Are Concept Bottleneck Models Effective as Decision-Support Systems?
Paper • 2608.25581 • Published
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5 | 5 | Quote Request - Mol Group | Greetings, Kindly source for the below items and email me your official quotation for possible approval and supply, we are in need of the products(s) urgently for our ongoing project. Product: ENGX SINGLE-STAGE OIL AT: MICTDIS-HT0954MHT Quantity. 38 Pieces Compulsory, Kindly send your quotation to: (orders@molgroup-sup... | Mol Group <supplies@molgr-team.info> | null | null | ['Urgency', 'Authority'] | ['Reply'] | Phishing | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Phishing | Multiple red flags: Sender domain 'molgr-team.info' is suspicious variant of Mol Group. Email requests quote be sent to different domain 'molgroup-supplychain.com'. Urgent request for specific quantities with pressure to respond is typical phishing tactic. | null | en | 54 | [
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29 | 29 | New invoice from Yoti USA Inc #ADE7F2E0-0001 | Yoti USA Inc Invoice from Yoti USA Inc $10,454.45 Due March 5, 2025 Download invoice [link] To MBB Ventures LLC From Yoti USA Inc Pay this invoice [link] Invoice #ADE7F2E0-0001 DEC 1 – DEC 31, 2024 Yoti AVS - Digital ID Qty 1,778 $266.70 $0.15 each Yoti AVS - Age estimation Qty 59,465 $8,919.75 $0.15 each Yoti AVS - ID... | null | null | null | ['Urgency', 'Authority'] | ['Follow the link', 'Financial fraud'] | Phishing | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Valid | This appears to be a legitimate invoice from Yoti USA Inc with detailed line items, specific invoice number, and valid business banking details. The sender domain matches the company name, and the email includes standard business invoice elements like itemized charges and payment instructions. | null | en | 138 | [
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31 | 31 | Company Card Notification for Anonymous | Anonymous has received updated Company Card Transactions. Link To Expense:[link] | null | null | null | ['Urgency', 'Authority'] | ['Follow the link'] | Phishing | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Phishing | Email claims to be about company card transactions but contains a suspicious generic link placeholder. Lack of company branding or legitimate domain in sender field is concerning. The vague subject and minimal content are typical phishing tactics. | null | en | 10 | [
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41 | 41 | Here come the builder bots: Is it an elusive dream? 🤖 | Hi Anonymous, Construction robots are a thing — and they’re just getting started. Our new report, Here come the builder bots, sponsored by Leonard, lifts the lid on an industry slowly warming to robots, while sometimes struggling to find a place for them. Dive into the nitty-gritty of what it takes for robot construct... | Jonathan Sinclair <jonathan@sifted.eu> | https://d2mfcn04.na1.hs-sales-engage.com/Ctc/LZ+23284/d2mfCN04/Jl25fj_kW7lCGcx6lZ3kXW1lM9mn2NJyCyW8bn0s64S5P99W747th28qpL_GW2yT3_W8qZ145W4V-5Hy3yXYPHN43z23m3jLjkW4DghRk3ywZ5FW6PT_wC2wGG_1W6fJG6Y4n_RxvW8BBwN98DHC--W5-MMHd1WTV3zW9cKzGm1nQlbQW1Z7b-q5jB1vfW2gwFtz4vK1RKN8PT7XGGqH30W1Wvv7W4-9NcDW8Wm_zj6_4rl2N2F86lrVs9cxW5nYF... | FW_ Here come the builder bots_ Is it an elusive dream_ 🤖.eml | ['Curiosity', 'Authority'] | ['Follow the link'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Valid | This appears to be a legitimate marketing email from Sifted.eu, a known European tech news publication. The sender domain matches the company, content is professionally written about a relevant business topic, and while it contains marketing links, they are consistent with normal business newsletter practices. | null | en | 158 | [
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42 | 42 | Thank you Anonymous Anonymous | Anonymous Anonymous, I want to thank you so much for your great support of our upcoming AI For Developing Countries Geneva Summit, to be held at the United Nations on January 27-28th, 2025. While official registration is now closed, as the Deputy CEO of Egofis Invest Zrt., recommended by our colleagues, I'm pleased to ... | Tehreem Fatima <hi@aifod.org> | https://indico.un.org/event/1014777/ | FW_ Thank you Anonymous Anonymous.eml | ['Urgency', 'Authority', 'Curiosity'] | ['Follow the link', 'Reply'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Phishing | While using UN-related content, the email shows suspicious elements: sender domain (aifod.org) doesn't match claimed organization, references unclear external links ('HERE'), and requests LinkedIn contact for 'expedited review'. The urgency and exclusive offer of remaining seats are common phishing tactics. | null | en | 165 | [
