\bar {z}}\phi )^{2}+Q\partial _{\bar {z}}^{2}\phi \ .} Each one of these two components generates a Virasoro algebra with the central charge c = 1 + 6 Q 2 {\displaystyle c=1+6Q^{2}} .For both... | Liouville theory | 0.777817 |
97,260 | Liouville theory is the simplest example of a Toda field theory, associated to the A 1 {\displaystyle A_{1}} Cartan matrix. More general conformal Toda theories can be viewed as generalizations of Liouville theory, whose Lagrangians involve several bosons rather than one boson ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } , and whose symmet... | Liouville theory | 0.777817 |
97,261 | In organic chemistry, free-radical halogenation is a type of halogenation. This chemical reaction is typical of alkanes and alkyl-substituted aromatics under application of UV light. The reaction is used for the industrial synthesis of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), and hexachlorobutadiene. It proceeds b... | Free radical halogenation | 0.777817 |
97,262 | The completeness of X {\displaystyle X} enables the following short proof, using the Baire category theorem. There are also simple proofs not using the Baire theorem (Sokal 2011). | Banach–Steinhaus theorem | 0.777816 |
97,263 | {\textstyle \bigcup X_{n}.} By the argument used in proving the theorem, each X n {\displaystyle X_{n}} is nowhere dense, i.e. the subset ⋃ X n {\textstyle \bigcup X_{n}} is of first category. | Banach–Steinhaus theorem | 0.777816 |
97,264 | By the uniform boundedness principle, the norms of elements of S , {\displaystyle S,} as functionals on X , {\displaystyle X,} that is, norms in the second dual Y ″ , {\displaystyle Y'',} are bounded. But for every s ∈ S , {\displaystyle s\in S,} the norm in the second dual coincides with the norm in Y , {\displaystyle... | Banach–Steinhaus theorem | 0.777816 |
97,265 | In mathematics, the uniform boundedness principle or Banach–Steinhaus theorem is one of the fundamental results in functional analysis. Together with the Hahn–Banach theorem and the open mapping theorem, it is considered one of the cornerstones of the field. In its basic form, it asserts that for a family of continuous... | Banach–Steinhaus theorem | 0.777816 |
97,266 | The measurement of gravitational wave signals offers a unique perspective for testing results from general relativity, as they are produced in environments where the gravitational field is very strong (e.g., near black holes). A number of tests of the predictions from general relativity can thus be made using the detec... | Virgo interferometer | 0.777816 |
97,267 | A number of software have been developed to investigate the physics surrounding gravitational waves. These analyses are generally performed offline (after the run), and often rely on the results from the other searches (currently mostly CBC searches). Several analyses are performed to look for events observed multiple ... | Virgo interferometer | 0.777816 |
97,268 | On the 27th of March 2020, the O3 run was suspended because of the COVID-19 pandemic.The upgrades currently underway are part of the "Advanced Virgo +" program, divided in two phases, the first one preceding the O4 run and the second one preceding the O5 run. The first phase focuses on the reduction of quantum noise by... | Virgo interferometer | 0.777816 |
97,269 | Non-conventional, alternative models of compact objects have been proposed by physicists. Some examples of these models can be described within general relativity (quark and strange stars, boson and Proca stars, Kerr black holes with scalar and Proca hair), arise from some approaches to quantum gravity (cosmic strings,... | Virgo interferometer | 0.777816 |
97,270 | Gravitational waves are expected to have two "tensor" polarizations, nicknamed "plus" and "cross" due to their effects on a ring of particle (displayed in the figure below). A single gravitational wave is usually a superposition of these two polarizations, depending on the orientation of the source. In addition, some t... | Virgo interferometer | 0.777816 |
97,271 | This prompts the researchers to generate "template banks" containing a large amount of different waveforms corresponding to different parameters; a compromise has to be done between how tight the bank is (maximizing the number of detections) and the limited computational resources available to carry out the search with... | Virgo interferometer | 0.777816 |
97,272 | After being approved by the CNRS and the INFN, the construction of the interferometer began in 1996, with the aim of beginning observations by the year 2000.The first goal of Virgo was to directly observe gravitational waves. The study over three decades of the binary pulsar 1913+16, whose discovery was awarded the 199... | Virgo interferometer | 0.777816 |
