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97,100 | The National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (Italian: Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale), commonly referred to as OGS, is an Italian public research institution under the supervision of the Italian Ministry of University and Research. It specializes in conducting research ... | National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics | 0.77792 |
97,101 | On 20 August 1753, the Jesuits established the School of Astronomy and Navigation in response to a request from Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. This school was established to meet the development needs of the free port of Trieste. Over time, the institute underwent several reorganizations and name changes. In 1958, i... | National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics | 0.77792 |
97,102 | The primary headquarters of the National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) are located in Sgonico (Trieste), Trieste, and Udine.In addition to these main offices, OGS has also established new offices and laboratories in the following locations: Venice Latera (Viterbo) Panarea (Messina) | National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics | 0.777919 |
97,103 | SELDI technology can potentially be used in any application by modifying the SELDI surface. SELDI-TOF-MS is optimal for analyzing low molecular weight proteins (<20 kDa) in a variety of biological materials, such as tissue samples, blood, urine, and serum. This technique is often used in combination with immunoblotting... | Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization | 0.777918 |
97,104 | In organic chemistry, an ethyl group (abbr. Et) is an alkyl substituent with the formula −CH2CH3, derived from ethane (C2H6). Ethyl is used in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's nomenclature of organic chemistry for a saturated two-carbon moiety in a molecule, while the prefix "eth-" is used to ind... | Ethyl group | 0.777917 |
97,105 | In astronomy, angular diameter distance is a distance defined in terms of an object's physical size, x {\displaystyle x} , and its angular size, θ {\displaystyle \theta } , as viewed from Earth: | Angular size redshift relation | 0.777915 |
97,106 | The angular size redshift relation describes the relation between the angular size observed on the sky of an object of given physical size, and the object's redshift from Earth (which is related to its distance, d {\displaystyle d} , from Earth). In a Euclidean geometry the relation between size on the sky and distance... | Angular size redshift relation | 0.777915 |
97,107 | These projections expand meridian-wise and parallel-wise by different ratios respectively. Thus, parallels and meridians cross rectangularly on the map, but these projections do not preserve other angles; i.e. these projections are not conformal. As proven by Leonhard Euler in 1775, a conformal map projection cannot be... | Conformal map projection | 0.777915 |
97,108 | The BLUPF90 family of programs is a statistical software package used in quantitative genetics for animal and plant breeding. It can fit mixed models using restricted maximum likelihood as well as Gibbs sampling to estimate variance components, and predict breeding values via best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). Cod... | BLUPF90 | 0.777913 |
97,109 | Service-Oriented Localization Architecture Solution (SOLAS) Design is based on the ORM design principles: O-pen (easy to join and to participate), R-ight (serve the right task to the right volunteer), and M-inimalistic (crisp, clear, uncluttered). SOLAS consists of SOLAS Match (matching projects and volunteers) and SOL... | The Rosetta Foundation | 0.777913 |
97,110 | With the nRF9160 system in a package (SiP), the company expanded from Bluetooth LE and short-range radio applications into cellular network solutions. The main focus is on cellular IoT by supporting LTE-M and NB-IoT. In November 2019, Nordic Semiconductor introduced a flagship SoC containing dual-core ARM Cortex-M33 pr... | Nordic Semiconductor | 0.777912 |
97,111 | Organochromium chemistry is a branch of organometallic chemistry that deals with organic compounds containing a chromium to carbon bond and their reactions. The field is of some relevance to organic synthesis. The relevant oxidation states for organochromium complexes encompass the entire range of possible oxidation st... | Organochromium chemistry | 0.777907 |