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46 | 46 | THE HUMAN ARCHIPELAGO | This blog, The Human Archipelago, deals with politics, history, geopolitics, space exploration, poetry, genetics, linguistics, local matters, etc. A few exemples: USA: VERS UNE AUGMENTATION DU NOMBRE DE SDF? GÉOPOLITIQUE MONDIALE: DUPLICE OU TRIPLICE? QUEL AVENIR POUR L'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST? UKRAINE, ENERGY AND EUROPE'S ... | charles.millar2@yahoo.com <charles.millar2@yahoo.com> | null | FW_ THE HUMAN ARCHIPELAGO.eml | ['Curiosity', 'Neutral'] | ['Follow the link'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Spam | This is an unsolicited blog promotion email with multiple topics in all caps and a generic unsubscribe method. The sender appears to be mass-distributing blog content without proper opt-in mechanisms, and the mix of languages and scattered topics is typical of spam content. | null | en | 122 | [
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49 | 49 | Dr. Varani Patel | IOSR Journals www.submitpapersnow.com Dear Author, Sub: Publish paper in Best Impact Factor Journal IOSR Journals Indexing: Index Copernicus, Cross Ref (USA), NASA ads, Citation Index, Google Scholar, Open- J Gate. IOSR Journals provides DOI (Digital Object Identifier) to each article. IOSR Journals DOI is 10.9790. IOS... | IOSR Journals<noreply@thebudgetmarketing.com>
| https://independent.academia.edu/TopJournalBestImpactFactor | null | ['Curiosity', 'Greed', 'Authority'] | ['Follow the link'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Spam | This is a predatory academic journal spam email using questionable domain (thebudgetmarketing.com) rather than a legitimate academic institution. The email promotes multiple journals with suspicious impact factors and uses pressure tactics with tight deadlines. The linked domain submitpapersnow.com is not a legitimate ... | null | en | 389 | [
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50 | 50 | Invitation to Attend the Clinical Trials and Innovation in Asian Oncology Congress 2025, Tokyo | Dear Anonymous, Greetings. I am delighted to invite you to the Clinical Trials and Innovation in Asian Oncology Congress 2025, co-organized with Euroleukemia, taking place from May 15-16, 2025 in Tokyo, Japan. This premier event will bring together the world's foremost clinicians, researchers, and industry leaders to e... | Ahma Inoue<inoue@goacadco.info> | null | null | ['Curiosity', 'Authority', 'Urgency'] | ['Follow the link', 'Reply'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Phishing | While appearing professional, this email shows classic phishing indicators: sender domain 'goacadco.info' is suspicious, the URL 'ctiaocongress.com' is likely fraudulent, and the email attempts to add legitimacy by mentioning reputable organizations and journals. The message aims to exploit academic professionals' inte... | null | en | 284 | [
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51 | 51 | Project Funding. | Good day, I am a consultant to an investment firm.If you do have any reputable and reliable project or company with good ROI that needs funding do not hesitate to contact me so we can discuss further . Regards, Mr. Vladislav Haffner B&P Investment Consultant. | vhaffner@consultant.com
| null | null | ['Curiosity', 'Greed'] | ['Reply'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Spam | Generic investment solicitation from unknown sender with vague details and poor grammar. No specific company details or legitimate business context provided. Common pattern of unsolicited investment/funding offers. | null | en | 45 | [
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52 | 52 | Application for Project Position at University of Oslo for Summer 2025 | Dear Anonymous A., I am Amith Sai Reddy G, from Hyderabad, India, a third-year undergraduate student pursuing B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering at the National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, India. We at NIT Andhra Pradesh are required to complete our internship this upcoming summer. It would be an ho... | 422108@student.nitandhra.ac.in
| null | null | ['Curiosity', 'Altruism', 'Neutral'] | ['Reply'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Valid | This appears to be a legitimate student internship inquiry email from an identifiable academic institution email address. The content is detailed, professional, and includes specific academic background information. The sender provides verifiable credentials and institutional affiliations without requesting sensitive i... | null | en | 335 | [