97,273 | The interferometer is named after the Virgo Cluster, a cluster of about 1,500 galaxies in the Virgo constellation, about 50 million light-years from Earth. Built as part of a Franco-Italian effort to detect the gravitational waves predicted by general relativity, it now plays a significant part in the global gravitatio... | Virgo interferometer | 0.777816 |
97,274 | The Virgo experiment is managed by the European Gravitational Observatory (EGO) consortium, created in December 2000 by the CNRS and INFN. The Dutch Institute for Nuclear and High-Energy Physics Nikhef later joined as an observer and eventually a full member. EGO is responsible for the Virgo site, in charge of the cons... | Virgo interferometer | 0.777816 |
97,275 | Infinite Energy is a bi-monthly magazine published in New Hampshire that details theories and experiments concerning alternative energy, new science and new physics. The magazine was founded by the late Eugene Mallove, and is owned by the non-profit New Energy Foundation. It was established in 1994 as Cold Fusion magaz... | Infinite Energy (magazine) | 0.777813 |
97,276 | In organic chemistry, thioureas are members of a family of organosulfur compounds with the formula S=C(NR2)2 and structure R2N−C(=S)−NR2. The parent member of this class of compounds is thiourea (S=C(NH2)2). The thiourea functional group has a planar S=CN2 core. | Thioureas | 0.777813 |
97,277 | Using trigonometric functions, a parametric representation of the standard ellipse x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 = 1 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\tfrac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1} is: The parameter t (called the eccentric anomaly in astronomy) is not the angle of ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) ) {\displaystyle (x(t),y(t))} with the x-axis... | Circumference of an ellipse | 0.777811 |
97,278 | Ellipses appear in triangle geometry as Steiner ellipse: ellipse through the vertices of the triangle with center at the centroid, inellipses: ellipses which touch the sides of a triangle. Special cases are the Steiner inellipse and the Mandart inellipse. | Circumference of an ellipse | 0.777811 |
97,279 | Ellipses appear in descriptive geometry as images (parallel or central projection) of circles. There exist various tools to draw an ellipse. Computers provide the fastest and most accurate method for drawing an ellipse. However, technical tools (ellipsographs) to draw an ellipse without a computer exist. | Circumference of an ellipse | 0.777811 |
97,280 | A parametric representation, which uses the slope m {\displaystyle m} of the tangent at a point of the ellipse can be obtained from the derivative of the standard representation x → ( t ) = ( a cos t , b sin t ) T {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)=(a\cos t,\,b\sin t)^{\mathsf {T}}}: With help of trigonometric formulae o... | Circumference of an ellipse | 0.777811 |
97,281 | This can be envisaged as the metamorphic rocks within the deep crust losing fluids and dissolved mineral components as hydrous minerals break down, with this fluid percolating up into the shallow levels of the crust to chemically change and alter these rocks. This mechanism implies that metasomatism is open system beha... | Hydrothermal alteration | 0.777811 |
97,282 | This is a glossary of arithmetic and diophantine geometry in mathematics, areas growing out of the traditional study of Diophantine equations to encompass large parts of number theory and algebraic geometry. Much of the theory is in the form of proposed conjectures, which can be related at various levels of generality.... | Reduction modulo a prime | 0.777809 |
97,283 | Quasi-algebraic closure The topic of quasi-algebraic closure, i.e. solubility guaranteed by a number of variables polynomial in the degree of an equation, grew out of studies of the Brauer group and the Chevalley–Warning theorem. It stalled in the face of counterexamples; but see Ax–Kochen theorem from mathematical log... | Reduction modulo a prime | 0.777809 |
97,284 | This makes it feasible to deploy teams of swarm robots and take advantage of the resulting fault tolerance and parallelism. In 1991, American electrical engineer James McLurkin was the first to conceptualize the idea of "robot ants" while working at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,285 | The technology was conceived by engineer Michael Ury, physicist Charles Wood and their colleagues in 1990. With support from the United States Department of Energy, it was further developed in 1994 by Fusion Lighting of Rockville, Maryland, a spinoff of the Fusion UV division of Fusion Systems Corporation.1991 Ant robo... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,286 | Tcl is also used for CGI scripting. Tcl was invented in the spring of 1988 by John Ousterhout while working at the University of California, Berkeley.1988 Ballistic electron emission microscopy Ballistic electron emission microscopy or BEEM is a technique for studying ballistic electron transport through variety of mat... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,287 | Perl is also used for text processing, system administration, web application development, bioinformatics, network programming, applications that require database access, graphics programming etc.1988 Luggage (tilt-and-roll) Tilt-and-roll luggage or wheeled luggage, is a variant of luggage for travelers which typically... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,288 | The LCD projector was invented in 1984 by Gene Dolgoff.1984 Pointing stick The pointing stick is an isometric joystick operated by applied force and is used as a pointing device on laptop computers. It takes the form of a rubber cap located on top of the keyboard embedded between the 'G', 'H' and 'B' keys. The pointing... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,289 | The first TCP/IP-wide area network was operational on January 1, 1983, when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed the university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. This date is held as the "birth" of the Internet.1983 Blind signature In cryptography, a blind signature, as in... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,290 | Control-Alt-Delete was invented in 1981 by David Bradley while working at IBM.1981 Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nm, can be observed. It can also be used to obser... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,291 | 1970 Wireless local area network A wireless local area network is the linking of two or more computers or devices using spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation technology based to enable communication between devices in a limited area. In 1970, the University of Hawaii, under the leadership of Norman Abramson, invented the ... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,292 | This treatment has a lasting effect on the fabric, namely in shirts, trousers, and slacks. Permanent press was invented in 1964 by Ruth Rogan Benerito, research leader of the Physical Chemistry Research Group of the Cotton Chemical Reactions Laboratory.1964 Carbon dioxide laser The carbon dioxide laser was one of the e... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,293 | The first such system was Transit, developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory under the leadership of Richard Kershner. Development of the system for the United States Navy began in 1958, and a prototype satellite,Transit 1A, was launched in September 1959. That satellite failed to reach orbit... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,294 | Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continual use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), computational physics, and computational chemistry. It is one of the most... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,295 | Shockley is considered by many to be the "father" of the transistor. Hence, in recognition of his work, the transistor is widely, yet not universally acknowledged as the most important invention of the entire 20th century since it forms today's building blocks of processors found and used in almost every modern computi... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,296 | Available in many colors, the plastic containers with "burp seal" did not become a commercial success until Brownie Wise, a Florida housewife, began throwing Tupperware parties in 1951 in order to demonstrate the product and explain the features.1946 Spoonplug A spoonplug is a form of fishing lure. The spoonplug was in... | Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) | 0.777808 |
97,297 | The formation reaction of c-C3H2 has been speculated to be the dissociative recombination of c-C3H+3. C3H+3 + e− → C3H2 + Hc-C3H+3 is a product of a long chain of carbon chemistry that occurs in the ISM. Carbon insertion reactions are crucial in this chain for forming C3H+3. However, as for most ion-molecule reactions ... | Cyclopropenylidene | 0.777807 |
97,298 | C3H2 + HCO+ → C3H+3 + CONotice that c-C3H2 is mostly destroyed by converting it back to C3H+3. Since the major destruction pathways only regenerate the major parent molecule, C3H2 is essentially a dead end in terms of interstellar carbon chemistry. However, in diffuse clouds or in the photodissociation region (PDR) of ... | Cyclopropenylidene | 0.777807 |
97,299 | Detections of c-C3H2 in the diffuse medium were particularly surprising because of the low densities. It had been believed that the chemistry of the diffuse medium did not allow for the formation of larger molecules, but this discovery, as well as the discovery of other large molecules, continue to illuminate the compl... | Cyclopropenylidene | 0.777807 |
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