97,112 | This type of representation clearly illustrates the specific dihedral angle between the proximal and distal atoms.This projection is named after American chemist Melvin Spencer Newman, who introduced it in 1952 as a partial replacement for Fischer projections, which are unable to represent conformations and thus confor... | Newman projection | 0.777906 |
97,113 | A Newman projection is a drawing that helps visualize the 3-dimensional structure of a molecule. This projection most commonly sights down a carbon-carbon bond, making it a very useful way to visualize the stereochemistry of alkanes. A Newman projection visualizes the conformation of a chemical bond from front to back,... | Newman projection | 0.777906 |
97,114 | Organizational ecology models apply concepts from evolutionary theory to the study of populations of organizations, focusing on birth (founding), growth and change, and death (firm mortality). In this view, organizations are 'selected' based on their fit with their operating environment. | Organizational Behavior | 0.777905 |
97,115 | Separately from these designations, nuclear tests are also often categorized by the purpose of the test itself. Weapons-related tests are designed to garner information about how (and if) the weapons themselves work. Some serve to develop and validate a specific weapon type. Others test experimental concepts or are phy... | Nuclear weapon testing | 0.777903 |
97,116 | Orbiting Astronomical Observatory was a series of NASA satellites flown between 1966 and 1972 for astronomy studies. The first OAO (launched April 8, 1966) used a one-off Atlas variant, mating an Agena D to the LV-3C variant of the Atlas and encased in a Centaur-type payload shroud. The remaining three launches used ac... | Atlas-Agena | 0.777903 |
97,117 | Spiegel did a postdoctoral fellowship at the Membrane Biochemistry Section at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, from 1984 to 1986. She then moved to Georgetown University School of Medicine to serve as assistant professor in the Depar... | Sarah Spiegel (biologist) | 0.777899 |
97,118 | Since 2000, she has served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Glycoconjugate Journal, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, and Signal Transduction. | Sarah Spiegel (biologist) | 0.777899 |
97,119 | Sarah Spiegel received her Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry and biochemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1974. She did graduate work in biochemistry under Professor Meir Wilchek at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, where she earned her PhD in biochemistry in 1983, before relocati... | Sarah Spiegel (biologist) | 0.777899 |
97,120 | Sarah Spiegel is professor and chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). In the mid-1990s she discovered the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) molecule, a lipid which has been identified as a signaler for the spread of cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular d... | Sarah Spiegel (biologist) | 0.777899 |
97,121 | The Fukuyama synthesis (chiral (-), 2004) started from cyclic amine 1. Chirality was at some point introduced into this starting material by enzymatic resolution of one of the precursors. Acyloin 2 was formed by Rubottom oxidation and hydrolysis. Oxidative cleavage by lead acetate formed aldehyde 3, removal of the nosy... | Strychnine total synthesis | 0.777897 |
97,122 | Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine. The first reported method by the group of Robert Burns Woodward in 1954 is considered a classic in this research field.At the time it formed the natural conclusion to an elaborate process of molecular structure ... | Strychnine total synthesis | 0.777897 |
97,123 | Every factory race program has control of this option, they often times link a GPS into the bike and can control the damper turn by turn. For motorcycles with sidecars, especially for motorcycles which have been retrofitted with a sidecar and where the front wheel geometry, or trail, has not been adjusted for use with ... | Steering damper | 0.777893 |
97,124 | Sport bikes have a short wheelbase and an aggressive steering geometry to provide the ability to make very quick changes in direction. This has the harmful side-effect of making the bike less stable, more prone to feedback from uneven road surfaces, and more difficult to control. If the front wheel significantly deviat... | Steering damper | 0.777893 |