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54 | 54 | education and RaD collaboration | Dear Anonymous, based on my practical and research experience (I worked with I.D. Landau, M. Gevers, B.D.O. Anderson...) my czech and slovak team is developing an affordable drone laboratory platform – attractive educational and R&D tool. Would you be interested in trying it for education or research? Or would you or y... | Hynek Prochazka<prochazka@prosystemy.sk> | null | null | ['Curiosity', 'Authority'] | ['Follow the link'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Valid | Email appears to be a legitimate academic/research collaboration request from a professor with verifiable credentials and institutional affiliation. The sender domain matches the linked website, and the content is professionally written with specific technical details about drone research. The signature block contains ... | null | en | 115 | [
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66 | 66 | (No Subject) | My name is Maja Hoffmann, a Swiss collector, art patron, documentary film producer, entrepreneur and philanthropist. I am the founder and president of the LUMA Foundation. Your email address was provided by Google Inc. randomly selected as an active user on the site. This year, I have decided to donate 5 percent of my ... | test@autosafeglass.com
| null | null | ['Greed', 'Altruism', 'Curiosity'] | ['Reply'] | Phishing | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Phishing | Classic advance fee fraud pattern offering large sums of money to random recipients. Red flags include random selection claim, suspicious contact email with extra 'n', and wealthy person offering money to strangers. Sender domain does not match claimed identity. | null | en | 114 | [
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68 | 68 | quick question | Hi, We are gald to introduce our latest model, the Ranger 2.0, a true upgrade in performance and comfort for your off-road and urban riding experience. Here’s why the Ranger 2.0 is the perfect choice for you: More Powerful The Ranger 2.0 comes equipped with an upgraded motor that offers significantly more power than it... | E-Bike Verkauf<verkaufdx@yogega.com>
| null | null | ['Curiosity', 'Greed', 'Authority'] | ['Follow the link', 'Reply'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Spam | This is an unsolicited commercial email promoting e-bikes. The sender domain 'yogega.com' appears unrelated to e-bike sales, and the generic subject line 'quick question' is misleading given the promotional content. While promotional in nature, it lacks malicious phishing indicators like urgent calls to action or reque... | null | en | 385 | [
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70 | 70 | Order Inquiry from Varelt SRL Peru | Hello, I am Elmer David and I write as manager of Varelt SRL Perú. We are a company based in South America and we deal in the wholesale distribution, import and export of a wide range of products throughout South America, Central America and Europe. Can you tell us more about your products with a catalog and payment te... | Order Inquiry from Varelt SRL Peru | null | null | ['Urgency', 'Authority'] | ['Reply'] | Phishing | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Spam | Generic wholesale inquiry with mismatched sender domain (gmail) vs claimed business identity. Common spam pattern of vague product inquiry from foreign company without specifying products of interest. Multiple red flags including urgency claim and informal email domain for purported business communication. | null | en | 125 | [
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71 | 71 | Project Funding. | Good day, I am a consultant to an investment firm.If you do have any reputable and reliable project or company with good ROI that needs funding do not hesitate to contact me so we can discuss further . Regards, Mr. Vladislav Haffner B&P Investment Consultant. | vhaffner@consultant.com
| null | null | ['Curiosity', 'Greed'] | ['Reply'] | Spam | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Spam | Generic unsolicited investment/funding offer from unknown sender with poor grammar and formatting. Lacks specific details or legitimate business context. Common pattern of vague financial opportunity spam. | null | en | 45 | [
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83 | 83 | Confirm Your Shipping Details For Your Package | Shipping Details Needed For Your Package |
Fedex Shipping<PQHFRZE@mj.distantcadence.com>
| http://handucafe.space/S1lSvYiKg51/kYR7nXyRiYWle4mFg5t8iIt/nnqQg4Kceg==
http://handucafe.space/OEdlrXadg51sf5d7nWl/nIWlaHeYg5tpdp5/nmd+loKcZw==