97,125 | Conjugated polymers offer the tantalizing possibility of organic molecules with a manipulable electronic band structure, but current methods for production have an uncontrolled topology. Sun, Lauher, and Goroff discovered that certain amides ensure a linear polymerization of poly(diiododiacetylene). The underlying mech... | Halogen bond | 0.777891 |
97,126 | A halogen bond occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Like a hydrogen bond, the result is not a formal chemical bond, but rather a strong elect... | Halogen bond | 0.777891 |
97,127 | A halogen bond is almost collinear with the halogen atom's other, conventional bond, but the geometry of the electron-charge donor may be much more complex. Multi-electron donors such as ethers and amines prefer halogen bonds collinear with the lone pair and donor nucleus. Pyridine derivatives tend to donate halogen bo... | Halogen bond | 0.777891 |
97,128 | Increased traffic volume is a direct outcome of increased household density of a district. These relationships of congestion to layout geometry and density have been tested in two studies using computer-based traffic modeling applied to large subdivisions. A 1990 study compared the traffic performance in a 700-acre (2.... | Street hierarchy | 0.77789 |
97,129 | The street hierarchy is an urban planning technique for laying out road networks that exclude automobile through-traffic from developed areas. It is conceived as a hierarchy of roads that embeds the link importance of each road type in the network topology (the connectivity of the nodes to each other). Street hierarchy... | Street hierarchy | 0.77789 |
97,130 | In physics, a quantum vortex represents a quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity. In most cases, quantum vortices are a type of topological defect exhibited in superfluids and superconductors. The existence of quantum vortices was first predicted by Lars Onsager in 1949 in connection with superfluid heliu... | Quantized vortices | 0.77789 |
97,131 | If g and g′ represent the slopes of the conjugate diameters, then g g ′ = − b 2 a 2 {\displaystyle gg'=-{\frac {b^{2}}{a^{2}}}} in the case of an ellipse and g g ′ = b 2 a 2 {\displaystyle gg'={\frac {b^{2}}{a^{2}}}} in the case of a hyperbola. When a = b the ellipse is a circle and the conjugate diameters are perpendi... | Hyperbolic orthogonality | 0.777889 |
97,132 | {\displaystyle xu-yv.} The vectors z1 and z2 in the complex number plane, and w1 and w2 in the hyperbolic number plane are said to be respectively Euclidean orthogonal or hyperbolic orthogonal if their respective inner products are zero.The bilinear form may be computed as the real part of the complex product of one n... | Hyperbolic orthogonality | 0.777889 |
97,133 | Two lines are hyperbolic orthogonal when they are reflections of each other over the asymptote of a given hyperbola. Two particular hyperbolas are frequently used in the plane: The relation of hyperbolic orthogonality actually applies to classes of parallel lines in the plane, where any particular line can represent th... | Hyperbolic orthogonality | 0.777889 |
97,134 | In geometry, the relation of hyperbolic orthogonality between two lines separated by the asymptotes of a hyperbola is a concept used in special relativity to define simultaneous events. Two events will be simultaneous when they are on a line hyperbolically orthogonal to a particular time line. This dependence on a cert... | Hyperbolic orthogonality | 0.777889 |
97,135 | The directions indicated by conjugate diameters are taken for space and time axes in relativity. As E. T. Whittaker wrote in 1910, " hyperbola is unaltered when any pair of conjugate diameters are taken as new axes, and a new unit of length is taken proportional to the length of either of these diameters." On this prin... | Hyperbolic orthogonality | 0.777889 |
97,136 | An ℓ-adic representation of WK is defined in the same way as for GK. These arise naturally from geometry: if X is a smooth projective variety over K, then the ℓ-adic cohomology of the geometric fibre of X is an ℓ-adic representation of GK which, via φ, induces an ℓ-adic representation of WK. If K is a local field of re... | ℓ-adic representation | 0.777888 |
97,137 | 2006 Martin Grötschel, László Lovász and Alexander Schrijver for their fundamental path-breaking work in combinatorial optimization. 2005 Robert J. Aumann in recognition of his fundamental contributions to game theory and related areas 2004 J. Michael Harrison for his profound contributions to two major areas of operat... | Von Neumann Theory Prize | 0.777888 |
97,138 | 2013 Michel Balinski 2012 George Nemhauser and Laurence Wolsey 2011 Gérard Cornuéjols, IBM University Professor of Operations Research at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business for his fundamental and broad contributions to discrete optimization including his deep research on balanced and ideal matrices... | Von Neumann Theory Prize | 0.777888 |
97,139 | 2022 Vijay Vazirani 2021 Alexander Shapiro 2020 Adrian Lewis 2019 Dimitris Bertsimas and Jong-Shi Pang 2018 Dimitri Bertsekas and John Tsitsiklis for contributions to Parallel and Distributed Computation as well as Neurodynamic Programming. 2017 Donald Goldfarb and Jorge Nocedal for seminal contributions to the theory ... | Von Neumann Theory Prize | 0.777888 |
97,140 | Given a field K, the multiplicative group (Ks)× of a separable closure of K is a Galois module for the absolute Galois group. Its second cohomology group is isomorphic to the Brauer group of K (by Hilbert's theorem 90, its first cohomology group is zero). If X is a smooth proper scheme over a field K then the ℓ-adic co... | ℓ-adic representation | 0.777888 |
97,141 | Let K be a number field. Emil Artin introduced a class of Galois representations of the absolute Galois group GK of K, now called Artin representations. These are the continuous finite-dimensional linear representations of GK on complex vector spaces. Artin's study of these representations led him to formulate the Arti... | ℓ-adic representation | 0.777888 |
97,142 | In mathematics, Kronecker coefficients gλμν describe the decomposition of the tensor product (= Kronecker product) of two irreducible representations of a symmetric group into irreducible representations. They play an important role algebraic combinatorics and geometric complexity theory. They were introduced by Murnag... | Kronecker coefficient | 0.777887 |
97,143 | The central carbon atom has four bonds to it, and is therefore saturated and has tetrahedral geometry. The term ketal is sometimes used to identify structures associated with ketones (both R groups organic fragments rather than hydrogen) rather than aldehydes and, historically, the term acetal was used specifically for... | Acetal | 0.777886 |
97,144 | In organic chemistry, an acetal is a functional group with the connectivity R2C(OR')2. Here, the R groups can be organic fragments (a carbon atom, with arbitrary other atoms attached to that) or hydrogen, while the R' groups must be organic fragments not hydrogen. The two R' groups can be equivalent to each other (a "s... | Acetal | 0.777886 |
97,145 | Sciaky, Inc. is an American manufacturer of metal 3d printing systems and industrial welding systems, founded in 1939 and headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It specializes in electron beam welding systems and services for aerospace manufacturers.In 2009, Sciaky entered the 3D Printing field with its electron beam addi... | Sciaky, Inc. | 0.777886 |
97,146 | Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology (similar to deism, but it also includes religious ideas besides God) that seeks to provide arguments for theological topics (such as the existence of a deity) based on reason and the discoveries of science, the project of arguing for the existen... | Natural Theology | 0.777884 |
97,147 | For this reason, LD50 figures are often qualified with the mode of administration, e.g., "LD50 i.v." The related quantities LD50/30 or LD50/60 are used to refer to a dose that without treatment will be lethal to 50% of the population within (respectively) 30 or 60 days. These measures are used more commonly within radi... | Median lethal concentration | 0.777883 |
97,148 | In mathematics, a modular Lie algebra is a Lie algebra over a field of positive characteristic. The theory of modular Lie algebras is significantly different from the theory of real and complex Lie algebras. This difference can be traced to the properties of Frobenius automorphism and to the failure of the exponential ... | Modular Lie algebra | 0.777882 |
97,149 | The displays on the HoloLens 2 are simple waveguide displays with a fixed focus of approximately two meters. Because of the fixed focus, the displays exhibit the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict, which is an unpleasant visual sensation for the viewer.On August 20, 2019, at the Hot Chips 31 symposium Microsoft presented ... | HoloLens 2 | 0.777882 |
97,150 | The Class Schedule is: 2/9 - Generalia, Phenomena, Knowledge, Information science & technology A/AL - Philosophy & Logic AM/AX - Mathematics, Probability, Statistics AY/B - General science, Physics C - Chemistry D - Space and Earth sciences DG/DY - Earth sciences (includes Geology & Geography) E/GQ - Biological science... | Bliss bibliographic classification | 0.77788 |