http://handucafe.space/cklD4Xh7g52mgXV7naOBeoWlonl2g5ujeHx/nqGAdIKcoQ== | null | ['Urgency', 'Curiosity'] | ['Follow the link'] | Phishing | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Phishing | Multiple suspicious indicators: sender domain 'distantcadence.com' is not legitimate FedEx, multiple suspicious links to 'handucafe.space' domain, and vague subject line about package details. Classic phishing attempt impersonating FedEx to harvest credentials. | null | en | 6 | [
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84 | 84 | You’ve got 1 package pending for delivery | See how long it will take for your package to reach you |
Fedex Shipping<renew7LIoS@0815-clan.de>
| http://blockchainsubcontractors.de/Ng0HPsB8HNDS84r8HxBjv/mhQdmJTXjDahB7kUy5tSZQZnW/Fb4da6mxQMCIgbhxRgc5/6Z/z12Q6rjd7AJ817pVww07/G5SnZqe8G0BfhIg92dO2/kR6ZuzlRa6xYkjVDn0Ob0rw/rd5erBck/mPlzAeTLjRDoYjv0oNARgtW/h4HO2bGy7MTOkMNZJGyx4mM64/bgZXw2a2Da8r3Y7Y6Tjhgfwk/xx/V0dmSQJ7qhTFzd0WaPXtzz/TmGZYSzTeR1oS2UZGvN2y5W/rqwQG4Nde6dgH... | null | ['Curiosity', 'Urgency'] | ['Follow the link'] | Phishing | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Phishing | Suspicious sender domain '0815-clan.de' does not match legitimate FedEx domains. Contains suspicious long URL to 'blockchainsubcontractors.de' which is not a FedEx domain. Generic package delivery bait with minimal content is a common phishing tactic. | null | en | 12 | [
-0.016568297520279884,
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87 | 87 | Diabetics! No More Finger Pricks! | I know your doctor told you, you need to draw a blood sample every morning to check on your insulin levels. But a medical researcher out of Dayton, Ohio has just proved that might not be necessary at all! Discover the Breakthrough Now! If he’s right, starting your day with the most downright disturbing ritual...i.e. pu... | No More Pinpricks!<info@sedelcosigloxxi.co>
| https://t.co/E31AHsojY6
| null | ['Curiosity', 'Urgency', 'Greed'] | ['Follow the link'] | Phishing | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Spam | Unsolicited medical product marketing email with suspicious sender domain and clickbait language. Uses emotional manipulation about diabetes treatment and makes unrealistic medical claims. Contains shortened URL (t.co) which is a red flag for spam marketing. | null | en | 202 | [
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90 | 90 | Your Cloud Storage is Almost Full - Act Now! | Storage Alert: Your Cloud space is almost full. | Cloud Storage Alerts<YOLGBVV@qk.ganodermatools.com>
| http://handucafe.space/d2tN6ZqFgqOsnH57naijhIWlp5uAg5uomoZ/oqaif36epg== | null | ['Urgency'] | ['Follow the link'] | Phishing | Human | Manual | 2,025 | Phishing | Sender domain 'ganodermatools.com' is suspicious and unrelated to cloud storage services. Contains suspicious URL to 'handucafe.space' domain. Generic alert message is common phishing tactic to create urgency. | null | en | 8 | [
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End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
NWeak/emails-mirror
Preprocessed phishing-email concept-bottleneck data (see emails/scripts/preprocessing.ipynb
in user-study-CBMs): sentence
embeddings (all-MiniLM-L6-v2), the full 19-dim concept ground truth
(concept_gts) and the 6-dim merged/filtered concept ground truth used for
modeling (concept_gts_f -- Fear+Authority combined, plus Urgency, Curiosity,
Neutral, Reply, Open attachment), and the task label (label: 0=Phishing,
1=Valid, 2=Spam).
test is user_study_data.parquet -- the 1000-email class-balanced subset
used for the concept-bottleneck user study (same split train_concept_extractor2.ipynb
evaluates against).
Source dataset and attribution
The emails themselves are not ours. They come from the PhishingSpamDataSet of Toth, Bisztray and Dubniczky, released under CC-BY-4.0 and redistributed here under that licence:
Rebeka Toth, Tamas Bisztray, Richard A. Dubniczky. Constructing and Benchmarking: a Labeled Email Dataset for Text-Based Phishing and Spam Detection Framework. arXiv:2511.21448 | github.com/DataPhish/PhishingSpamDataSet
Theirs: Subject, Body, Sender, URL(s), Type, Created by, Source,
Year, and the LLM detected emotion / LLM detected motivation
annotations. Ours: the filtering and split, the embeddings, the 6-concept
merge, and the trained models' outputs.
Please cite Toth et al. alongside our paper if you use this data.
Note: Sender and Body are real email content carried over from the
source dataset.
Citation
Produced for Are Concept Bottleneck Models Effective as Decision-Support Systems? (arXiv:2608.25581) -- Bogani, Debole, Marconato, Pugnana, Tentori, Passerini. Code: github.com/debryu/user-study-CBMs.
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