97,151 | Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack (MDOP) is a suite of utilities for Microsoft Windows customers who have subscribed to Microsoft Software Assurance program. It aims at bringing easier manageability and monitoring of enterprise desktops, emergency recovery, desktop virtualization and application virtualization. | Emergency Repair Disk Commander | 0.777879 |
97,152 | Systems Tool Kit (formerly Satellite Tool Kit), often referred to by its initials STK, is a multi-physics software application from Analytical Graphics, Inc. (an Ansys company) that enables engineers and scientists to perform complex analyses of ground, sea, air, and space platforms, and to share results in one integra... | Satellite Tool Kit | 0.777878 |
97,153 | Another benefit of implementing an IIoT system is the ability to create a digital twin of the system. Using this digital twin allows for further optimization of the system by allowing for experimentation with new data from the cloud without having to halt production or sacrifice safety, as the new processes can be refi... | Industrial Internet | 0.777876 |
97,154 | The industrial internet requires more of an edge-plus-cloud architecture rather than one based on purely centralized cloud; in order to transform productivity, products and services in the industrial world. Big data analytics: Big data analytics is the process of examining large and varied data sets, or big data. Artif... | Industrial Internet | 0.777876 |
97,155 | The IIoT is enabled by technologies such as cybersecurity, cloud computing, edge computing, mobile technologies, machine-to-machine, 3D printing, advanced robotics, big data, internet of things, RFID technology, and cognitive computing. Five of the most important ones are described below: Cyber-physical systems (CPS): ... | Industrial Internet | 0.777876 |
97,156 | If g: → X takes values in the Banach space X, then it is natural to assume that it is of strongly bounded variation, meaning that sup ∑ i ‖ g ( t i − 1 ) − g ( t i ) ‖ X < ∞ {\displaystyle \sup \sum _{i}\|g(t_{i-1})-g(t_{i})\|_{X}<\infty } the supremum being taken over all finite partitions a = t 0 ≤ t 1 ≤ ⋯ ≤ t n = b... | Riemann–Stieltjes Integral | 0.777876 |
97,157 | The best simple existence theorem states that if f is continuous and g is of bounded variation on , then the integral exists. A function g is of bounded variation if and only if it is the difference between two (bounded) monotone functions. If g is not of bounded variation, then there will be continuous functions which... | Riemann–Stieltjes Integral | 0.777876 |
97,158 | The Riemann–Stieltjes integral appears in the original formulation of F. Riesz's theorem which represents the dual space of the Banach space C of continuous functions in an interval as Riemann–Stieltjes integrals against functions of bounded variation. Later, that theorem was reformulated in terms of measures. The Rie... | Riemann–Stieltjes Integral | 0.777876 |
97,159 | In mathematics, the Riemann–Stieltjes integral is a generalization of the Riemann integral, named after Bernhard Riemann and Thomas Joannes Stieltjes. The definition of this integral was first published in 1894 by Stieltjes. It serves as an instructive and useful precursor of the Lebesgue integral, and an invaluable to... | Riemann–Stieltjes Integral | 0.777876 |
97,160 | Consider the function g ( x ) = max { 0 , x } {\displaystyle g(x)=\max\{0,x\}} used in the study of neural networks, called a rectified linear unit (ReLU). Then the Riemann–Stieltjes can be evaluated as ∫ a b f ( x ) d g ( x ) = ∫ g ( a ) g ( b ) f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,\mathrm {d} g(x)=\int _{g(a... | Riemann–Stieltjes Integral | 0.777875 |
97,161 | The book looks at fungi from a number of angles, including decomposition, fermentation, nutrient distribution, psilocybin production, the evolutionary role fungi play in plants, and the ways in which humans relate to the fungal kingdom. It uses music and philosophy to illustrate its thesis, and introduces readers to a ... | Entangled Life | 0.777874 |
97,162 | For a semisimple Lie algebra over a field that has characteristic zero but is not algebraically closed, there is no general structure theory like the one for those over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. But over the field of real numbers, there are still the structure results. Let g {\displaystyle {... | Semisimple Lie algebra | 0.777874 |
97,163 | Almost all of these semisimple Lie algebras are actually simple and the members of these families are almost all distinct, except for some collisions in small rank. For example s o 4 ≅ s o 3 ⊕ s o 3 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {so}}_{4}\cong {\mathfrak {so}}_{3}\oplus {\mathfrak {so}}_{3}} and s p 2 ≅ s o 5 {\displaystyl... | Semisimple Lie algebra | 0.777874 |
97,164 | D n: {\displaystyle D_{n}:} s o 2 n {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {so}}_{2n}} , the even-dimensional special orthogonal Lie algebra ( n > 1 {\displaystyle n>1} ).The restriction n > 1 {\displaystyle n>1} in the D n {\displaystyle D_{n}} family is needed because s o 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {so}}_{2}} is one-dimensional ... | Semisimple Lie algebra | 0.777874 |
97,165 | As noted in #Structure, semisimple Lie algebras over C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } (or more generally an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero) are classified by the root system associated to their Cartan subalgebras, and the root systems, in turn, are classified by their Dynkin diagrams. Examples of semis... | Semisimple Lie algebra | 0.777874 |
97,166 | A connected Lie group is called semisimple if its Lie algebra is a semisimple Lie algebra, i.e. a direct sum of simple Lie algebras. It is called reductive if its Lie algebra is a direct sum of simple and trivial (one-dimensional) Lie algebras. Reductive groups occur naturally as symmetries of a number of mathematical ... | Semisimple Lie algebra | 0.777874 |
97,167 | Let k be a global field, A its ring of adeles, and G a semisimple algebraic group defined over k. Choose Haar measures on the completions kv of k such that Ov has volume 1 for all but finitely many places v. These then induce a Haar measure on A, which we further assume is normalized so that A/k has volume 1 with respe... | Tamagawa number | 0.777872 |
97,168 | Weil's conjecture on Tamagawa numbers states that the Tamagawa number τ(G) of a simply connected (i.e. not having a proper algebraic covering) simple algebraic group defined over a number field is 1. Weil (1959) calculated the Tamagawa number in many cases of classical groups and observed that it is an integer in all c... | Tamagawa number | 0.777872 |
97,169 | In mathematics, the Tamagawa number τ ( G ) {\displaystyle \tau (G)} of a semisimple algebraic group defined over a global field k is the measure of G ( A ) / G ( k ) {\displaystyle G(\mathbb {A} )/G(k)} , where A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} } is the adele ring of k. Tamagawa numbers were introduced by Tamagawa (1966), ... | Tamagawa number | 0.777872 |
97,170 | Since the operators Aj and Bj from the previous section satisfy the Weyl relations and act irreducibly on the Segal–Bargmann space, the Stone–von Neumann theorem applies. Thus, there is a unitary map B from the position Hilbert space L 2 ( R n ) {\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})} to the Segal–Bargmann space that i... | Segal–Bargmann space | 0.777871 |
97,171 | {\displaystyle \langle F\mid G\rangle =\pi ^{-n}\int _{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}{\overline {F(z)}}G(z)\exp(-|z|^{2})\,dz.} The space was introduced in the mathematical physics literature separately by Bargmann and Segal in the early 1960s; see Bargmann (1961) and Segal (1963). Basic information about the material in this secti... | Segal–Bargmann space | 0.777871 |
97,172 | A function between two topological spaces X and Y is continuous if for every open set V ⊆ Y , {\displaystyle V\subseteq Y,} the inverse image is an open subset of X. That is, f is a function between the sets X and Y (not on the elements of the topology T X {\displaystyle T_{X}} ), but the continuity of f depends on the... | Continuous map | 0.777865 |
97,173 | Another, more abstract, notion of continuity is continuity of functions between topological spaces in which there generally is no formal notion of distance, as there is in the case of metric spaces. A topological space is a set X together with a topology on X, which is a set of subsets of X satisfying a few requirement... | Continuous map | 0.777865 |
97,174 | In several contexts, the topology of a space is conveniently specified in terms of limit points. In many instances, this is accomplished by specifying when a point is the limit of a sequence, but for some spaces that are too large in some sense, one specifies also when a point is the limit of more general sets of point... | Continuous map | 0.777865 |
97,175 | Fortuitously, the temperature in the laboratory during that August was optimum first for the growth of the mould, below 20 °C (68 °F), and later in the month for the bacteria, when it reached 25 °C (77 °F). Had Fleming not left the cultures on his laboratory bench and put them in an incubator, the phenomenon would not ... | Discovery of penicillin | 0.777863 |
97,176 | The total synthesis of quinine, a naturally-occurring antimalarial drug, was developed over a 150-year period. The development of synthetic quinine is considered a milestone in organic chemistry although it has never been produced industrially as a substitute for natural occurring quinine. The subject has also been att... | Quinine total synthesis | 0.777859 |
97,177 | M. Jacobs, writing in The Chemical & Engineering News, is equally critical.2007: Researcher Jeffrey I. Seeman in a 30-page review concludes that the Woodward–Doering–Rabe–Kindler total synthesis of quinine is a valid achievement. He notes that Paul Rabe was an extremely experienced alkaloid chemist, that he had ample o... | Quinine total synthesis | 0.777859 |
97,178 | 1918: Paul Rabe and Karl Kindler synthesize quinine from quinotoxine, reversing the Pasteur chemistry. The lack of experimental details in this publication would become a major issue in the Stork–Woodward controversy almost a century later. The first step in this sequence is sodium hypobromite addition to quinotoxine t... | Quinine total synthesis | 0.777859 |
97,179 | The Stork quinine synthesis starts from chiral (S)-4-vinylbutyrolactone 1. The compound is obtained by chiral resolution and in fact, in the subsequent steps all stereogenic centers are put in place by chiral induction: the sequence does not contain asymmetric steps. The lactone is ring-opened with diethylamine to amid... | Quinine total synthesis | 0.777859 |
97,180 | In the next step the carboxylic acid group is esterified with ethanol and the urea group replaced with a benzoyl group. The final step is a claisen condensation of 15 with ethyl quininate 16, which after acidic workup yields racemic quinotoxine 17. The desired enantiomer is obtained by chiral resolution with the chiral... | Quinine total synthesis | 0.777859 |
97,181 | Astronomia nova (English: New Astronomy, full title in original Latin: Astronomia Nova ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΗΤΟΣ seu physica coelestis, tradita commentariis de motibus stellae Martis ex observationibus G.V. Tychonis Brahe) is a book, published in 1609, that contains the results of the astronomer Johannes Kepler's ten-year-long inve... | Astronomia Nova | 0.777857 |
97,182 | In his introductory discussion of a moving earth, Kepler addressed the question of how the Earth could hold its parts together if it moved away from the center of the universe which, according to Aristotelian physics, was the place toward which all heavy bodies naturally moved. Kepler proposed an attractive force simil... | Astronomia Nova | 0.777857 |
97,183 | However, Kepler's "area-time principle" did not facilitate easy calculation of planetary positions. Kepler could divide up the orbit into an arbitrary number of parts, compute the planet's position for each one of these, and then refer all questions to a table, but he could not determine the position of the planet at e... | Astronomia Nova | 0.777857 |
97,184 | In English, the full title of his work is the New Astronomy, Based upon Causes, or Celestial Physics, Treated by Means of Commentaries on the Motions of the Star Mars, from the Observations of Tycho Brahe, Gent. For over 650 pages, Kepler walks his readers, step by step, through his process of discovery. The discussion... | Astronomia Nova | 0.777857 |
97,185 | The 2009 International Year of Astronomy commemorated the 400th anniversary of the publication of this work. | Astronomia Nova | 0.777857 |
97,186 | In algebraic geometry, a log structure provides an abstract context to study semistable schemes, and in particular the notion of logarithmic differential form and the related Hodge-theoretic concepts. This idea has applications in the theory of moduli spaces, in deformation theory and Fontaine's p-adic Hodge theory, am... | Log structure | 0.777857 |
97,187 | In addition, log structures serve to define the mixed Hodge structure on any smooth complex variety X, by taking a compactification with boundary a normal crossings divisor D, and writing down the corresponding logarithmic de Rham complex.Log objects also naturally appear as the objects at the boundary of moduli spaces... | Log structure | 0.777857 |
97,188 | A Markov operator P t {\displaystyle P_{t}} has a kernel representation ( P t f ) ( x ) = ∫ E f ( y ) p t ( x , d y ) , x ∈ E , {\displaystyle (P_{t}f)(x)=\int _{E}f(y)p_{t}(x,\mathrm {d} y),\quad x\in E,} with respect to some probability kernel p t ( x , A ) {\displaystyle p_{t}(x,A)} , if the underlying measurable sp... | Markov semigroup | 0.777855 |
97,189 | In probability theory and ergodic theory, a Markov operator is an operator on a certain function space that conserves the mass (the so-called Markov property). If the underlying measurable space is topologically sufficiently rich enough, then the Markov operator admits a kernel representation. Markov operators can be l... | Markov semigroup | 0.777855 |
97,190 | In 2016, STATS and the NBA met an agreement to extend SportVU tracking data to more media outlets including ESPN, NBA on TNT, and Bleacher Report.Beginning in the 2016-2017 season, STATS was used as France's Ligue de Football Professionnel's official data and tracking provider. STATS used SportVU to provide football da... | SportVU | 0.777855 |
97,191 | Currently, STATS is the Official Tracking partner of the NBA. The NBA uses statistics collected by SportVU on NBA.com and NBATV as well as in arenas across the country to provide information for the audience. SportVU statistics are utilized by teams in the league for the purpose of analytics and player development. The... | SportVU | 0.777855 |
97,192 | SportVU is a camera system that collects data 25 times per second. Its aim is to follow the ball and all players on court. SportVU provides statistics such as real-time player and ball positioning through software and statistical algorithms. Through this data, STATS presents performance metrics for players and teams to... | SportVU | 0.777855 |
97,193 | Parallel plate flow chambers are among the most popular flow chambers used to study the leukocyte-endothelial interaction in vitro. They have been used for investigation since the later 1980s. Although flow chambers have been an important tool to study leukocyte rolling, there are several limitations when it comes to s... | Leukocyte adhesion cascade | 0.777848 |
97,194 | The A2, or Cosmic X-ray Experiment (CXE), from the Goddard Space Flight Center, covered the 2-60 keV energy range with high spatial and spectral resolution. The A3, or Modulation Collimator (MC) instrument, provided high-precision positions of X-ray sources, accurate enough to permit follow-up observations to identify ... | HEAO Program | 0.777848 |
97,195 | HEAO 1, launched August 12, 1977, was a sky survey mission that included four large X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy instruments, known as A1, A2, A3, and A4, respectively. Inclination was about 22.7 degrees. It re-entered the Earth's atmosphere and burned up on March 15, 1979. The A1, or Large-Area Sky Survey (LASS) inst... | HEAO Program | 0.777848 |
97,196 | The High Energy Astronomy Observatory Program was a NASA program of the late 1970s and early 1980s that included a series of three large low-Earth-orbiting spacecraft for X-ray and Gamma-Ray astronomy and Cosmic-Ray investigations. After launch, they were denoted HEAO 1, HEAO 2 (also known as The Einstein Observatory),... | HEAO Program | 0.777848 |
97,197 | Space rock scans for the European Space Agency Virtual exhibits for the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site Augmented reality menus for the Madrid restaurant chain 80 Degrees Creation of cadaver models for educational neurosurgical simulations MIT xPRO online courses in VR and AR technologies 3D models for Museums an... | Qlone | 0.777847 |
97,198 | The astronomical society awards the following awards and prizes: Karl Schwarzschild Medal Ludwig Biermann Förderpreis (de:Ludwig-Biermann-Förderpreis) Bruno H. Bürgel Award Hans Ludwig Neumann Award (de:Hans-Ludwig-Neumann-Preis)The Hanno and Ruth Roelin Prize is also awarded at the society's annual meeting, but it is ... | Astronomische Gesellschaft | 0.777847 |
97,199 | 850k – 1M transistors Operating performance: 30 MIPS Bus bandwidth 132 MB/s One arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) One shifter CPU cache RAM: 4 KB instruction cache 1 KB non-associative SRAM data cacheGeometry Transformation Engine (GTE) Coprocessor that resides inside the main CPU processor, giving it additional vector math ... | PlayStation technical specifications | 0.777841 |
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